
Class. 
Book. 



Ji^-% /. 



CopyrightN^ 



COPVTRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



New Normal History 

of the 

United States 



Condensed and Cornpre/ienswe 

Arranged in Chronological Order 

for Topical Recitation 



W. H. F. HENRY 

COMPILER OF THE "HIGH SCHOOL QUESTION BOOK, WITH ANSVVKRS" 
AUTHOR OF "how TO ORGANIZE AND CONDUCT A MEETING", ETC. 



REVISED EDITION 




HINDS, NOBLE & ELDREDGE, Publishers 
31-33-35 West 15th Street - New York City 



LiB»«»V -.» 0ON6RFSS 

Twn iJon'es Rerf ived 

OCT 8 1904 

CI.«SS «/XXc. No. 
COPY B 



En 2 



COPYRIGHT BY J. E. SHERRILL 
COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY HINDS. NOBLE & ELDREDGE 



PREFACE. 



Every child in the United States should learn something of the 
history of his own country before leaving school. He should have 
imprinted on his mind a vivid outline of the story of his native 
land. 

To facilitate the attainment of this knowledge by the young, ib 
the design of this volume. The author flatters himself that he 
has herein condensed an authentic record of all the most important 
events concerning our Republic, so arranged as to attract and in- 
terest the student. By the Topical Headings, the various Tabula- 
tions and the Analytic Synopses, he has endeavored to make the 
work Objective. The causes and effects of events are clearly and 
distinctively given. 

The Histories which are usually adopted in our schools are 
seldom thoroughly learned by the pupil. The reason is obvious; 
they contain too many words and too little matter. They are verbose, 
chaffy, and ill-arranged ; they are neither topical, chronological, 
nor analytical ; in fact they are wanting in nearly every element 
necessary to constitute them good school books. So true is this, 
that teachers are compelled to epitomize and rearrange their con- 
tents to secure any degree of success in teaching them. 

The book is divided into four Parts, namely : Part I, embrac- 
ing the Period of Discovery and Exploration ; Part IT, including 
the Period of Settlement and Colonial History ; Part III, com- 
prising Revolutionary History ; and Part IV, giving the history of 
the National Period to the present time. At the close of each 
Part, and also at the end of lengthy Sections is given a Chrono- 
logical Recapitulation, which, with the Tables of Battles and the 
Analytic Synopses, will be found of especial value. No labor has 
been spared to verify the statements herein made. By carefully 
avoiding all sectional or partisan views, it claims to be a National 
tiistory, 

(5) 



6 PREFACE. 

Since one of the uses of history in schools is to accustom the 
pupils to read with sufficient care to secure ideas, the Author 
would here suggest that the student, after careful study of a Topic, 
be required to give independent expression of the information ob- 
tained from the text. Reciting by rote will not develop the power 
of expression. Mere verbatim recitation may be well enough to 
cultivate the memory, but it is insufficient to develop the under- 
etanding. 

The pupils should not only recite by topics, but their attention 
fihould also be drawn to the facts singly by judicious questioning. 
Some " General Questions and Directions " are inserted in the book 
for review, but the ingenious teacher will also apply such others 
as he may deem appropriate to the text. This method, in connec- 
tion with topical recitation, can not fail to awaken an interest in 
the mind of the student, and lead him to a knowledge of the sub- 
ject that will prove satisfactory and permanent. 

The text is designed to inform the pupil ; the recitation should 
affijrd him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in 
his own style and words. " Develop the understanding, and the 
memory will take care of itself." For review exercises, the "Ana- 
lytic Synopses " may be written upon the blackboard, from which 
the pupils may recite without dictation by the teacher. 

The leading and most important events are made prominent in 
the text by black, or bold-faced type; the minor events, though 
given, are not necessarily to be urged upon the pupil's memory for 
retention. 

In foot-notes are given explanations, illustrations, minor events, 
eketches, etc., which enhance the interest of the narrative without 
unduly swelling the body of the text. 

In manuscript, this work was fully tested in the school-room, 
with marked success ; and with a desire to contribute his mite 
toward the profession of teaching, the Author was induced to oflTer 
it to the public — to stand or to fall by its own merits. 

In this Edition, the book has been carefully revised— mak- 
ing improvements, and bringing it down to the present year 
— and though some slight modification of the text has been 
made, yet the plan and arrangement of the whole remain 
unchanged. It is proper to add that the textual differences 
are not such as to interfere with the simultaneous use of both 
the old and new editions in the class. 



PREFACE. 7 

The mechanical execution of the present Edition is much su- 
perior to that of the others. Also, instead of being printed solid, 
the lines are leaded, or spaced, thus making the page clearer and 
more attractive. 

The very favorable reception of his work among teachers and 
friends of education, induces the Author to believe that his efforts 
to produce a practical School History have not been in vain. 

W. H. F. Henry. 



A SUGGESTION TO TEACHERS. 



Since the geography and the history of a country should go 
hand in hand, the author would suggest the following method of 
using this work, adopted by many successful instructors: "At the 
commencement of the study let each pupil be required to draw an 
outline map of North America on paper, about 9 by 12 inches in 
size. This should contain only physical features, viz: coast-lines, 
mountains, lakes and rivers. As the pupils advance in the history, 
let them mark on their maps, day by day, the places discovered, 
the settlements, battles, political divisions, etc., with their dates. 
They will thus see the country growing afresh under their hand and 
eye, and the geography and history will be indissolubly linked. At 
the close of the term, their maps will show what they have done, 
and each name, with the dates, will recall the history which clua- 
tera around it." 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART I. 

Period of Discovery and Exploration. 

PAGB. 

Introduction 11 

SECTION. 

I. Spanish Discoveries and Explorations 17 

II. The French in America 30 

III. English Discoveries 32 

IV. Discoveries of the Dutch 37 

V. E«view of Explorations and Extent of Possessions. — Re- 
view of Discoverers and Explorers — Chronology of 
Events Recorded in Part I — General Questions and 
Directions — Diagrams for Analysis— Geographical Re- 
view 39 

PART II. 

Period of Settlement and Colonial History. 

I. History of Virginia,— Jamestown Colony 51 

II. History of New England, — Plymouth Colony — Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Colony — Maine and New Hampshire — 
Connecticut — Rhode Island — General Questions and 
Directions • 60 

III. The Middle Colonies, — New York — New Jersey — Penn- 

sylvania and Delaware — Maryland 73 

IV. The Southkrn Colonies, — The Carolinas — Georgia — Dia- 

gram for Analysis — Causes and Objects of Colonization.. 80 
V. Inter-Colonial Wars, — King William's War— Queen 
Anne's War — King George's War — The French and 

Indian War 85 

VI. Progress of the Colonies and their Condition Previous to 
the Revolution — Recapitulation of Colonial Wars — 
Diagram for Analysis — Chronology of Events Recorded 
io Part II — General Questions and Directions 101 

(8) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9 

PAUT III. 

The Revolationary Period. 

I. The Revolution — The Dawning — Events of 1775 — Events 
of 1776— Events of 1777— Events of 1778— Events of 
1779— Events of 1780— Events of 1781— After the War..ll2 
II. Eecapitulation, — Battles of the Revolution — Chronology 
of Events Recorded in Part III — The First Settlements 
— reviewed — General Questions and Directions — Dia- 
gram for An!»l.trf)is 159 

PART IV. 

National Period. 

I. Our Government Washington's Administration— Adams's 

Administration — Jefferson's Administration — Madi- 
son's Administration — War of 1812, — Events of 1812 
—Events of 1813— Events of 1814-15— Other Events of 
Madison's Administration — Recapitulation, — Battles 
of the Second War with England — Chronology of 
Events Recorded in Section I — General Questions and 
Directions — Diagram for Analysis 173 

II. Monroe's Administration — John Quincy Adams's Adminis- 
tration — Jackson's Administration — Van Buren's Ad- 
ministration — Harrison and Tyler's Administration — 
Polk's Administration, — The Mexican War — Other 
Events — Recapitulation, — Battles of the Mexican 
War — Chronology of Events Recorded in Section II — 
Map Studies — Geographical Review — Diagram for 

Analysis — General Questions and Directions 223 

III. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration — Pierce's Adminis- 
tration — Buchanan's Administration 272 

TV Lincoln's Administration — The Great Civil War, — 
Events of 1861— Events of 1862— Events of 1863— The 
Closing Conflicts, 1864-65— Recapitulation, — Battles 
won by the Confederates— Battles won by the Federals 
— Indecisive Battles of the War — Chronology of Events 
Recorded in Sections III and IV— General Questions 
and Directions — Diagram for Analysis 288 

V. Johnson's Administration — Grant's Administration — 
Hayes's Administration — Garfield's Administration 
—Assassination of President Garfield— Chester A. 
Arthur Inaugurated — Cleveland's Administration — 
Harrison's Administration— Cleveland's Second Ad- 
ministration—World's Columbian Exposition— Mc- 
Kinley's Administration— War with Spain— Annexa- 
tion of Hawaii— McKinley's Second Administration- 
Congress and Our New Territorial Possessions— Pan- 
American Exposition— Assassination of President 



10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

McKinlcy — Tlieodore Roosevelt Iniiugurated — Free 
Cuba— The Philippine Islands— The Great Coal Strike 
— Isthmian Canal — Department of Commerce and 

Labor — Irrisjation I^aw 354 

Recapitulation, — Chronology of Events, Recorded in 
Section Y — Origin of the Names of the States — leviewed 
— Popular Names of the States — Mottoes of the States 
— Admission of the States — reviewed — Eminent Amer- 
ican Inventors — Americans Eminent in Literature and 

Art— Conclusion 449 

Appendix — Declaration of Independence — General 
Index 466 



THE NORMAL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES 



PART I. 

PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 
1001—1680. 



INTRODUCTION. 



[Note to the Teacher.^ — On the teacher's naming the subject of 
a paragraph, the pupil should be expected to tell all he knows 
about it — in his own language as much as possible. At each reci- 
tation thus by topics, the pupil's knowledge of the facts should 
also be tested by questions and directions framed by the teacher. 
Never let a pupil memorize and recite a topic, nor answer a question in 
the languaye of the book — except where the topic is a tabulation. The 
text is designed /o inform the pupil; ihe recitation should at!ord 
him an opportunity of expressing what he has learned, in his own 
giyle and words. " Develop the understanding, and the memory 
will take care of itself." The teacher should frequently assign as 
a lesson several topics for composition writing. This will be not 
only an excellent language exerci.se, but will also tend to fix facts 
permanently in the mind.] 

1. Location of the United States.— America— lying 
between the Atlaiitit; aiui Pacilic Oceana, west of 
(11) 



12 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Europe and Africa, and east of Asia — consists of 
two large continents : North America and South 
America, with a group of islands between, called 
the West Indies. These two continents are con- 
nected by the Isthmas of Panama (Pah-nah-mah,) 
or Darien. 

The United States forms the middle division of 
North America, and extends east and west from 
ocean to ocean, and from the 25th to the 49th 
degree of north latitude. The territory of Alaska 
is also a part of the United States. 




An AxriKNT Mound, 

2. Ancient Remains. — In various portions of 
America, numerous remains of an ancient and civ- 
ilized race of people have been found, indicating 
that thousands of years ago, America was inhab- 
ited by a highly civilized community, that dwelt in 
towns and cities, had a regular form of govern- 
ment, and were skilled in the arts and sciences. 
These people left no written records of their his- 
tory ; hence, our knowledge of them is vague, and 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13: 

acnved only from their relics. This unknown race 
flourished and passed away long before the Indians 
came to this continent ; therefore, the Indians could 
give no account of them. The evidences of the 
existence of this extinct race are still abundant in 
the ruins of temples and other buildings, and in 
the articles of copper and silver found buried 
beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of pottery 
of great antiquity have also been found ; and 
mounds of remarkable extent are seen in certain 
localities, the origin of which wa? unknown to the 
uncivilized Indians.* 

3. Whence Came the Indians? — The history ot 
the Indians is likewise involved in myst^rf ---all we 
know of them being from tradition. 




♦Many of these mounds were burial places, and others douhtles* 
•erved as foundations for watch-towers and signal stations ; some 
were used as places for worship and sacrifice. The shapes of these 
mounds were often to represent men and animals. Marietta, Ohio, 
was the site of one of the largest villages of the Mound Builders — 
the recuaina indicating thai at least 5,000 people must have resided 
Ikere. 



14 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



They can tell us nothing of their origin or of their 
coming to this continent. We can only conjecture 
tliat they must have emigrated from Asia, by way 
of Bering's (heer-ings) Strait.* When found upon 
this continent, east of the Mississippi, by the first 
European settlers, they did not exceed 200,000 in 
number, 
there was an immense population. 





e ,5 ■? 5 z 







Specimen of Inbian Picture-Writing, f 

* This opinion is rendered the more probable by the fact, that 
the figure, complexion, dress, manners, customs, etc., of the na- 
tions of both continents, are strikingly similar. That they might 
have emigrated from the eastern continent is evident, since in 
latitude 66° the two continents are not moi-e than forty miles dis- 
tant from each other, and between them ati. two islands less than 
twenty miles distant from either shore. 

f By means of this picture-writing, some Indian guides in- 
formed tlieir comrades that fourteen whites and two Indians 
spent the night at a certain place. 

No. 1 of the sketch is the captain with a swoi'd ; No. 2, the 
secretary with a book; No. 3, the geologist, with a hammer; 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 

4. Character of the Indians.* — They had little or 
no inventive genius; had no cities, no ships, no 
churches, no school-houses. They have been truly 
termed the " Red Men of the Forest." They had 
no regular forms of government, but were divided 
into hostile tribes, with a chief, or sachem, for ruler. 
They were constantly at war with one another, and 
their chief occupations were war and hunting— 
their weapons being simply the bow and arrow. 
The sole training of their boys was for war and the 
chase. The women performed all the labor and 
drudgery. The disposition of the Indian was 
morose, crafty, treacherous, and cruel ; and he 
accustomed himself to endure great fatigue and 
horrible tortures without sign of anguish. He 
believed in the existence of a Supreme Being and 
in a future state of happiness and immortality. 
The Indian of to-day, in all his characteristics, is 
the same as he was three hundred years ago. 

5. Supposed Discovery of America. — Lief Erick- 
SON, a noted Icelandic captain, is supposed to have 
sailed westward from Greenland, in the year 1001, 
and, landing on the present coast of Labrador', 
explored the country as far south as Massachusetts. 
The Northmen, a hardy race of Norway ana 
Sweden, also claimed to have visited America abour 
this time. As there are no authentic records con- 
firming these discoveries, it is safe to suppose that 

Nos. 4, 5, 6, attendants; Nos. 7, 8, the guides, without hats; 
Nos. 9, 10, the white soldiers and their arms; Nos. 11, 12, what 
they ate in camp; Nos. 13, 14, 15 indicate they made three fires. 

* This description applies to the Indians embraced within the 
limits of the United States. 



IG HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the continent was unknown to Europeans till the 
grand discovery of Columbus, in 1492.* 

6. The Mariner's Compass. — This invaluable little 
instrument was invented about the year 1302, by 
an Italian. It is in appearance somewhat like a 
watch, having a magnetic needle, which always 
points toward the north, thus enabling seamen to 
trace their course on the broad ocean. Before this 
true friend of the mariner was known, the only 
guides the sailor had were the sun by day and the 
stars by night; but when these w^ere obscured by 
clouds, he could not, with certainty, find his way. 
Hence, the Compass gave a new impetus to navi- 
gation ; and by its friendly guidance, men ventured 
farther upon the unknown deep in quest of new 
lands. 

* About 1007 Thorfinn Carlsefne, a famous sea-king, recon- 
noiteied the bays and harbors of the New England coast. He is 
supposed to have made settlements and to have carried on trade 
with the natives. 

The Welsh also have laid claim to the discovery. According 
to their accounts; a daring sailor, named Madoc, about the year 
1170, made a voyage to the we^st, discovering a " large and fair 
country." These, however, are mere traditions, and the supposed 
discovery appears to have slept in forgetfulness until aftei 
Columbus had es.>,ablished the existenciJ of a Western World. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 

SECTION I. 

SPANISH DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
1492—1565. 

1. Colambus. — Christopher Columbus was born afc 
Genoa (Jen'o-ah), Italy, in 1435. When a boy he 
worked at his father's trade — that of wool-comber. 
During his youth he met with many adventures on 
the Mediterranean Sea; and at one time, in battle 
with the Venetians, his vessel was burned, but ho 
saved his life by swimming ashore. 

From the study of Astronomy he formed the 
opinion that the Earth is round like a ball, instead 
of flat, as almost all the people of his time believed. 

2. Object of Commercial men. — The great desire 
of commercial men of Europe at this time was to 
find a nearer and less dangerous passage to the 
East Indies than was then known. From the East 
Indies many of the necessaries and luxuries of life 
were obtained. The route then followed was to 
sail on the Mediterranean Sea to the Isthmus of 
Suez, cross the isthmus on camels and horses, and, 
re-shipping their efi'ects, traverse the Red Sea and 
the stormy Indian Ocean. To find a better and 
more commodious route was therefore of great im- 
portance to the whole of Europe.* 

* The route around the southern extremity of Africa was not 
then known. This route — by the way of the Cape of Good Hope — 
was discovered in 1498, by Vasco DeGama, an enterprising Portu- 
guese navigator. 

2 



18 IlISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The only man who proved himself competent to 
open up a new way to the Indies was Columhus. 
He believed that this goal could be reached by 
sailing directly westward across the Atlantic 
Ocean.* 

3. Columbus Seeks Aid.— With this object in view 
€ul ambus applied first to the government of his 
native city, Genoa, for the means to make the ex- 
periment; but, believing him to be a mere dreamer, 
they refused to render him assistance. He next 
applied to the Court of Lisbon ; but after listening 
to his representations with seeming encourage- 
ment, the king secretly sent out an expedition in 
the hope of anticipating Columbus in his great 
undertaking. The commander of this enterprise 
was, however, incompetent for the attempt, and 
returned without accomplishing anything.f 

• To the inquisitive ami enterprising mind of Columbus, this 
subject was invested with the deepest interest and importance; and 
the more he reflected upon the figure of the earth, the stronger was 
his belief, not merely that a western passage to India was practica- 
ble, but also that whoever should navigate the Atlantic, by sailing 
due west, must meet with a large body of land, which might be 
an extension of the continent of India, designed to balance the 
lands lying in the eastern hemisphere. " In this latter opinion 
he was strengthened by various discoveries in the Atlantic: such 
as pieces of carved wood, trunks of huge pine-trees, etc., which 
had been noticed, after long westerly winds ; but especially by th« 
well-established fact that the bodies of two men had been cast 
upon one of the Azore islands, whose features differed from those 
of any known race of people." 

t Disgusted with this treachery, Columbus sent his brother Bar- 
tholomew to Henry VII., of England. Bartholomew was captured 
by pirate.s, and it was two years before he reached London. The 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 19 

After many disappointments and much dela}', 
Columbus finally obtained an outfit from Ferdinand 
and Isabella, of Spain. Urged by a desire to spread 
the Catholic faith throughout the world, and to see 
Spain the mistress of lands in Asia, the noble 
Queen overcame the objections of Ferdinand. Said 
she, "I undertake the enterprise for my crown of 
Castile, and will, if necessary, pledge my jewels to 
raise the funds." But this sacrifice was prevented 
by the extraordinary exertions of her ministers. 

4. The Outfit. — The outfit thus provided con- 
sisted of ninety men, provisions for one year, and 
three small vessels— the Nina (ne'-nah), the Pinta 
{•peen'-tah), and the Santa Maria [mah-re'-ah). 

5. America Discovered. — Ilis heart bounding 
with hope, Columbus set sail in his little fleet from 
Palos (pah-los'), Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492. 
lie steered his course southward to the Canary 
Islands, ott* the coast of Africa ; and, after refitting 
his vessels and replenishing his supplies, struck out 
boldly to the west. Soon they were far out upon 
the (then) unkiiown deep— farther than any other 
navigators had dared to venture. For ages a ter- 
rible mj'stery had brooded over the might}' w\aters 
of the Atlantic; superstition lent additional horrors 
to the fears of adventurers. It was said that the 
Evil One hovered over the far-off billows of the 
ocean, enticing the venturesome to destruction, or 

English monarch approved h'lA plans, and would probably have 
become the patron of Columbns, had Columbus not, in the mean- 
time, found one in the sovereign of Spain. 



20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

else warding them off with an immense weird 
hand. 

No wonder, then, that the sailors of Columbus 
were inclined to mutitiy, seeing that they were 
going nearer and nearer to this dreaded apparition 
and believing that they would never see land again. 
But Columbus by his lirmness and eloquence allayed 
their fears. On the 12th of October (1492), they 
discovered land, which proved to be one of the 
Baharha {ba-hay' -mah) islands, a group of the West 
Indies, {Sec inap.) 

6. The Landing. — When Columbus and his men 
had landed, they knelt upon the ground and gave 
thanks to God for his guidance. The devotional 
exercises of the Roman Catholic Church were per- 
formed, the royal banner of Spain was unfurled, and 
the new found land claimed for the monarchs of 
Castile and Leon. During these formal proceed- 
ings, the natives, who were different from any other 
people ever before seen, crowded around at a 
respectful distance, gazing with mingled astonish- 
ment and admiration upon all they saw. They 
believed the Spaniards to be Heavenly Beings that 
should be adored. 

7. The Island. — The island thus discovered was 
called by the natives, Guanahani {r/ina-nah-hah'-nee), 
but Columbus named it San Salvador (sal- v a- dor e'), 
by which it is still known. Believing it to be a 
part of the East Indies, he named the inhabitants 
Indians. Leaving San Salvador, Columbus sailed 
southward, discovering the large island of Cuba. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 

8. Homeward. — After examining this island — 
enjoying its delightful climate, partaking of its 
luxurious vegetation, and making favorable 
impression upon the natives — Columbus started 
homeward (January, 1493.) On the passage, he 
encountered a terrible storm, in which his frail 
vessels were almost wrecked. During the preva- 
lence of the tempest, he wrote on parchment a 
short account of his discovery, sealed this securely 
in a cask, and threw it into the sea, trusting that 
should the ships go down, this might survive, and, 
perchance, notify the world of his success. His 
return home was hailed with great rejoicing, and 
the highest honors were heaped upon him, 

9. Other Voyages of Columbus. — Columbus made 
three other voyages to America. On his second 
voyage (1493), he founded St. Domingo, on the 
island of Hispaniola (Ilayti), the first European 
settlement in the New World.* On his third voy- 
age (Aug. 10th, 1498), he discovered the continent, 
or main land, on the northeastern coast of South 
America. {See map.) At various times he was 
misrepresented by his enemies, who were envious 
of his justly earned fame.f He never knew, how- 

•When he next visited the island, however, he found that the 
men had all perished by the hands of the Indians, whose vengeance 
they had provoked by their folly and crimes. 

tOn Columbus's third voyage, his enemies, by false charges 
caused him to be sent home in chains ; but on investigation, he 
was honorably acquitted. The captain of the vessel in which he 
was, offered to release him from his chains; but Columbus replied, 
" I wear these fetters in obedience to the orders of their majesties, 
the rulers of Spain ; they shall find me as obedient to this as to 



99 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ever, that he had discovered a new world ; he 
thouglit that the new found land was a part of the 
East Indies. 

10. Character of Columbus. — Columbus was re- 
markable for boldness, great firmness, and untir- 
ing perseverance. A student all his life, his mind 
was highly cultivated and stored with the learning 
of his time. His views regarding the earth were 
in advance of the day, and though he lived in an 
age of superstition, he seemed to have been free 
from absurdities. In person he was tall and 
commanding, and of pleasing address. lie died at 
Valladolid [val-ya-do-leed'), Spain, in 1506, at the 
age of 71. His remains now lie in the Cathedral 
of Havana, Cuba. "^ 

11. Voyage of Vespucci. — The discovery of the 

New World created intense excitement throughout 
Europe. The wildest speculations were rife, and 
the popular mind was still more aroused, when, in 
1499, Americo Vespucci ( ah-mah-ree'-go vas-poot'- 
chee), a Florentine, in the employ of Spain, visited 
the continent, explored the eastern coast, and, re- 
turning to Europe, published a glowing account of 
his explorations. In this account he ignored the 
claims of Columbus ; and, being wealthy and influ- 

their other injunctions; by their command I have been confined, 
and their command alone shall set me at liberty." When released, 
he hung his fetters in his chamber, and gave orders that they 
should be buried with him. 

* He desired the following inscription to be engraved on hi* 
t©mb; " To Castile and Leon, Columbus has given a new world.' 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 23 

ential, his name was given to the land that should 
be called Columbia.* 

12. Florida Discovered. — Florida was first visited 
in 1512 by Ponce De Leon {■pone' -thay day lay-own'), 
whose object in going thither was to discover a 
fountain whose waters were said to have the power 
to restore to old age the vigor of youth. The story 
of this rejuvenating fountain was a myth, invented 
by the Indians to allure adventurers into the 
marshes and dense forests of an unknown wilder- 
ness. In his search for the fabled waters, he en- 
countered the hostile natives, and was slain in 
battle. Florida was so called, because De Leon 
saw it first on Easter Sunday — Pasqua Florida (Jio- 
ree'-dah) — the Feast of Flowers. 

13. Pacific Ocean Discovered. — A Spaniard named 
Balboa (6«^6o'-aA) discovered the Pacific Ocean, 
September 26th, 1513, while ascending the mount- 
ains of the Isthmus of Panama, f 

* Vespucci's account of this voyage, published in 1504, was the 
first printed announcement of the discovery of a western continent. 

t The Indians had informed Balboa that a great ocean lay to 
the south and west. His curiosity was excited, and, with a band 
of adventurers, he made a perilous march for twenty-five days, 
through dense woods and over craggy mountains. Heat and dis- 
ease had almost overcome the weary and discouraged party, when 
the Indian guides announced that from the top of the next moun- 
tain the great ocean could be seen. When most of the ascent had 
been made, Balboa ordered his men to halt, and toiled on to the 
summit alone. At the top he beheld the mighty Pacific, and, 
falling on his knees, thanked God for the discovery. He went 
down to the shore, and advancing with sword and buckler, till the 
water reached his waist, took possession of the ocean, " in the 
name of the King, his master, and vowed to defend it with his 
arms." 



24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Magellan, a Spanish sailor, was the first European 
to sail upon the Pacilic (1519). On account of its 
calm and peaceful appearance when first traversed, 
he gave it the name Pacific. He was also the first 
that sailed around the world (1519-21).* Sir Francis 
Drake, an English navigator, made the voyage 
some years after. It was then regarded a great 
undertaking — requiring two or three years; but it 
is now accomplished in a few months. 

14. Mexico and Cortez (Aor/c^'.)— Mexico was 
discovered by Grijalvah {c/re haid'-i'ah),\u 1518. It 
was conquered by Hernando Oortez in 1521. Cortez 
was a bold, unscrupulous Spaniard, whose object 
in coming to America was gold and adventure. He 
was a religious bigot, and thought it was serving 
God to kill or enslave all Indians that would not 
embrace Christianity. His course was an error of 
the age in which he lived. 

15. Mont^^zuma and his Fate. — Cortez landed on 
the coast of Mexico in 1519; and, with an army of 
600 men, began his invasion of the country. f The 
people of this realm were partly civilized, lived in 
towns and cities, had a regular form of government, 

*He sailed through the strait which bears his name. At the 
Philippine Ishmds, (south-east of Asia), in a contest with the 
natives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by 
way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage 
around the world. 

tHe had a fleet of only eleven small vessels ; and as fire-arms 
were not in general use, only thirteen of the men had muskets. He 
had only ten pieces of artillery and sixteen horses. The rest of 
the men were armed with crossbows, swords, and spears, but they 
were all clothed in armor. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 2o 

and were apparently contented. They had made 
considerable advancement in the arts ; and though 
they had no written language, yet their picture- 
writing, or hieroglyphics, answered all their pur- 



The king of Mexico at this time was Montezuma 
{mon-tay-zoo'-mah). Ilis kingdom abounded in gold. 
Many utensils for domestic use, as well as ornaments 
of various kinds, were made of the precious metal. 

Montezuma ordered Cortez to leave the country, 
but the daring adventurer paid no heed to the 
command. Though resisted by many times his 
force, Cortez advanced to the capital, spreading 
dismay among the inhabitants, who regarded 
the Spaniards as a superior race of beings, clothed 
with immortality.* This belief was soon dispelled, 
however, when the first Spaniard was slain. Cortez 
fought many bloody battles with the people of this 
famous empire, in every one of which he was vic- 
torious, losing but few men. The Mexicans fought 
with furious desperation, but they could not with- 
stand the firearms and the horses of the Spaniards. 
The sound and the flash of muskets and cannon 
produced unbounded terror among them ; and the 
horses caused the utmost fright wherever they were 
ridden. It should be borne in mind that horses 

•A tradition existed among the Mexicans that a strange peoplfe 
from the east should conquer them. Montezuma appeared to 
resign himself to his fate and the force of circumstances ; and from 
the time of the invader's entry into Mexico, until the hour of his 
death, continued to treat Cortez with the utmost generosity, hospi- 
tality, and apparent confidence, and loaded him with gifts and 
honors. 



26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

were unknown in America till the Spaniards 
brought them from Europe.* Thus, a single Span- 
iard, well armed and mounted, could rout a whole 
host of the superstitious Mexicans. 

Montezuma was captured, and, while a prisoner, 
he was induced by the crafty Cortez to mount the 
walls of the city and beseech his subjects to desist 
from hostility against the Spaniards. Justly indig- 
nant at their monarch's timidity, the Mexicans 
hurled stones and arrows upon him, and he fell 
mortally wounded. 

16. Guatiniozin. — Montezuma's successor was 
Guatimozin {gwah te-mo'-zin), a young nobleman, 
brave, but unfortunate. He was taken prisoner by 
Cortez ; and to cause him to reveal the place of the 
imperial treasures, he, with his principal officer of 
state, was prostrated on a bed of live coals. The 
chief officer in his agony looked toward his sove- 
reign, as if to ask permission to tell where the 
treasures were concealed. Guatimozin rebuked 
liim by exclaiming, " Am / on a bed of roses f 
This act of cruelty, however, failed of its object; 
and Guatimozin was afterward executed, on a 
charge of plotting an insurrection against his bar- 
barous conquerors. 

The death of their king and the terrible success 
of their enemy completely disheartened the Mexi- 
cans; and the Spaniards took possession of the 
country (1521). 

*The horse, ox, sheep, goat, domestic cat, hen, etc., were no' 
originally found in America, but were introduced by the Euro 
peans. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 27 

17. Last Days of Cortez. — Thus were an inno- 
cent and happy people despoiled of their natural 
rights and trampled upon by a remorseless adven- 
turer. Cortez did not, however, obtain the wealth 
and distinction his ambition craved; he died poor 
and in obscurity — despised and neglected by his 
king and country.* 

18. De Ayllon. — In 1520 Vasquez de Ayllon {vas'- 
keih day ayle'-yon), a wealthy Spaniard, undertook 
an expedition to America; and, landing on the 
present coast of South Carolina, decoyed a number 
of the natives on board his fleet and steered for 
home, intending to sell them in Europe as slaves. 
Three of the vessels were wrecked, and most of the 
Indians were drowned. De Ayllon was honorably 
received by his government, and was sent on 
another kidnapping expedition ; but this was un- 
successful, resulting in De Ayllon's pecuniary ruin. 
Thus ended the first attempt to enslave the Indians, 
who, thenceforth, lost all confidence in Spanish 
honor. 

19. Expedition of Narvaez. — In 1528 De Narvaez 
(day nar-vay'-eth), attempted to conquer Florida. 
He expected to find a rich empire, such as Cortez 
had found in Mexico; but his men, wandering 
through the dense forests, deceived by Indian 
guides, and defeated by the hostile natives, suti:ered 

*0n one, occasion, desiring an audience with the king, he was 
obliged to force his way through the crowd and place his foot on 
the step of the carriage before he could gain attention. " Who are 
you?" said the king. " I am a man," answered Cortez, "who has 
gained you more provinces than your father left you towns." 



28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

terribly. In endeavoring to return to the West 
Indies, four men escaped, who reached their home 
after several years of wandering and incredible hard- 
ship. 

20. The Mississippi Discovered. — De Soto (day 
go'-to), a Spanish nobleman, with six hundred se- 
lected soldiers, came to America in 1539 ; * and, 
landing on the western coast of Florida, traveled 
north-westward across the country, fighting hostile 
Indians on the way, until his magnificently equipped 
army — consisting mostly of young and adventurous 
noblemen — was reduced to about four hundred. 

In 1541 he discovered, near the present western 
boundary of Tennessee, a large river which the 
Indians called the '^ Great Father of Waters." This 
was the Mississippi; and De Soto and his men 
were the first Europeans to behold it. 

While sailing down the river with the wreck of 
his army, De Soto died of a malignant fever, and 
was buried within its waters, "which have since 
been the tomb of thousands." 

21. Enterprise of Melendez. — In 1565 the king of 
Spain- — the bigoted Philip II — sent Pedro Melen- 
dez (ma-len'-deth), " a soldier of ferocious disposition 
and criminal- practices," to colonize Florida. The 
real object of this expedition was to break up and 
destroy a colony of French Protestants, called Hu- 
guenots, who the year before had made a settlement 

*He had also on board his fleet three hundred horses, many 
hogs, and a number of bloodhounds — the latter intended to run 
down the Indians. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 29 

near the mouth of the St. John's river — territory 
claimed by Spain. 

22. The Oldest Town.— Melendez, with his mea, 
landed on the northeastern shore, near the mouth 
of a small river, ou St. Augustine's {au-g US-teen's') 
day (2d of September). Here he laid the founda- 
tion of the town of St. Augustine (Sept. 1565) — the 
oldest settlement, by forty- two years, within the 
United States. 

23. The Huguenots Murdered. — Melendez next 
turned his attention to the Huguenots, whom he 
found and attacked. The Huguenots put to sea in 
their vessels, but a furious siorm arose and dashed 
to pieces every ship in the fleet. Most of them, 
however, reached the shore. Here they were at- 
tacked by the forces of Melendez, and men, women 
and children were alike butchered — only a few 
escaping. It is here pertinent to say that a French 
soldier named De Gourges (goorg) revenged this 
massacre a short time after, by attacking the Span- 
ish colony at St. Augustine and hanging about 
thirty of the leaders to branches of trees.* 

♦The inscription he placed over tliem was, "I do not this as 
unto Spaniards or mariners, but as unto traitors, robbers, and mur- 
derers." Melenuc-z, in his massacre of the Huguenots, had de- 
«iared tha. he killed them, " not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans." 



30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION II. 

THE FRENCH IN AMERICA. 
1524—1680. 

1. Voyage of Verazzana. — The spirit of discovery 
and adventure was not confined to Spain alone, i'u 
1524 a remarkable exploration of the j^orth Ameri- 
can coast was made by Verazzana (var-at-zah' -nah), 
an Italian, in employ of the French government. 
He explored the whole Atlantic shore from Florida 
to New Foundland, claiming the region in the name 
of the king of France, and calling it New France. 
Returning home, he published a map and an ac- 
count of his explorations, which were of value to 
future navigators. 

2. The St. Lawrence Discovered. — In 1534 James 
Cartier {kar-te-ah'), sent out by the king of France, 
discovered and explored the Gulf and the River Si. 
Lawrence. He made another voyage to this region 
and attempted to found a c(jlony, but with no per- 
manent success. Not finding any gold here, the 
French did not at this time attach much value to 
their St. Lawrence possessions. 

3. First Permanent French Colony. — Various at- 
tempts were made by the French to establish colo- 
nies in their possessions, viz., by Roberval, in 1539; 
by John Ribault (re'-6o),* in 1562; and by Laudon- 

* Eibault's expedition was under the auspices of Coligny 
{ko-kn^-ye), an admiral of France, and a leader of the Huguenots 
{hu'ge-nos) or French Protestants. He desired to found a colony 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 31 

NIERE {lo don'-ne-air), in 1564; but their eftbrts were 
unsuccessful till in 1605,DeMonts {day-mong') and 
Champlain [sham-plane') brought a colony from 
France and settled on the western coast of Nova 
Scotia (sko'-she-ah), naming the settlement Port 
Royal. This was two years before Jamestown, 
Virginia, was founded — an account of which is 
given in the "English Settlements." 

4. Champlain's Enterprise. — In 1608 Champlain 
founded Quebec {que-beck'), Canada; and in 1609 he 
explored the interior of that region, discovering 
lakes Huron and Champlain, giving his name to 
the latter. 

5. Explorations of Marquette. — James Marquette 
(mar-ket'), a Jesuit missionary, full of zeal for the 
Catholic Church, explored the region of lakes Hu- 
ron and Michigan, at the head of a small company ; 
and in 1673 he discovered the Missouri river. He 
also explored the region now forming the State of 
Illinois. His chief object was to convert the In- 
dians to Christianity. 

6. Explorations of La Salle. — The energetic mis- 
sionary La Salle {lah-saU) was the next to ex- 
plore the Mississippi and the lake region. In 1673- 
80 he visited many of the localities about the. head 
waters of the Mississippi, giving the names which 
they now bear. To all of the region west of the 

in America as an asj'lum for his oppressed brethren, and also to 
advance the glory of France. He sent out another colony under 
Laudonniere, and it was this which Melendez broke up and mas- 
sacred. {See Spanish Discoveries and Explorations, Topics 21, 
22, and 23. 



S2 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

Mississippi he gave the name of Louisiana, in honor 
of his sovereign, Louis XIV. 

7. The Jesuit Missionaries.— The "Society of 
Jesus," or Jesuits, was pledged to extend the Ro- 
man Catholic faith over the world, at whatever 
cost of personal sacrifice or suffering. The exploits 
of the Jesuit missionaries among the Indians are 
of thrilling interest. In their intense zeal for the 
conversion of the savages, they endured terrible 
privations, losing many of their number by ex- 
posure, starvation, and the scalping koife. 



SECTION III. 

ENGLISH DISCOVERIES. 

1497—1607. 

L The Cabots. — The English were not behind 
other nations in enterprise and discovery. John 
Cabot and Sebastian his son were commissioned by 
Henry VII, king of England, to undertake voyages 
of discovery. The design of the English, unlike 
that of the Spaniards, was acquisition of territory 
and colonization. In 1497 John Cabot made hia 
first voyage in quest of new lands; and on June 
24th discovered the main hind of North America 
on the coast of Labrador.* This was one year be- 

*The land first Reen, he named Prima Vista — first view— nup- 
posed to have been a part of Newfoundland. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 33 

fore Columbus discovered Soutli America, and two 
years before Vespucci visited the continent. 

Sebastian Cabot inherited his father's plans and 
reputation, "and to his father's genius added a 
greater genius of his own." In 1498 he com- 
manded an expedition in search of a north-west 
passage to India — a folly of the times. After 
various unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the ice 
of the frozen zone, he returned to England.* 

2. Frobisher's Voyage.— In 1576 Martin Fro- 
BISHER, in three small vessels, sailed from England 
in search of the coveted north-west passage to 
Asia. One of his vessels was lost on the voyage, 
another, terrified at the prospect, returned home, 
but in the third the daring sailor pursued his course, 
attaining a higher latitude than any that had ever 
gone before him. lie discovered the group of 
islands that lies in the mouth of Hudson's Strait ; 
also a large island farther north, which he supposed 
to be the mainland of Asia. He next discovered 
and entered the strait which still bears his name, 
then sailed for England, carrying home with him 
one of the Esquimaux (es'-kee-mo) and a stone which 
was declared by the English refiners to contain 
gold. 

*The king of England — Henry VII, — though quick to appre' 
elate the value of Sebastian Cabot's discoveries, was slow to reward 
the discoverer. The Catholic king of Spain, after Henry's death, 
induced Cabot to take charge of the maritime affairs of that coun- 
try. While holding this high office, Cabot sent out many succes.s- 
ful voyages. In the meantime the spirit of discovery had revived 
in England, and in 1548 Edward VI. induced the now aged Sebas- 

3 



-34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert.— After these 
explorations the English sent out several expedi- 
tions in search of a fabled land of gold, in the 
vicinity of Labrador, but this Eldorado proved to 
have been a story invented by the Esquimaux. 

The first attempt of the English to colonize 
America was made by the brave Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert, who, undnr authorit}' of Queen Elizabeth, 
endeavored to establish a new settlement at New 
Foundland (1583). The enterprise was unsuccess- 
ful. On the passage back to England, Gilbert's 
vessel was lost in a storm and all on board perished. 
The other vessel of the expedition reached home 
in safety. 

4. Enterprise of Sir Walter Raleigh {raw'-lee). — 
This English nobleman, under the patronage of 
Queen Elizabeth, sent several expeditions to Amer- 
ica; and, in 1587, established a temporary settle- 
ment on the island of Roanoke {ro-an-oke'), ofi" the 
present coast of North Carolina.* Here the first 
white child of English parents in America was 
born. Her name was Virginia Dare. 

Raleigh called the lands he explored Virr/ima, in 
honor of Elizabeth, who was called the Virgin 
Queen. 

tian to return from Spain and become grand-pilot of England. 
He lived to be very old, but " tbe circumstances of his death have 
not been ascertained, and his place of burial is unknown." 

*In 1585 Raleigh fitted out a squadron and placed it in com* 
mand of Sik Richard Grenville, who left a colony at Roanoke. 
The following year the coloniRts were reduced to the utmost dis- 
tress for want of provisions, and on Sir Francis Drake's stopping 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 35 

He was the first European to discover the use of 
tobacco, which was, until then, unknown in Europe. "f- 
He also introduced into the old country, the potato^ 
which, like tobacco, is a native product of Amer- 
ica.f 

5. Fate of Ralei^ii. — Sir Walter Raleigh was pe- 
culiarly unfortunate. When James I. succeeded 

there, on his return from a successful expedition against the Span- 
iards in the West Indies, they all embarked with him for England. 
Another colony of fifteen, well provided with provisions, were left 
there; but they were never heard of after, having been mostiproba- 
bly murdered by the Indians. In 1587 a third colony of one hun- 
dred and fifty adventurers were sent by Sir Walter Raleigh, under 
Captain White. In consequence of the tlireatened invasion of 
England by the famous Spanish Armada, it was three years before 
Raleigh could send relief to the colony by Captain White, who 
when he arrived there, found not one to tell their fate; and fearing 
for himself, returned at once to England, leaving not a single Eng- 
lish settler on the shores of America. 

*For some time he preserved great secrecy in his habit of 
smoking, till the practice was discovered by a ridiculous accident. 
He was one day enjoying his pipe in solitude, forgetful that he had 
ordered his servant to attend him with a goblet of ale. The ser- 
vant suddenly entering the study and finding, as he thought, his 
master's brains on fire, and evaporating in smoke through his 
mouth, frantically dashed the ale in his face, then rushing out of 
the room he alarmed the family with an account of the frightful 
scene he had witnessed. 

tPotatoes, tobacco and some other plants were unknown 'to 
Europeans till found on this continent; but wheat, rye, oats, bar- 
ley, apples, pears, peaches, and many other grains and fruits, 
were brought here by the first settlers. The potato was introduced 
into Ireland from Virginia in 1565, by a trader named Hawkins. 
Sir Francis Drake carried it to England in 1585, though it at- 
tracted little notice till it was a third time imported from America 
by Sir Walter Raleigh ; yet it was fully a century before its merits 
as food really began to be understood, as at first it was held to be 
fit only for feeding swine and cattle. 



36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Elizabeth to the throne of Enghmd, Raleigh was 
arrested for alleged conspiracy against the king 
and confined in prison for thirteen years, during 
which time he wrote a history of the world. He 
was tinally released; but afterward tried on the old 
charge and beheaded.* He was a gallant and cul- 
tivated man. 

6, Bartholomew Gosnold. — In 1602 Baktholomew 
GosNOLD, by authority of the English government, 
was the next to explore the shores of North Amer- 
ica. He pursued a direct course across the Atlan- 
tic, instead of the circuitous route followed by hia 
predecessors. Hitherto, ships from the ports of 
England, France and Spain sailed first southward 
to the Canary Islands, thence to the West Indies, 
and from there northward to the coast-line of the 

•Raleigli was cheered in his confinement by the friendship ol 
Henry, Prince of Wales, who admired the splendid talents of Sir 
Walter, and used to say that "no king but his father would keep such 
a bird in a cage." Though released from prison, yet no formal par- 
don had been granted by the king, but Raleigh's friends thought it 
was not necessary to purchase one, since the king had appointed him 
to the command of an expedition to Guiana, with the power of life 
and death over those under him. This expedition was fitted out 
at the instigation of Raleigh, to go in search of a rich gold mine, ol 
-which he said he had obtained information in a former voyage; 
but nothing was efiected except the destroying of a Spanish town. 
The Spanish government complained of this act, and the king, who 
was desirous to keep on good terms with that government, resolved 
to sacrifice Raleigh to appease their resentment. He was first 
tried for misconduct in the late expedition, but was acquitted. 
The king then ordered the old sentence to be enforced. On the 
scaflTold Raleigh behaved with great manliness and dignity. He 
desired to see the ax, and feeling the edge of it, said to the sherifi^ 
"This is a sharp medicine, but a sure remedy for all evils." 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 37 

continent. By departing from this long and cir- 
cuitous way and sailing directly across, Gosnold 
reached the coast of Maine in seven weeks. He 
discovered and explored Cape Cod, Nantucket, 
Martha's Vineyard [vin'-yanl), and the Elizabeth 
Islands, on the coast of Massachusetts. His main 
object was to found a colony, but none was suc- 
cessfully established. 

7. Other Attempts to Colonize. — In 1603 Martin 
Pring sailed for America; and, exploring the re- 
gion of Gosnold's discoveries, loaded his vessel with 
sassafras, and returned home. 

The last voyage made by the English, prepara- 
tory to the actual establishment of a colony in 
America, was made by George Weymouth {way'- 
muth) in 1605. 



SECTION IV. 

DISCOVERIES OF THE DUTCH. 

1609—1610. 

1. Voyages of Henry Hudson. — In 1607 Sir Henry 
Hudson, an illustrious English nobleman, was em- 
ployed by a company of London merchants to at- 
tempt a discovery of a north-west passage to the 
Indies. He attained a higher point of latitude than 
was ever before reached, but the icebergs on the 
coast of Greenland and Spitzbergen (spiz-ber' jen), 
prevented his farther progress, and he was obliged 
to return to England, 



38 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Hudson in Employ of the Dutch. — At this time 
Holland was the foremost maritime nation of the 
world. His own government refusing him further 
aid, Hudson went to Amsterdam, Holland, and was 
at once furnished with the means by the Dutch 
East India Company to prosecute his proposed dis- 
covery of a north-west passage. He proceeded on 
his voyage in 1609 ; and in his unsuccessful efforts to 
open up the coveted passage, he discovered and ex- 
plored Manhattan island and the beantiful river 
which bears his name. After trading with the na- 
tives of the vicinity and enjoying the picturesque 
scenery, he steered for Holhind. 

3. Hudson Again in English Employ. — The English 
merchants were now willing to grant assistance to 
Hudson. They were somewhat chagrined that he 
had been compelled to seek aid of Holland, and 
also envious of his discoveries in behalf of the 
Dutch. Strange to say, they claimed these discov- 
eries on the ground that Hudson was an English 
subject; also, on the strength of Cabot's discovery 
of the continent. These counter claims caused 
much trouble afterward. These merchants fur- 
nished him with an outfit, and in 1610 Hudson 
again attempted to find a north-west passage. 

4. Fate of Hudson. — He discovered the large bay 
that bears his name ; and, while exploring it to 
find a north-west outlet, his ship was blocked up 
among the ice. His sailors became disheartened, 
and though spring, with its genial warmth had 
now come, they mutinied and cast him with hi^ 
son and seven others adi-ifr in ;i sn];ill l)oat. Noth- 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 39 

ing more was ever heard of the unfortunate Hud- 
son and his companions. 

5. New Netherland. — The Dutch possessions in 
America were called " New Netherland," and were 
valued by them chiefly on account of the fur trade. 



SECTION V. 
EXPLORATIONS AND POSSESSIONS— REVIEWED. 

1. Extent of Spanish Explorations. — The Spaniards 
confined their explorations and settlements to the 
West Indies and the adjacent mainland ; and, in 
the present limits of the United States, made settle- 
ments only in Florida and New Mexico.* 

The Spaniards claimed possession of the West 
Indies, Yucatan (u-kay-tan'), Mexico, Florida, a 
large portion of the present Southern States, and 
the Pacific coast. They based their claim on the 
rights of discovery and exploration. Of all its for- 
mer extensive and valuable possessions in North and 
South America, nothing whatever now remains to 
Spain. 

2. Extent of French Explorations.— The French 
kad explored the Great Lakes, the Mississippi and 
its shores from the Falls of St. Anthony to the 
Gulf; a large portion of the States now bordering 

*New Mexico was explored by Espejo (es-paif-ho), who, in 
1582 founded Santa Fe (fay^), which is the second oldest town in 
the United States, 



40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

on those waters; and the Canadas and Aoadia — 
the latter now called Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
wick. All of this region they styled " New France," 
and claimed possession of the same by right of ex- 
ploration. The English also laid claim to it bj'- 
virtue of previous discovery — by the Cabots, 
Hence the cause of future contention and war. 

3. Extent of English Explorations.— The English 
had explored the Atlantic coast at various times, 
and claimed this vast territory, naming it Virginia. 
This was also claimed by the French, as " New 
France." {See Map.) 

4. Extent of Dutch Explorations.— The Dutch laid 
claim to New Netherland, by virtue of Hudson's 
explorations. 



REVIEW OF DTSCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 

[Note to the Teacher. — Let each pupil memorize and recite 
the following tabulation; also have him write it in his blank 
book.] 

SPANISH. 

Columbus discovered America, October 12, 1492. 
Columbus discovered Cuba, November, 1492. 
Columbus discovered the Continent, August 10, 1498. 
Vespucci explored the Atlantic coast, 1499. 
De Leon discovered Florida, April 6, 1512. 
Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26, 1513. 
Grijalvah discovered Mexico, 1518. 
De Ayllon explored coast of America, 1520. 
Magellan explored Western and Southern coast, 
1519-21. 



DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 41 

De Narvaez explored Florida and Gulf region, 1528. 
De Soto discovered the Mississippi, 1541. 
Meleiidez explored coast of Florida, 1565. 

ENGLISH. 

The Cabots discovered and explored the Continent, 
1497. 

Martin Frobisher explored North-eastern coast, 1576. 

Sir Francis Drake* explored Western coast, 1578-80. 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert explored North-eastern coast, 
1583. 

Sir Walter Raleigh explored Middle coast, 1587-89. 

Bartholomew Gosnold explored coast of New Eng- 
land, 1602. 

Pring and Weymouth explored coast of New Eng- 
land, 1603-5. 

Sir Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, 1610. 

FRENCH. 

Verazzana explored Atlantic coast, 1524. 

James Cartier discovered Gulf and River of St. Law- 
rence, 1534. 

Ribault and Laudonniere explored Florida coast, 
1562-64. 

Champlain and De Monts explored region of Great 
Lakes, 1605-8. 

Marquette and La Salle explored Mississippi Valley, 
1673-80. 

DUTCH. 

Henry Hudson discovered Manhattan Island and 
Hudson River, 1609. 

*The English gained nothing by Drake's expedition ; his ob- 
ject was to enrich himself by preying upon Spanish merchant 
vessels, 



42 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 43 



RECAPITULATION". 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART I. 
(period of discovery and expi,oration.) 
1001, Lief Erickson's supposed discovery of America: 
1170, Madoc's supposed discovery of America. 
1302, The Mariner's Compass invented. 
1435, Cliristoplier Columbus born in Genoa, Italy. 
1492, Columbus started on his voyage of discovery, 
August 3d. 

1492, Columbus discovered America, October 12th. 

1493, Columbus started homeward, January. 

1497, John Cabot discovered the Continent, Juno 
24th. 

1498, Columbus discovered the Continent, August 
10th. 

1499, Vespucci discovered the Continent. 

1506, Columbus died at Valladolid, Spain, aged 71. 

1512, Ponce De Leon discovered Florida, April 6th. 

1513, Balboa discovered the Pacific, September 26th. 

1518, Grijalvah discovered Mexico. 
1519-21, Magellan sailed around the World. 

1519, Cortez went to Mexico. 

1520, De Ayllon explored the Middle coast of North 
America. 

1521, Cortez completed the conquest of Mexico. 
1524, Verazzana explored Atlantic shores of North 

America. 

1528, De Narvaez explored Florida and the Gulf 
region. 

1534, James Cartier discovered the Gulf of St. Law- 
rence. 



44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1535, Cartier explored St. Lawrence River. 
1539, De Soto made an expedition to America. 
1541, De Soto discovered the Mississippi. 
1562-64, Laudonniere colonized Florida, but is 

driven away. 
1565, Melcndez founded St. Augustine, the oldest 

town in the United States. 
1576, Martin Frobisher explored North-eastern 

coast, 
1578-80, Sir Francis Drake explored Western coast. 

1582, Santa Fe, second oldest town in the United 
States, founded. 

1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to colonize 
Newfoundland. 

1587, Sir Walter Raleigh attempted to colonize 
Roanoke. 

1587, Raleigh introduced tobacco and potatoes into 
Europe. 

1587, Virginia Dare, the first white child of Eng- 
lish parents born in America. 

1602, Bartholomew Gosnold attempted to colonize 
New England. 

1603, Martin Pring attempted to colonize New" 
England. 

16-05, George Weymouth attempted to colonize 

New England. 
1605, Champlain founded the first French colony, 

at Port Royal. 

1608, Champlain founded Quebec. 

1609, Henry Hudson sought a North-west passage 
to India. 

1609, Hudson discovoi'cd Manhattr.n Iclr.nd and 
Hudson River. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 45 

1610, Hudson discovered Hudson Br.y. 

1673, Marquette explored the Ltississippi and lak 

region. 
1673-80, La Salle explored the Mississippi and lake 

reunion. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. Under authority of what nations and sovereigns were discoT- 

cries and explorations made? 

2. Name the Spanish discoveries and explorations; the English; 

the French; the Dutch. 

3. How many years passed between the discovery of (Juanaliani 

and that of the Mississippi? 

4. What claim was based upon the discovery of the Cabots? 

What claim upon the discovery of Columbus ? What coun- 
ter claims upon the discoveries of Hudson? Upon what did 
the French base their claims to America? 

5. Name those portions of America claimed by the Spanish, the 

English, the French, and the Dutch, respectively. 
. 6. Why was America called the New Wwld ? 

7. What is the modern name of Hispaniola? 

8. What discovery was made in 1541? In 1534? In 1518? In 

1513? In 1512? In 1499? In 1497? In 1 GOD? 

9. What permanent settlements had been made in the New 

World to the year 1600? By wliat nation, and under what 
king? 

10. Under what French sovereign were attempts made at coloniza- 

tion ? Under what English sovereign? 

11. By what route were goods from the East Indies obtained? By 

what route are goods now usually obtained from there? 
What was the great object of Columbus's time? 

12. What region did Columbus think he liad reached? 

lo. After whom ought this continent to have been uumed, and why? 

14. V/hat navigator shortened the voyage aero: s the Atlantic? 

15. Who said, " Am 7 on a bed of rostsf" 
iO. Are horses native to America? 

17 What domestic animals were not originally found in America? 



46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

18. What plant and esculent vegetable were indigenous to Amer- 

ica ? 

19. What grains and fruits were brought to America by the first 

settlers? 

20. What claims to the discovery of America prior to that of Co- 

Inmhus? 

21. What did Vasco de Gama discover, and when? 

22. What, chiefly, led Columbus to believe that he could find land 

to the West? 

23. Mention an incident showing the zeal which (Jueen Isabella 

manifested in the plans of Columbus. 

24. When, by whom, and inider what circumstances was the first 

Huguenot colony massacred? 

25. Tell what yon have learned of Montezuma. Of Guatimozin. 

26. Whence came the Indians? What relics or remains of an an- 

cient race are still to be seen? 

27. To what sovereigns did Columbus apply for aid to make hi.s 

first voyage? 

28. What did De Leon expect to find in Florida? 

29. Describe the expedition of De Soto. 

30. Name the first colony in the New World. The first permanent 

one. The first permanent French colony. The first perma- 
nent P^nglish colony. 

31. Wlio was the first white child born in America? 

32. What did Columbus do when he first landed upon American 

soil? 

33. What explorer was set adrift with his son and seven compan- 

ions in Hudson Bay? 

34. What was the lost colony of America? 

35. What did iVc!« jS/)am comprise? New France? New Nctherland? 

36. What reply did Columbus make when the captain of the ves- 

sel in which he was taken home in chains, ofTered to remove 
his fetters ? 

37. What inscription did Columbus desire to have engraved on his 

tomb? 

38. What tradition existed among the Mexicans concerning the 

invasion of Cortez? 

39. How were the soldiers of Cortez armed? How many had 

muskets? In what were they all clothed? 

40. Recite the chronological table of events recorded in Part I. 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 



47 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 

GENERAL REVIEW OF PART I. 

[Note to the Teacher. — Every "Analytic Synopsis" should 
be written upon the blackboard, from which the pupils may recite 
— in review- without question or dictation by thetea:her, — telling 
all they have learned regarding each topic] 



r WEST INDIES 



GUANAHANI, 
CUBA, 
HAYTI, 
POKTO RICO. 



CONTINENT, 
JTORIDA COAST I 



MEEENDEZ, 
HUGUENOTS. 

ATLANTIC COAST 
f 1. SPANISH^ PACIFIC COAST, 
GULF COAST, 
PACIFIC OCEAN, 

(CONQUEST, 
MONTEZUMA, 
CiUATIMOZIN. 

[MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 



Discoveries 



and 



&)xploratious 



f ATLANTIC COAST, 
GULF & R. ST. LAWRENCE, 
o viiVl^rv J REGION OF GREAT LAKES, 
- *'^*'^^" -j COAST OF FLORIDA, 

I ACADIA, 

[MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

fTHE CONTINENT, 
I PACIFIC COAST, 
I NORTH-ATLANTIC COAST, 
3. ENGLISH^ ROANOKE ISLAND, 

I COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, 
I MIDDLE-ATLANTIC COaST. 
[HUDSON BAY. 



4. BUTCH 



f MANHATTAN, 
I HUDSON EIVEB. 



48 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANAL YTIC SYNOPSIS— (Continued) 



II. 



Extent of 



1. SPANISH 



2. FRENCH 



ON THE CONTINENT, 
OF TPIE WEST INDIES. 

IN PRESENT UNITED STATES, 

CLAIMS. 



r IN PRESENl 
\ IN CANADA 
[ COUNTER C 

<i v\ri T«H / VIRGINIA —EXTENT, 
6. LMlxLlSH I ^(3UNTER CLAIMS. 



4. DUTCH 



/ NEW NETHERLAND, 
t COUNTER CLAIMS. 



Ill 



Discoverers 



and 



Explorers 



COLUMBUS,— PLACES ANP PATBJf, 

VESPUCCI,- 
DE LEON,— 

BALBOA,— " " 

ri. SPANISH-! GRI.JALVAH,- " 
DE AYLLON,- " 

DE NAKVAEZ,— " " 

MAGELLAN,— " " « 

DE SOTO,— " « «* 

MELENDEZ,— " « « 

rVERAZZANA,— « " « 

CARTIER,— " " " 

CHAMPLAIN,— " " 

PRFNCH i ^^' MONTS,- " 
l"KLNtH j RiBAULT,- 

LAUDONNIERE," " " 

MARQUETTE, " " " 

_LA SALLE,— " " * 

fTHE CABOTS,— « " " 

FROBISHER,— " " " 

DRAKE,— " " " 

GILBERT,— " " " 

3. ENGLISH^ RALEIGH,- 

GOSNOLD,— « ♦' 

PRING,— " " " 

W PLYMOUTH,— " " " 

L HUDSON.— " " •• 

L 4. DUTCH [HUDSON,— « « • 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 49 



GEOORAPHWAL REVIEW. 

[Note to the Teacher. — Require the pupil to make a copy of 
the Map, and to write in its proper place the name of each discov- 
erer or explorer, with the date.] 

1. Locate and date Cabot's discovery, 

2. Locate and date Hudson's discoveries. 

3. Locate and date Cartier's discoveries. 

4. Locate and date Gosnold's discoveries. 

5. Lociite and date Columbus's several discoveries. 

6. Locate and date De Leon's discovery. 

7. Locate and date De Soto's route and discovery. 

8. Locate and date Grijalvah's discovery. 

9. Locatt) and date Balboa's discovery. 

10. Locate and date Vespucci's discovery. 

11. Locate and date the settlement of St. Augustine. 

12. Locate and date the settlement on Roanoke Island. 

13. Locate and date Cortez's invasion of Mexico. 

14. Locate and date Champlain's explorations. 

15. Locate and date Marquette's and La Salle's explorations. 

16. Locate Port Royal, Plymouth, Quebec, Jamestown, St. Augus- 

tine, San Salvador, and Cuba. 

17. At what point and when did Vespucci discover the Continent? 

18. Where did Ribault, De Monts, and Laudonniere attempt set- 

tlements? 

19. Where are Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket Island, New Found- 

land, and Nova Scotia ? 

20. When and where did Narvaez land ? 

21. When and where did Verazzana explore? 

22. When and where did Columbus discover the Continent? 

23. When and where did Raleigh make settlement ? 

24. Locate Isthmus of Darien (Panama), Albemarle Sound. 

25. Locate Chesapeake Bay. Hudson Bay. 

26. Name the four largest of the West Indiea. 

27. Locate the Bahama Islands. 

28. Locate the Bermuda Islands, 



DISCOVERIES 

AND 

EXPLORATIONS 

IN 

NORTH AME RICA 

Scale of Miles 




^;S^ 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTOR?^. Ol 

PART II. 

PERIOD OF SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAI yJSTOBY. 

FROM THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SI PTUiMENT TO THE 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 

1607—1775. 

1. The Thirteen English Colonies.— We now come 

to the history of those Colonies which have devel- 
oped into the United States of America. They 
were as follows : 

The Eastern Colonies. — Massachusetts (compris- 
ing also Maine), Connecticut, New Hampshire 
(comprising also the territory afterward called Ver- 
mont), and lihode Island. 

The Middle Colonies. — New York, New Jersey, 
Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. 

The Southern Colonies. — Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, and Georgia. 



SECTION I. 
HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 

JAMESTOWN COLONY. 

1. Settlement at Jamestown. — The first perma- 
nent English settlement in America was James- 
town, Virginia, situated on the James River.* In 

*The settlement was called Jamestoim and the river, fames, in 
In honor of the king. The locality still retains the natue, though 
nothing now remaine but a few falling ruins. 



52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1606 K'mg James I. issued two great patents au- 
thorizing his subjects to colonize all that part of 
North America lying between the 34th and 45th 
parallels of latitude. This immense tract extended 
from the mouth of Cape Fear River to Passama- 
quoddy Bay, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. 
One of these patents — embracing all the territorj' 
between the 34th and 38th degrees of latitude — was 
granted to the London Company, consisting of 
nobles, gentlemen, and merchants of London ; the 
other patent — embracing all the territory from the 
41 st to the 45th degree — was granted to the Ply- 
mouth Company, a body similar to the former. 

On May 7th, 1607, the London Company sent 
over a colony of 105 persons in charge of Captain 
Christopher Newport. They selected the site of 
Jamestown, and immediately began to prepare for 
the emergencies of their new situation.* 

2. Character of these Settlers.— These Jamestown 
settlers were mostly men of unreliable and dissolute 
habits. Some of them were convicts from the jails 
of England; others were "gentlemen," so called, 
who came over to America expecting to find plenty 
of gold, and to live without working; a few were 
mechanics and laborers. These last were the only 
ones of real service in the settlement. Hence, the 
progress of the colony at first was slow. 

*The original intention of tlie colony was to form a settle- 
ment at Roanoke, but being driven by a violent storm north ol 
that place, they discovered the entrance of Chesapeake Bay, the 
capes of which they named Charles and Henry, in honor of the 
king's sons. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 53 

8. Their Government. — The government of the 
colony wa3 vested in a Council, the members of 
which were appointed by the king and removed at 
his pleasure. The colony was to hold all property 
in common for five years — an error that caused 
much trouble, idleness, and impediment to the well 
being of the settlers. 

4. Captain Jolin Smith.— The most useful man 
among all these colonists was Captain John Smith, 
who by his bravery and decision quelled disturb- 
ances and kept down hostile Indians. He was a 
truly remarkable man ; and before coming to Amer- 
ica had met with many singular adventures in 
Austria and Turkey. Though slandered by some 
of the colonists, he was the real "Father of Vir- 
ginia." 

5. Smith Captured by the Indians.— While ex- 
ploring the Chickahominy River, of Virginia, he 
was captured by the Indians and taken to Powhat- 
TAN {■po 10 -hat-tan') their chief, who condemned him 
to die. lie exhibited great presence of mind dur- 
ing his captivity, and employed several ingenious 
expedients to prolong his life till his friends should 
come in search of him. In resisting capture, Smith's 
companions were killed and himself wounded. Un- 
der sentence of death, the Indians were about td 
dash out his brains with a club, when Pocahontas, 
the beautiful daughter of the chief, rushed forward 
and implored her father to spare the captive's life. 
The father, though a savage, was affected by this 
appeal, and ordered his warriors to desist. Smith 
was then conducted to Jamestown. This romantic 



54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

incidenc is, however, pronounced a fiction b^ late 
historians. 

6. Pocahontas. — This interesting Indian ma'den 
was thereafter a friend to the English, and on several 
occasions warned them of proposed Indian hostih 
ties, thus preventing the extermination of the colo- 
nists. A young English nobleman among the 
settlers, named John Rolfe, loved her, and in 1G13 
they were married in the little church at James- 
town. This marriage was not only a pleasing 
incident, but it also served to reconcile the Indians, 
till treachery on the part of some of the colouista 
broke the friendly bond. 

Rolfe took his dusky bride to England, where 
she was much esteemed and styled Lady Rebecca. 
As she was contemplating a return to America, she 
suddenly sickened and died at the age of twenty- 
two. She left a son, from whom some distinguished 
families of Virginia have descended. 

7. Condition of the Colony on Smith's Return. — 

After his return to Jamestown, Smith found the 
colony in a state of confusion, and many were pre- 
paring to return to England in their ship. By hia 
iron will and power of persuasion, he induced them 
to abandon the project. 

8. More Immigrants Arrive.— At this time Capt. 
Newport arrived very opportunely from England 
with more immigrants and much needed supplies. 
These were received with great rejoicing; but the 
n.ajority of the new comers were "gentlemen," 
gold huntersj jewelers, adventurers, and vaga- 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 55 

bonds — the very persons for whom the settlement 
had no use. Finduig a few particles of glittering 
material in a sand-bank which they thought to be 
gold, the whole settlement was ablaze with excite- 
ment; and Newport loaded his vessel with it and 
sailed for England, believing that he had found un- 
told riches. On examination there, the " gold ' 
proved to be nothing but glittering sand. The 
colonists now regarded Smith's judgment, which 
they ignored in their wild desire for gold. He in- 
sisted now, as he had before, that they should cul- 
tivate the land and improve the settlement. They 
now heeded him and elected him President of the 
Council. Durmg his administration the colony 
prospered. 

9. A Second Charter. — In 1609 the London Com- 
pany granted the colony a new charter.* This 
vested the authority in a governor instead of a local 
council. The wants of the colonists were not con- 
sulted in this change, nor did the charter give them 
rights. 

10. At Starvation Point.— At this time (1610) 
Smith was wounded by an accident, and he was 

*A charter was a writing, made like a deed, signed by the 
king, and having the great seal of England affixed. These written 
instruments, when made for the settlers in a wise and righteous 
manner, gave them privileges which were of great value. But the 
first and second charters left with the king all the powers to gov- 
ern the country. " To the colonists no assurance was given, but 
the vague promise, that they should continue to be Englishmen. 
Religion was established by law, according to the forms and doc- 
trines of the Church of England." 



56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

compelled to return to England for medical treat- 
ment.* " His departure was like the going down 
of the sun " to the colony. Ilis restraining in- 
fluence being removed, the settlers becam.e a prey 
to disease and famine. Some were killed by In- 
dians; some turned pirates, and in six months they 
were reduced from 490 to 60. They resolved to 
abandon the place, and actually embarked ; but, 
meeting their new governor, Lord Delaware, with 
abundant supplies and a company of immigrants, 
they returned with great joy, and the colony again 
revived. 

11. A Third Charter. — Governor Delaware fell 
sick and had to return to England. Ilis successor 
was Sir Thomas Dale, who induced the authorities 
in England to send out additional colonists and 
supplies. This was the turning point for the better 
in the history of the colony. A new charter was 
obtained (1612) which abolished the council in 
London, and the stockholders had power to regu- 
late affairs themselves. The settlers no longer 
labored in common, but each had a lot of ground 
to cultivate as his own. Under these wise provisions 
the people were contented and industrious. New 
Immigrants continued to come over, bringing with 
ihem cows, goats, swine, and provisions.! 

•Four years after — in 1614 — he set sail from London, for the 
purpose of trade and discovery in America. He explored the 
nhores from the Penobscot river to Cape Cod, and gave the name 
2icw England to the country. He never returned to Virginia. 

tit must be remembered that none of these domestic animals 
were nativee of America. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 57 

12. The First Colonial Assembly. — The first Legis- 
lative Assembly held in America was convened at 
Jamestown, June 28th, 1619. It consisted of the 
Governor, Council, and deputies chosen from the 
various plantations. Its laws had to be ratified by 
the company in England, but in turn the orders 
from England were not binding unless ratified by 
the Colonial Assembly. These privileges were af- 
terward (1621) embodied in a loritten constitution — 
the first of the kind in America. 

13. The Colonists Buy Wives.— The settlers of 
Jamestown were mostly single men — the few that 
were married had left their wives in England. 
About this time (1619), ninety young women of 
good breeding and modest manners were brought 
over by the company. These were readily sold as 
wives to the settlers. The price was the cost of 
their passage, ranging from 100 to 150 pounds of 
tobacco each.* They^ were willing to be thus 
"sold," and were legally married. Thus domestic 
ties were formed; and under their liberal charter, 
the colonists were happy and prosperous. 

14. Introduction of Slavery. — The early Spanish 
adventurers were the first to establish slavery in 
the New World — making slaves of the unfortunate 
Indians whom they suljjugated. Many of these 
were, as we have seen, taken to Europe and sold. 

Negro slavery was first introduced into Virginia 
in 1620 by some Dutch merchants, who brought a 

*In Virginia, for a long time, tobacco was used as money ; in 
New York, beaver skins; in New England, wampum, made of 
Bhells. Tobacco was valued at three shillings (70 cents) per lb. 



58 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

number of negroes from Africa and sold tliem to the 
colonists. The j^rice of a slave was $150 payable in 
tobacco. 

15. First IndiauWar. — Powhattau, the friend of th« 
English since the marriage of Pocahontas, was now 
dead, and was succeeded by his brother, Opeciiax- 
CANOUGH [op-e-kan-ka-no'), who, in 1622, planned a 
general uprising of the Indians against the settlers. 
All the detached portions of the settlement were 
attacked at the same time; and in the massacre 
that followed, abaut 350 of the colonists were slain. 
This caused an Indian war, which brought much 
suflering upon the colony, and the Indians Avere 
not subdued for many months. 

16. Virginia made a Royal Province. — King James 
became jealous of the Company because of its pa- 
triotic sentiments, took away the charter in 1624, 
and made Virginia a royal province. From this 
time the king appointed the governor and council, 
though the colony still retained its Assembly. 

17. Second Indian War.— In 1644 the Indians 
again attempted to exterminate the English, but 
were themselves expelled from the region, though 
the colonists lost 500 men. 

18. Bacon's Rebellion. — The English government 
levied various restrictions upon the commerce of 
Virginia, and exacted heavy taxes from the people, 
as well as hampered their liberties. These proceed- 
ings were protested against by the colonists, and 
were the cause of much ill-feeling. " These difti- 
rsultiea came to a crisis in April, 1676, when GoY- 



settleme:^t and colonial history. 59 

ERNOR Berkeley* failed to provide sufficiently for 
the defense of the settlements against the Indians. 
At this juncture, Nathaniel Bacon, a patriotic 
young lawyer, rallied a company, defeated the In- 
dians, and then returned to meet the Governor, who 
had denounced him a traitor. During the contest 
which followed, Berkeley was driven out of James- 
town and the village itself burned. In the midst 
of this success Bacon died. No leader could be 
found worthy to take his phice, and the people dis- 
persed." Just 100 years after this, the king of Eng- 
land, by a similar course of oppression, lost all his col- 
onies in America. 

19. Future History. — The affairs of the colony 
from this period (1676) to the French and Indian 
War, were not of sufficient importance and interest 
to require notice in a School History. The history 
of Virginia will therefore be resumed in connection 
■with that war. 

•The character of Berkeley's administration maybe inferred 
trom a communication made by him to the English Council. "I 
tbank God," he wrote, " there are no free schools or printing, and 
I hope we shall have none these hundred years ; for learning baa 
brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and 
printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. 
God keep us from both." 

[Note to the Teacher. — The teacher should here require the 
pupil to prepare a chronological table of the dated events given in 
the history of Virginia (1607-1676), and have him recite it. The 
pupil should write from memory, and preserve in a blank book the 
various lists, tables, etc., which he is directed to recite. In recita- 
tion the blackboard may be used to exhibit his work.] 



60 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

SECTION 11. 

HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND. 

PLYMOUTH COLONY. 

1. North and South Virginia. — As we have already 
seen, the narae of Virginia was given to all that 
part of North America between the 34th and 45th 
degrees of latitude. From the 34th to the 38th 
degree was called South Virginia; from the 4l8t 
to the 45th degree was called North Virginia. 
The portion between the 38th and 41st degrees was 
left equally open to the colonies of either company. 
North Virginia was explored by Capt. John Smith, 
who called that part from Penobscot to Cape Cod, 
New England. 

2. Settlement of Plymouth {pi im'-uth).— The Ply- 
mouth Company had now given place to the Coun- 
cil FOR New England, consisting of forty English 
noblemen. To this body King James gave almost 
unlimited power to colonize and manage affairs. 
But "New England was destined to be settled with 
no consent of king or council." 

On the 21st day of December, 1620, a band of one 
hundred Pukitan Pilgkims landed from the May- 
ftower upon the bleak shores of New England.* 

*About 1592 a law was passed in England requiring all per- 
sons to attend the established church, under penalty of banishment, 
and if they returned, of death. The Puritans — living in the north 
of England — who were dissenters from the Church of England, 
oould not conscientiously comply with these exactions. With thoir 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 61 

These immigrants were dissenters from the estab- 
lished church of England, and were constrained to 
leave England from persecution on account of their 
religion ; and, because of their peculiar notions, 
were styled Puritajis, in derision. They preferred 
to come to the wilds of America, where they could 
worship God as they believed to be right. The spot 
where they landed has been called Plymouth Rock. 
Their little settlement they named Plymouth, 
which is situated on the eastern coast of Massachu- 
setts. 

3. Character of the Puritans. — These Puritans, or 
"Pilgrim Fathers" were distinguished by a stern 
abhorrence of gayety and amusement, a profound 
love for civil and religious liberty, and firmness in 
adhering to what they conceived to be the teach- 
ings of Scripture. 

pastor, John Robinson, they determined to exile themselves to 
Holland, that they might enjoy their religion unmolested. But 
this undertaking was accompanied with many difficulties. They 
were several times arrested, imprisoned and otherwise wantonly 
persecuted, but their piteous condition and Christian demeanor 
softened, at length, the hearts of their persecutors, and they were 
allowed to depart for Holland. They settled at first in Amsterdam, 
but becoming dissatisfied, they removed to Leyden (Li'-rfOTi). By 
their industry, frugality, and uprightness, they here gained the re- 
respect of all ; but the manners and customs of the Dutch were to 
much at variance with their own, that, after a few years, they re- 
solved to emigrate to America. There they could found a church 
where not only the oppressed in England, but also unborn genera- 
tions, might enjoy a pure worship. They embarked in two vessels, 
thit 'Stf>eedwell and the Mayflmcer ; but the Speedwell springing a leak, 
they were compelled to send her back. Crowding themselves into 
the Ihayftmvcr, they reached the inhospitable coast of New England 
after a long and stormy passage. 



62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Their Hardships. — The Puritans suftered much 
from the severity of the climate. It must be borne 
in mind that New England, though in the latitude 
of Italy, has a much colder climate than that of 
England. The first winter (1620-1621) was espe- 
cially severe upon them, and many died before the 
return of spring. Though the Indians did not 
molest them at this time, yet the Puritans were 
uneasy about them. They elected Miles Standish, 
a brave young man, to lead in the event of attack. 

5. Treaty with the Indians. — One day in early 
spring, an Indian visited the colony, saluting them 
in broken English, " Welcome, Englishmen." This 
was Sam'-o-set, who stated by signs that his chief, 
Mas-sa-so'-it, would visit them. Massasoit came, 
and a treaty was made that lasted for fifty years. 

6. Progress of the Colony. — The progress of the 
colony was slow indeed. Their first harvest was a 
failure. A pint of corn was all they had at this 
their " starving time ;" yet, they were cheerful and 
praised God for his manifold blessings. At first 
they worked in common, as the settlers of James- 
town had done ; but this plan failed here as in Vir- 
ginia, and land was assigned to each settler. As a 
result, abundance ensued. They elected their own 
Governor and made their own laws. Ten years 
after coming to America they obtained from the 
Council for New England a grant of the land which 
they occupied. The colony was never a royal 
province. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 63 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 

1. Settlement.— In 1629 John Endicott and five 
other persons obtained a grant of land about Mas- 
sachusetts Bay, also securing a roj^al charter, which 
gave them authority to make laws and govern the 
territory. Under this authority Governor Endicott 
induced many prominent Puritan families of Eng- 
land to flock to this land of liberty. They settled 
Salem, Charlestown, Dorchester, Watertown, and, 
in 1630, one thousand under Governor Winthrop, 
founded Boston. 

2. Puritan Intolerance. — Though the Puritans 
came to America to avoid persecution, and claimed 
the right to worship as their consciences dictated, 
yet they were unwilling to grant the same liberty 
in their colony to others of diiFerent religious tenets. 
They banished from their settlements all persons 
that were not of the same belief as themselves. 
Among those thus exiled were Eooer Williams, an 
eloquent and pious yo.ing minister, and Mrs. Anne 
Hutchinson.* These found refuge among the In- 
dians. Williams, with his followers, settled upon 
land given him by a Karragansett chief, and named 
his settlement Providence. {See Rhode Island.) 

*Mrs. Hutchinson was a woman of genius, and desired the 
privilege of speaking at religious assemblies. Indignant at the re- 
fusal, she became the champion of her sex, and denounced the 
ministers as defrauding women of the gospel. She spoke much in 
public, advocated full freedom of conscience, and had many fol- 
lowers ; but her doctrines were regarded by the church as false and 
dangerous, and she, with the most determined of her adherents, 



64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Their Persecution of Quakers. — The Quakers in 
particular were objects of dislike, and stringent lawa 
were passed forbidding them to settle in Puritan 
territory. The denomination of Friends, or Qua- 
kers, had arisen in England. The persecuting 
spirit of the Puritajis, as in the cases of Roger Wil- 
liams and Mrs. Hutchinson, did not deter the Qua- 
kers from coming to America. They thought the 
Puritan religion consisted too much in outward 
form and too little in inward purity. They believed 
that " a voice from a divine inward monitor " called 
them to go to Kew England to warn the Puritans 
of their errors. Though imprisoned, tortured, and 
banished, yet the Quakers returned, and boldly de- 
nounced the religion of the Puritans. Four of 
them were actually hanged, when the Puritans saw 
their error, and ceased their persecutions. 

4. LegJil Voters Among the Puritans. — The rights 
of voting and holding office were confined to church 
members ; and the Bible was adopted as the only 
basis of law and rule of public action. 

5. Eliot, The Indian Apostle. — In 1631 John Eliot 
came to America from England, and became the 
minister at lioxbury, Massachusetts. "With a view 
to reforming and Christianizing the Indians, he 
applied himself to the study of their language. He 
devoted the greater part of his life to the mission- 
was banished. Excommunicated from the church, she became an 
outcast. She went first to Rliode Island to Join the settlement 
which her followers had there made; thence she removed with her 
family to the present State of New York, where she met death in 
its most appalling form — that of an Indian midnight massacre. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 65 

ary work, translating the whole Bible into the In- 
dian language, and publishing several other works 
of a religious character. He taught the Indian 
women to spin, and the men to cultivate the soil. 
He also established simple forms of government for 
them. He has received the name of " The Indian 
Apostle." He died in 1690. 

6. King Philip's War. — In 1675 a bloody war 
with the Indians of New England broke out. This 
is called "King Philip's War.'' Philip was a saga- 
cious and determined chief. He saw that unless 
the encroachments of the whites were checked, 
they would soon spread themselves all over the 
land and deprive the Indians of their "hunting 
grounds." He therefore stirred up the various 
tribes to war, and the conflict that followed was 
terrible. Villages were burned ; and men, women, 
and children slain. All New England was threat- 
ened with exetrmination ; but the several colonies 
combined against the savages and defeated them. 
Philip was driven to a swamp, where, in attempt- 
ing to escape, he was shot by a friendly Indian 
acting with the whites.* 

^ *In 1660 Charles II. of England, who had been deposed, was 
restored to the throne, and he put to death many persons who had 
brought about the execution of his father — Charles I. One of the 
judges who had condemned his father was Goffe (goff), who, to 
escape the vengeance of the son, found refuge in New England. 
The king sent an order for his arrest, but the people refused to 
give him up. One of GofTe's hiding places was in the vicinity of 
Hadley, Mass., and during Philip's war, the Indians attacked the 
place, while the people were at church. Amidst the confusion and 
bewilderment of the people, a strange being, with long, white hair 

5 



66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. Salem Witchcraft.*— In 1692 a strange delu- 
sion arose in Massachusetts regarding witchcraft. 
It first appeared at Salem. At first only children 
were afiected. Thej' seemed at times to be greatly 
distressed without apparent cause. Older persons 

and beard, and bowed down with age, suddenly appeared ; and, 
leading the whites to the charge, soon routed the savages. The 
wondering people looked about for their deliverer, but he had dis- 
appeared. For a long time they believed that an angel had been 
sent for their deliverance. This "strange being" was Goffe the 
Regicide, who, from liis place of concealment, saw the Indians 
creeping upon the whites, and at once determined his course of ac- 
tion. 

*The practices of witches ; enchantments; intercourse with the 
devil. The most fatal effects of this delusion were produced at 
Salem. At first old women, only, were suspected of having leagued 
with the devil, to inflict upon the persons who complained, the 
various torments, which they asserted, they felt. A belief in 
•witchcraft was at that time (1692) universal. Sir Matthew 
Hale, one of the most enlightened judges of England, often tried 
and condemned per.sons accused of witchcraft. The manner in 
which those who were supposed to be afllicted with this malady 
were troubled, is thus described by Cotton Mather, the moat 
prominent minister of New England at that time, and who was 
active in the rooting out of this supposed crime: "Sometimes 
they were deaf, sometimes dumb, sometimes blind, and often all 
this at once. Their tongues woul.J be drawn down their throats, 
and then pulled out upon their chins to a prodigious length. Their 
mouths were forced open to such a wideness that their jaws went 
out of joint; and anon would clap together again with a force like 
that of a spring-lock; and the like would happen to their shoulder- 
blades, and their elbows, and their hand-wrists, and several of 
their joints. Sometimes they would be benumbed, and be drawn 
violently together, and presently stretched out and drawn back. 
They complained that they were cut with knives and struck with 
blows, and the points of the wounds were seen upon them." We 
can not believe that all this actually took place ; probably the per- 
sons were singularly affected, and the excited fancies of those who 
looked on, added the rest of the picture. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 67 

were afterwards afflicted, who finally declared 
themselves bewitched. Various persons were ac- 
cused of the crime; and the horrible superstition 
attained such influence that about twenty persons 
were tried, convicted, and executed. More than 
fifty were tortured or frightened into confessing 
themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison- 
ment. In a year or two, however, the delusion 
subsided, and the people returned to their senses. 
The memory of these transactions is a source of 
national sorrow and humiliation. 



MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. Their Common History. — These two colonies 
were so intimately united with Massachusetts that 
they have almost a common history. The Council 
for New England granted the territory to Gorges 
and Mason in 1623. Gorges selected the country 
now forming Maine, and Mason the territory now 
called New Hampshire. Massachusetts, however, 
claimed the territory of Maine, and to secure it, 
bought it from the heirs of Gorges. It formed a 
part of Massachusetts till 1820, when it was sepa- 
rated into a distinct State. Mason settled New 
Hampshire at Dover in 1623, naming the territory 
in remembrance of the county of Hampshire, Eng- 
land, his former home. It was united to Massa- 
chusetts in 1644. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CONNECTICUT. 

1. The First Settlement. — Connecticut {kon-net'-i- 
cut) was settled at Windsor in 1633, by emigrants 
from Massacluisetts. It derived its name from tlie 
Connecticut river, an Indian word, signifying 
*^Lovg Biijer." 

There were three colonies afterward established : 
(1). The New Htuen Colony, founded in 1638 by a 




INDIANS Making an Attack ux a Far.mhuuse. 

number of wealthy London families. The Bible 
was their only law, and only church members could 
vote. (2). The. Connecticut Colony proper, compris- 
ing Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, in which 
alf freemen were allowed to vote— a right granted 
them by a written constitution framed by the peo- 
ple. (3). The Saybrook Colony, established in 1635 
by Lords Say and Brook, which they afterward 
sold to the Connecticut Colony. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 69 

2. The Pequod Indians. — The settlers of the Con- 
necticut Colony were much annoyed by a tribe of 
Indians called Pequods. In 1637 Captain John 
Mason, with a company of men, went among them, 
burned their villages and destroyed almost the 
whole nation in one day.* 

3. Union of the New England Colonies. — In 1643 

the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connec- 
ticut, and New Haven united for mutual protection 
under the title of the " United Colonies of New 
England." At this time these four colonies con- 
tained 20,000 inhabitants and fifty villages, f 

*Tlie Pequods (or Pequots) were a warlike tribe, and regarded 
the whites with distrust. These Indians having murdered, without 
provocation, a trader named Oldham, a party of the settlers under 
Endicott avenged the deed by destroying their wigwams and crops 
on Block Island, and crossing to the main land demanded from the 
Pequods damages for various injuries sustained at their hands and 
some of their children as hostages. These being refused, the whites 
laid waste part of their country. This kindled the flame of re- 
venge in the breasts of the Pequods, and they practiced all the 
wiles and cruelties of Indian warfare. Solitary houses were at- 
tacked ; men were shot down while working in the fields; women 
and children were murdered round the fireside. Assisted by a 
tribe of Indians at war with the Pequods, the settlers, with Captain 
Mason at their head, determined to subjugate or exterminate them. 
Mason's party attacked them in their village at night, but, though 
taken by surprise, the savages defended themselves with bravery. 
The battle was doubtful, when Mason decided to set fire to their 
wigwams. This decided the fate of the Pequods. The English 
and their red allies formed a circle round the burning huts and 
slew their enemies without mercy, as the fire drove them into sight. 
Others of the Pequods were afterward hunted down and either slain 
or sold into captivity, and the tribe ceased to exist. 

t To this union the colonies were strongly urged, by a sense of 
common danger from the Indians (a general combination of whonj 



70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. The Charter Oak.— In 1662 the Coniiocticut 
Colonies obtained a liberal charter, which granted 
them almost independence, and was the most fav- 
orable 3'et given to any colony. 

In 1687 the king of England became displeased 
with some of the acts of the colonies, and thinking 
they were enjoying too much liberty, sent Sir Ed- 
mund Andros to take away their charter. Now, 
the people did not wish to be deprived of this 
charter, and when they had assembled at evening 
by order of Andros to yield it up, the lights in 
the room were suddenly extinguished. When re- 
lighted, the charter, which had been lying upon 
a table, was nowhere to be found. The tyrant 
Andros was obliged to leave without the document. 
William Wadsworth had blown out the lights; 
and, seizing the charter, hid it in the hollow of an 
oak tree in the vicinity of Hartford. This tree was 

was expected), and by the claims and encroachments of the Dutch, 
at Manhattan, New York. By the articles of union each colony 
retained its distinct and separate government. No two colonies 
might be united into one, nor any colony be received into the con" 
federacy, without the consent of the whole. Each colony was to 
elect two commissioners, who should meet annually, and at other 
times, if necessary, and should determine " all afiairs of war and 
peace, of leagues, aids, charges, and numbers of men of war," etc. 
Upon notice that any colony was invaded, the rest were imme- 
diately to dispatch assistance. This union subsisted more than 
forty years, until the charters of the colonies were either taken 
away, or suspended, by James II. and his commissioners. The 
efTects of this union were very salutary. Several Indian tribes 
submitted to the English ; and the colonies also became formida- 
ble, by means of 5t, to the Dutch. This confederacy was also madt* 
subservient to the civil and religious improvement of the Indian* 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 71 

ever after called the " Charter Oak." * Andres 
afterward (1689) tyrannized over the people of 
Boston, but was finally deposed ; and then the peo- 
ple of Connecticut brought forth their secreted 
charter, f 

From this time till the Revolution, New England 
remained a royal province. 



RHODE ISLAND. 
1. Settlement. — Banished from Massachusetts by 
the intolerance of the Puritans, Roger Williams 
and his friends settled at the head of Narragansett 
Bay in 1636, naming the settlement Providence 
Plantation. Williams was very liberal toward all 
religious denominations, and many persons from 
Massachusetts settled in Rhode Island. Some of 
these in 1639 founded Newport, on the soutlieru 
part of the island of Rhodes (rodcs), in Narragan- 
sett Bay. This island was so named from its re- 
semblance to the Island of Rhodes in the Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 'Icncc the name Rhode Island. 

*"This celebrated tree continued to exist and to be regarded 
as one of the most interesting historical mementos of the country, 
till the year 1856, when it fell to the ground." ' 

t The appointment of Andros as governor-general was very 
displeasing to the Puritans. His acts were arbitrary and rigidly 
enforced. In civil matters as well as in those pertaining to wor- 
ship he violated the long established customs of the people. All 
marriage ceremonies not performed by a minister of the Church of 
England were pronounced illegal. It is said, however, that Gov- 
ernor Andros's private character was good, and his despotic act* 
were merely the carrying out of the policy of the king. 



72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Rhode Island Obtains a Charter.— *In 1644 Wil- 
liams visited England as agent of the settlers, and 
secured a charter, which unitedthe two Plantations 
of Providence and Rhode Island. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

l.[ Under what sovereign was tlie colonization of Virginia accom- 
plished? Chiefly by whom? 

2. How long after the discovery of America was Jamestown 

founded ? How long after the founding of St. Augustine ? 

3. Prepare and recite a Chronological Table of the dated events 

mentioned in Sections I and II, (history of Virginia and of 
New England.) 

4. Name the colonies of New England organized between 1630 

and 1643. Which of these formed a union in 1643? Whart 
was the object of this union? What were the effects of it? 

5. What Indian chiefs are mentioned in these two sections? 

6. What, principally, induced emigration to New England ? 

7. What was the price of a negro slave when first brought to Vir- 

ginia colony ? 

8. When and where did the first Legislature convene in America? 

9. Wlio was the first white man to use tobacco? 

10. Who was the "Indian Apo'^tie?" 

11. What Puritan was a great Indian fighter ? 

12. What was the origin of the names Cape Henry and Cape 

Charles ? 

*In 1648 Rhode Island petitioned to be admitted to the New 
England Confederacy, but was denied, unless she would be incor- 
porated with Plymouth and lose her separate existence. This she 
refused, and was consequently excluded. 

[Note to the Tkachek. — The pupil should write, from memory, 
the various lists, tables, etc., which he is directed to recite, and pre- 
serve them in a blank book. In recitation the blackboard may be 
used to exhibit his work.] 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 73 

13. What was Pocahontas called in England? 

14. Define a chdrtor. 

15. What things were used as money in early colonial times? 

16. Who, only, were legal voters among the Puritans? 

17. Describe the strange delusion that rose in Massachusetts in 1692, 

18. Describe the destruction of the Pequods. 

19. Relate the story of the " Charter Oak." 

20. When was the "starving time" in Virginia? 

21. Wliat was the name of the vessel that brought the Puritans to 

America? 



SECTION III. 

THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 
NEW YORK. 

1. Settlement. — As we have seen, the Dutch 
claimed Manhattan Island and the territory border- 
ing on the Hudson, by virtue of Hudson's discov- 
eries. They visited this region to traffic in furs 
with the Indians. The whole island of Manhattan, 
on which the city of New York now stands, was 
purchased by the Dutch of the Indians for about 
twenty-four dollars. 

In 1613 a Dutch colony under the patronage of 
the West India Company settled New Amsterdam, 
afterward called New York, and also Fort Orange 
(Albany) in 1615. The settlers were allowed to 
select and buy land of the Indians which should 
descend to their heirs forever.* (See ^'■Harrison and 
Tyler's Administration'' Topic 10.) 

2. Troubles of the Colonists. — The Dutch colonists 
for more than twenty years were involved in In- 

* The proprietary lords of the early Dutch settlements of New 
York and New Jersey — called Patroons — were granted remarkable 
privileges, and clothed with almost princely powers. On condition 



74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dian wars, and in difficulties with the Swedes on 
the Delaware and the English on the Connecticut. 
These disputes arose from the fact that the Dutch 
claimed the territory hetween the Delaware and 
Connecticut rivers. 

3. Manhattan Taken by the English.— The Eng- 
lish coveted Manhattan; and in 1664 they besieged 
the Dutch settlements thereon. Peter Stityvesant 
(sti'-vesant), the last governor of the Dutch, had 
been somewhat of a tyrant over them, and was 
consequently disliked. When the English sum- 
moned them to surrender, the Dutch, remembering 
the tyranny of Stuyvesant, and believing that they 
might enjoy more freedom under English rule, re- 
fused to fight ; and the English under Nichols took 
possession without bloodshed. The name of the 
place was now changed from New Amsterdam to 
New York, in honor of the Duke of York, after- 
ward James II, of England. * 

4. New York Under English Rule.— The Dutch 
colonists of New York did not enjoy the freedom 
under the English which they had anticipated. 

that they would bring a colony of fifty persons to America, they 
were permitted to select lands on any river bank, of prei^cribed di- 
mensions. Aided by subordinates appointed by themselves, these 
Patroons exercised absolute sway over the people of their colonies. 
No person could quit the Patroon\ service until the time of con- 
tract had expired, whether treated well or not ; and the only priv- 
ilege which these tenants enjoyed was an exemption from taxatiou 
for ten years. 

-'■■ In 1673 — nine years after the English occupation — Manhat' 
tan was re-taken by the Dutch ; hut this second Dutch rule lasted 
but fifteen months, when the whole of the New Netherl».nd« r»«^ 
ceded to England. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISl'ORY. 75 

The tyrant Andros, who afterward oppressed the 
people of New England, was appointed governor, 
and he ruled with a rod of iron. He was so arbi- 
trary tliat his king recalled him. 

Captain Leisler {lie'-sler) next administered public 
affairs very prudently, but was opposed by the aris- 
tocracy ; and when superceded by Gov, Slaughter, 
he was arrested and tried for treason. His enemies 
made the Governor drunk, obtained his signature 
to the death warrant, and before he became sober 
Leisler was executed. From this time till the 
Kevolution, the history of New York is a record of 
struggles for political rights, which developed a 
spirit of liberty. 

5. The Story of Captain Kidd. — Between the years 
1696 and 1699 the Atlantic Ocean on the coast of 
America was infested by pirates. To break up 
their depredations on commerce, the English em- 
ployed a sea captain named Robert Kidd, to com- 
mand a vessel against them; but after getting out 
to sea, Kidd and his men decided to turn pirates 
themselves, and they became the most famous sea 
robbers ever known. Kidd roved the seas for a 
year or two, amassing great treasures, which it was 
said he hid somewhere on Long Island. Some per- 
sons have actually dug over many portions of the 
island in search for the hidden treasures, but the 
story of his secreted gold is now considered fabu- 
lous.* 

*Kid(J w:ia arrested in 1701 while boldly walking the streets of 
Boston. He was taken to Loudon for trial, was convicted, and exe- 
cuted for his crimes. 



76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1< Settlement. — New Jersey was first permanently 
settled by the English at Elizabethtown in 1664, by 
a company from Long Island and New England. 
The Dutch claimed the territory and had before 
(1624) made a settlement at Bergen [her'-jen). The 
English proprietors divided their grant into West 
Jersey and East Jersey — the former afterward owned 
and settled by a company of Quakers, who founded 
Burlington. Other Quakers followed, and West 
Jersey became a Quaker colony. East Jersey was 
afterward sold to William Penn and eleven other 
Quakers. The two Jerseys were finally united 
under one Governor. In 1738 New Jersey was 
made a royal province. It derived its name from 
the island of Jersey in the English Channel. 



PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 

1. Delaware Settled. — In 1638 the Swedes, under 
the auspices of the king of Sweden, settled at a 
point near Wilmington, naming the lands New 
Sweden. The Dutch troubled this settlement and 
conquered it (1655), but it continued to prosper 
even after the English had annulled both Swedish 
and Dutch rule. 

2. Pennsylvania Settled. — William Penn,* a phi- 
lanthro[)ic Quaker, obtained from the king of 

♦William Penn was the first legislator whose friiiiinal code 
admitted the humane principle that the object of punishment is 
not merely to prevent crime, but also to reform the oflender. PeuJ" 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 77 

England a grant of a large tract of land embracing 
the present States of Pennsylvania and Delaware^ 
the latter termed "the three lower counties on the 
Delaware." Penn's object in colonizing this tract 
was to found a refuge for his Quaker brethren, who 
were bitterly persecuted in England. In 1681 hej 
sent over about 2,000 Quaker settlers ; the next 
year he came himself, and was received by them 
with great cordiality. 

3 Philadelphia Laid Out. — They settled on the 
present site of Philadelphia, which they called the 
" City of Brotherly Love.^' Penn named his land 
Sylvia^ which means woods, and it was afterward 
styled " Penn's Woods," or Pennsylvania. Al- 
though he had obtained this territory from the 
king of England, yet he considered the rights of 
the Indians and paid them for the land. A treaty, 
which was never broken, was made with them under 
a large elm tree. His treatment of them was al- 
ways just and generous. The result was that " not 
A drop of Quaker blood was ever shed hy an In- 
dian.*' Thus the colony prospered from the start. 
Penn's great law was that no person believing in 

(lied in 1718, leaving behind him the character of a truly pious 
and good man. He, with the others of his sect, was bitterly per- 
secuted in England. He was twice imprisoned by the government 
for his religious opinions, and many false accusations were brought 
against him; but he lived to see every suspicion wiped away from 
his reputation, and his life teaches us that the world fails not to 
honor a man of active kindness, liberality, honesty and truth. The 
Indians, conciliated by his kindness, remained for seventy years at 
peace with the inhabitants; and thus, until the French and Indian 
War, nothing occurred in Pennsylvania to interrupt her prosperity 



78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

"Almighty God " should be molested iu his reli- 
gious views. Unlike the Puritans, though perse- 
cuted themselves, the Quakers did not persecute 
others of different religious belief. * 

Pennsylvania and Delaware remained under ne 
governor till the Revolution. 



MARYLAND. 

1. First Settlement.— In 1634 Lord Baltimore 
(Cecil Calvert) having obtained a grant of land 
from the king of England, came to America with 
200 colonists, mostly Roman Catholics and men of 
standing. They established a colony at St. Marks, 
on Chesapeake Bay, naming the territory Mary- 
land, in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of 
Charles I. Lord Baltimore's object was to estab- 
lish an asylum for the oppressed of all religious 
denominations. Christianity was the basis of the 
laws, but all sects were treated alike. Under such 
generous laws the colony increased and prospered. f 

* No part of America was settled more rapidly than Pennsyl- 
vania. The soil was fertile, the climate mild and agreeable, and 
deer and other wild animals were abundant. The government ar- 
ranged by Penn being just and liberal, gave perfect freedom to 
\every person to worship God in his own way. Thus at peace 
among themselves, the Indians being made their friends by justice 
and gentleness, the people of this colony afforded a striking con- 
trast to the less fortunate settlements in the north and east. At- 
tracted by these favorable circumstances, numerous emigrants 
flocked to Pennsylvania ; and in four years after Penn received 
the grant, the province contained twenty settlements, and the city 
i,f Philadelphia two thousand inhabitants. 

t The colony flourished, as well in consequence of its pleasant 
situation as the liberal policy of its government. These Catholics 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 79 

2. Clayborne's Rebellion. — The sole enemy of the 
coloiiV was a man named Clayborne, who, with his 
associates, had established two independent trad- 
ing-posts within the territory granted to Lord 
Baltimore, and refused to acknowledge his au- 
thority. A rebellion ensued (1635) which resulted 
in the defeat of Clayborne, who fled to Virginia. 
He was thence sent to England for trial on the 
charge of treason, but was acquitted. 

3. "Mason and Dixon's Line." — The disputed 
boundary between the Maryland and Pennsylvania 
colonies was finally settled (1762) by Mason and 
Dixon, two civil engineers, appointed by the Eng- 
lish government. The boundary thus established 
has since been called " Mason and Dixon's Line." 

4. Religious Troubles. — The Protestants having 
gained power in the colony, assailed the Catholic 
faith and excluded Catholics from the Assembly 
(1655). The heirs of Baltimore were deprived of 
their rights; and Maryland became a royal prov- 
ince. In 1715, however, the Catholics were again 
restored to power, and thus Maryland remained 
till the llevolution. 

did not persecute those who differed from them in religious opin- 
ion. Lord Baltimore and Roger Williams seem to have discov- 
ered, about the same time, that every man has a right to worship 
God aa he pleases. 



80 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

SECTION IV. 

THE SO UTHERN COLONIES* 
THE CAROLINAS. 

1. The Two Settlements. — The Carolinas were 
settled at Albemarle in 1663 by Lord Clarendon 
and several other English noblemen, who obtained 
from Charles 11. a grant of a vast tract south of 
Virginia, which was named Carolina in honor of 
the king, whose name in Latin is Carolus. Manj 
Huguenots, who made excellent citizens, settled in 
the Carolinas, and were always desirable. f 

There were two distinct settlements made; the 
other being the Carteret Colony — forming the pres- 
ent State of South Carolina, of which Charleston 
was the first settlement — made in 1670. In 1729 
these two colonies were separated under the names 
of North Carolina and South Carolina. 

2. The Laws of Locke. — The English philosopher, 
John Locke, constructed a code of laws called the 

* Virginia, an account of the settlement of which has been 
given, was a Southern colony. 

t"In Charleston alone there were at one time as many tm 
26,000 Huguenots. They added whole streets to the city. Thftir 
severe morality, marked charity, elegant manners, and thrifty 
habits, made them a most desirable acquisition. They brought the 
mulberry and olive, and established magnificent plantations on the 
banks of the Cooper. They also introduced many choice varieties 
of pears, which still bear illustrious Huguenot names. Their de- 
Bcendants are eminently honorable, and have borne a proud part ia 
tfae establishment of our E«public." 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 81 

•* Grand Model " for the government of these colo- 
nies ; but it was wholly unsuited to the wants of a 
wild and unsettled country, and was soon laid aside 
for something practicable.* 



GEORGIA. 



1. First Settlement. — In 1733 Georgia — so called 
in honor of George II. — was settled at Savannah 
by a company of immigrants f brought thither by 
General James Oglethorpe {o'-gel-thorpe), an Eng- 
lish otHcer. At that time persons in debt and un- 
able to pay coulu be imprisoned if their creditors 
BO wished. Oglethorpe, who was a generous man, 
made this settlement a refuge for all such unfortu- 
nate debtors, as well as for the oppressed of all 
nations. J Georgia remained a royal province till 
the Revolution. 

2. Wesley and Whitefield.— In 1736 John Wes- 
LEY,ttt the founder of Methodism, visited Georgia 
and established the Methodist Church in America. 

* The "Grand Model " divided the country into provinces o{ 
nearly half a million acres, " each to be governed by a landgrave, 
with a whole order of nobles under him. No settler was to vote 
unless he owned fifty or more acres of land ; the tillers of the soil 
were to be serfs, and beneath them were slaves." 

tThe first settlers of Georgia were of a mixed character- 
English, Scotch Highlanders, Germans, Jews, and Moravians. 

+ For a long time the colony did not flourish. A war with 
the Spaniards in Florida cost them much time and many lives. 

ttt He was an instructor at the University of Oxford — being 
the leader of a set of pious young men, who were derisively called 

6 



82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Two years later be was followed by tbe eloquent 
divine, George Whitefield {lohW field) * who es- 
lablisbed an orpban asylum at Savannab. His 
stirrino; appeals aroused a deep interest in Chris- 
tianit}' througbout tbat region. 



CAUSES AND OBJECTS OF COLONIZATION. 
We have now briefly told the story of the settle- 
ment and colonization of the thirteen English Colo- 
nies. From the first feeble beginnings of these Colo- 
nies their history is full of interest and instruction. 
" The people who laid the foundations of civilization 
in America were nearly all refugees, exiles, wander- 
ers, pilgrims. They were urged across tbe ocean 
by a common impulse, and that impulse was tbe 
desire to escape from some form of oppression in 
tbe Old World. Sometimes it was the oppression of 
tbe Church, f sometimes of tbe State, sometimes 

"Methodists," from their methodical mode of living. In 1735, 
Oglethrope induced Wesley to go to Georgia as a missionary. 
While acting in -this capacity with his brother Charles and two 
Oxford friends, he became impressed with the Moravian mission- 
aries, the study of whose doctrines finally led him to establish the 
Methodist Church. 

♦Whitefield was an associate of the Wesleys, and was the 
most remarkable preacher of his day. He always drew immense 
crowds to hear him preach. 

T Our country was largely peopled in its earlier days by refu- 
gees for religious faith. The Huguenots, the Puritans, the Quak- 
ers, the Presbyterians, the persecuted of every sect and creed, 
flocked to this " home of the free," 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 83 

of society. In the wake of the emigrant ship there 
was always tyranny. Men loved freedom ; to find 
it they braved the perils of the deep, traversed the 
solitary forests of Maine, bnilt huts on the bleak 
shores of New England, entered the Hudson, ex- 
plored the Jerseys, found shelter in the Chesapeake, 
met starvation and death on the banks of the 
James, were buffeted by storms around the capes 
of Carolina, built towns by the estuaries of the great 
rivers, made roads through the pine woods, and 
carried the dwellings of men to the very margin of 
the fever-haunted swamps of the South. It is all 
one story — the story of the human race seeking 
for liberty." 



84 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS * 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTIONS I, II, III, IV. 



(PART II.) 



.. EASTERN, 

COLONIES 

Or 

NEW 



MIDDLE 
COLONIES 



1. Massarhnsetts^ 
(with JIainc) 



1. Plymouth 



Bay Colony 



' N. Virginia, 
S. Virginia, 
Puritnn^, 
Hardships, 

. Indian Treat') 

Intolerance, 
Voters, 

Philip's War, 
Witclicrajt, 
[John Eliot. 



3. N. Hampshire 
(with Vermont) 

4. Rhode liilaud ■! 



'1. New Haven ( Pequod Indians^ 
Colony, 

2. Conn. Colony, \ Union of N. E 

3. Saybrook J Colonies, 

Colony. I Charier Oak. 



1. Providence. 

.2. Newport. 

' Dutch Colony, 
Manhattan Taken, 
I'nder English Rule, 
Robert Kidd. 



New Jersey 



1. West Jersey, 
■1. East Jersey. 



4. Pennsylvania {IJiiSJ^^' 



5. Maryland 

note to the teacher on page 47. 



Lord Baltimore, 
Claybourne's Rebellion, 
Mason and Dixon's Line, 
Religious Troubles. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



85 



». SOUTHERN 
COLONIES 



1. Tirglnla. 



2. North Carolina 



3. South Carolina 



4. Georgia 



Jamestown, 
Character of Settlers, 
Government, 
John Smith, 
Second Charter, 
Pocahontas, 
Immigration, 
Starving Time, 
First Assembly, 
Wives for Colonists, 
Slaverv Introdnced, 
Bacon's Rebellion. 

ILord Clarendon, 
Albemarle Colony, 
Carteret Colony, 
Laws of Locke. 

( Oglethorpe, 

t Wesley and Whitefield. 



Si I Causes and Objects of Colonization. 

[Note to the Teacher.— Require the pupil to prepare a chronological 
table of the dated events given in Part II.— Colonial History— to this point, 
and have him recite it.] 



SECTION V. 
INTER-COLONIAL WARS. 



KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 

1689—1697. 

1. The French in America. — At this time the 
French had several settlements in Canada, extend- 
ing along the River St. Lawrence, and inclndiiig 
Montreal {mon-tre-awV) and Quebec They had also 
several forts on Lake Champlain and Lake George. 

2. The Cause of the War.— King William's Wak 
was a contest between Fi-ance and England. When 
James IL was forced to abdicate the throne, he 
fled to France. The king of that country lent him 



86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

an army to assist liim in his attempts to regain the 
throne. This led to a war between the two coun- 
tries which extended to their colonies in America. 
The war began in 1689 and closed in 1697 by the 
treaty of Ryswick (riz'-ivik). So far as the war 
in America was concerned, no territory exchanged 
hands. Its only eftiect was to bring sutfering and 
distress upon the colonists. 

3. Port Royal Captured. — In 1690 an expedition 
fitted out by Massachusetts and commanded by Sir 
William Phipps captured Port Royal (now Annap- 
olis), J^[ova Scotia, securing a large amount of booty. 
A second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, 
for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These 
were the only important events of the contest in 
America. 

4. Massacre at Selienectady. — The French secured 
the assistance of the Indians, who fell upon de- 
fenseless settlers, slaying them without regard to 
age, sex, or condition. 

In 1690 a body of French and Indians attacked 
and burned Schenectady {ske-7iek'-ta-(/y),'Ne\v York, 
at midnight, in mid-winter. The slumbering in- 
habitants were dragged from their beds, and such 
as escaped the tomahawk, the scalping- knife, and 
the flames were compelled to iind their way to Al- 
bany barefoot and almost destitute of clothing, 
through a deep snow. Many of them peris^^e^ 
from the intense cold of that fearful night. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 87 

Numerous acts of heroism during this war might 
be related, but these details must be sought in 
works for general reading.* 

•The cruelties practiced by the Indians during this war 
almost exceed belief. Towns were attacked at midnight, and in 
mid-winter; the people were often killed in their beds, and those 
whose lives were spared were torn from their homes, and 
obliged to endure sufTcrings worse than death. One of these 
attacks furnishes a reniarkaljle instance of courage in a feeble 
woman. "In March, 1697, a party of Indians attacked a house 
in Haverhill, Mass. Its owner, Mr. Dustan, was at work in a 
neighboring field, and before he could get liome the Indians had 
dragged his sick wife from her bed and dashed out the brains of 
her new-born infant. Mr. Dustan tried to defend his seven remain- 
ing children, bidding them run to the woods while he kept the In- 
dians off with his gun. The party that had taken Mrs. Dustan 
drove her and her nurse, almost overcome by fatigue and cold, 
several miles beyond Concord, N. H. Here they stopped for a 
time ; but Mrs. Duston, hearing that she was to be taken to a dis- 
tant village, resolved to escape or die. There was a boy in the 
family of her captor, who had been a prisoner for a year. This 
boy, at her request, asked his master the proper mode of striking a 
blow fio as to cause instant death. The Indian willingly gave the 
desired information, and also showed him how to take off a scalp. 
These instructions being communicated to Mrs. Dustan, shortly 
before dawn she silently awoke the boy and her nurse, and assigned 
their respective parts. The work was quickly done. Ten of the 
sleeping Indians were killed, one woman escaped, and a child was 
spared. After scalj)ing the savages, that she might prove her story 
on her return, Mrs. Dustan armed herself with gun and tomahawk, 
and started for the Merritnac with her companions. Having pro- 
cured a canoe, they descended the river, and were soon among their 
triends, who had mourned them as dead." 



88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 
1Y02— 1713. 

1. The Cause of the War — England, Holland, 
and Germany formed an alliance against France in 
1701 to prevent the union of France and Spain, 
The war which followed is known in English his- 
tory by the name of ' ' The War of the Spanish 
Succession." In this country it was called Queen 
Anne's War, 

2. New England Involved — As in King Wil- 
liam's War, the colonies of England and France 
were again involved — New England suffering the 
brunt of the contest. It began in 1702 and con- 
tinued till 1713 — eleven years. It was then ended 
by the treaty of Utrecht {u'trekt). The result of the 
war was that Acadia (Nova Scotia and New Bruns- 
wick) was ceded to England. 

3. Sufferings of the Colonists — The French 
again employed the Indians to light the English 
colonists; and the savages practiced as usual all 
their diabolical acts of cruelty and rapine. Villages 
were burned, and such of the inhabitants as could 
not escape were butchered without mercy.* The 

* Deerfield, Mass. , was attacked by a party of Fi-ench and In. 
dians, at midnight in mid-winter. Tlie town was set on fire, forty- 
seven of the people were killed, and one hundred men, women and 
children were carried into captivity. Among these were a Mr. 
Williams and his wife and five children. They were forced to 
travel on foot through a deep snow. On the second day of their 
journey, Mrs. "Williams, who was in feeble health, was so much 
exhausted as to be unable to keep up with the rest. Her husband 
was not allowed to assist her, and being about to faint from weak- 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



89 




ness and fatigue, one of the Indians killed her with his tomahawk. 
Seventeen others of the party were despatched by the savages be- 
fore they arrived at their destination in Canada. This story 
affords a fair example of the cruelties of this war. 



90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

colonists were in constant dread of attack and al- 
ways worked in the fields with their guns strapped 
to their backs, ready at any moment to defend 
themselves. Many heroic deeds were performed 
in defense of their homes and families. 

4. Capture of Port Royal (second time). — Accord- 
ing to the treaty of Ryswick (King William's War) 
Port Royal was restored to the French ; but in 
1710 (Queen Anne's War) it was again taken by the 
English. The name of the place was changed to 
Annapolis, in honor of the English Queen. 



KING GEORGE'S WAR 
1744_1748. 

1. Events of the War. — This was another war be- 
tween France and England — called in English his- 
tory, "• The War of the Austrian Succession " — 
which broke out in 1744 and continued till 1748 
— involving the New England Colonies, as the two 
previous wars had done. 

June 17, 1745, the Colonial troops — almost un- 
aided by the English forces — captured the strongly 
fortified fort of Louisburg — " The Gibraltar of 
America" — on the island of Cape Breton (brit'-on) 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This was the only 
important event of this war. The taking of this 
almost impregnable fortress was an event for col- 
onial boasting, and inspired that confidence which 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 91 

did them good service in the War for Indepen- 
dence. 

2. Peace. — Peace was made in 1748 by the treaty 
of Aix-la-Chapelle (akes-la-sha-pel') by which Eng- 
land gave back Louisburg to France. No decided 
results were produced by the war — the boundaries 
between the possessions of the two belligerent coun- 
tries were left undetermined; hence, the germ of a 
new war. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.* 
1754—1763. 

1. The Colonies Involved. — Again, in 1754, war 
broke out between France and England. As in 
the three previous wars between these belligerent 
nations, the colonies of necessity took an active 
part and suffered all the brunt of the contest. The 
plastic French had peculiar persuasive power over 
the Indians, who became the allies of France as in 
other wars. 

2. Cause of the War. — Jealousy and envy on ac- 
count of their respective possessions in America 
were the chief causes of the war. The French had 
established a line of trading forts from the Great 
Lakes to the Gulf, and claimed the region of coun- 
try west of the Alleghanies and along the Ohio, by 
virtue of exploration and settlement. In 1718 they 

•Called also the " Seven Years' War." 



92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

had founded New Orleans. Marquette and La 
Salle, the two enthusiastic Jesuit missionaries, 
whom we have noticed in the "Explorations of the 
French," had explored the Valley of the Missis- 
sippi and the Lake Region. The English also 
claimed this territory by right of Cabot's discovery 
of the continent. Hence, the strife. 

3. Washington's Journey Across the Alleghanies. — 

October 3l, 1753, Governor Dinwid'die, of Virginia, 
sent a message by George Washington, then a 
young man of twenty-one, to the French comman- 
der of these forts, asking their removal. 

Washington was born on the 22d of February, 
1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.* His 
after greatness was promoted by his mother, who, 
by judicious training, instilled into his mind and 
heart sentiments of patriotism, strict integrity, and 
true nobility, thus eminently fitting him for his 
great career. 

With his message and credentials, and accom- 
panied by his guide, Washington performed his 
perilous journey through the wilderness and across 
the mountains. He delivered his message to the 
French commandant, St. Pierre [sang pe-are'), but 
soon observed that all negotiations were useless, 

*In 1752 the British Parliament, to correct an error occasioned 
hy the imperfect calendar then prevalent, and make the months 
correspond with the seasons, retrenched eleven days in September, 
ordering tiiat the 3d of that month should pass for the 14th. 
Hence, according to the old style, Washington was born on the 11th 
of February, which corresponds to the 2'2d, new style. Historians, 
in giving the dates of events prior to 1752,_have usually conformed 
them to the new style of chronology. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 93 

and returned to Governor Dinwiddie with an un 
satisfactory reply from St. Pierre.* 

His return through the wilderness, a distance o' 
four hundred miles, was full of danger. At one 
time he was fired upon by a lurking savage not ten 
paces oft', but the Indian, missing his mark, waf 
captured. 

4. Battle of the Great Meadows. — The French 
having erected a fort on the present site of Pitts- 
burg which they called Du Quesne {doo-kane')^ 
Washington, at the head of a reconnoitering party, 
erected at a place called the Great Meadows a 
stockade, which he named Fort Necessity. A large 
force of French and Indians attacked him here, 
May, 1754, and after a sharp battle he was com- 
pelled to surrender with the honors of war. 

5. Points to be Gained. — (1) Fort Du Quesne, 
being the key to the West, must be taken, to pro- 
tect the adjacent colonies from Indian attacks. (2) 
Louisburg and Nova Scotiaf controlled the New 

•St. Pierre replied that he had no authority to discuss treaties, 
that he acted under the authority of the Governor-general, Marquis 
Du Quesne. 

tA force of 2,000, commanded by Col. Monckton, found lit- 
tle difficulty in overcoming the French in Acadia (Nova Scotia). 
In June, 1755, the forts on the Bay of Fundy were surprised and 
captured. Other forts in this vicinity in possession of the French 
were taken, and the English soon held the whole country of Acadia. 
The French force in Acadia being subdued, a question arose, re- 
specting the disposal to be made of the inhabitants. Fearing that 
they might join the French in Canada, whom they had before fur- 
nished with intelligence, quarters, and provisions, it was determined 
to disperse them among the English colonies. This was a cruel 



94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Founclland fisheries, and had New EngUind ex^ 
posed. (3) Crown Point and Ticonderoga (fi-con- 
day-ro'-gah) commanded the region of Lakes George 
and Champhiin — thus leaving New York, as well 
as New England, exposed to French expeditions. 
(4) Niagara was a point to gain on account of the 
trade in furs. (5) The strong fortification before 
Quebec controlled the navigation of the St. Law- 
rence. All these points were in possession of the 
French, and it was the object of the English to 
capture them, and the aim of the French to retain 
them. 

6. Braddoek's Defeat. — The first expedition of the 
English was against Fort Du Quesne, July 9th, 
1755. The combined forces of the English and 

outrage perpetrated upon the peaceful farmers who dwelt in rustic 
simplicity about Beau Bassin. The first movement was to demand 
an oath of allegiance to Great Britain, so framed that the French, 
as honest Catholics, could not lake it. The next step was to accuse 
them of treason, and to demand the surrender of all their firearms 
and boats. To these outrages the broken-hearted people submitted ; 
but having at first refused to take the oath, they were told that they 
must take the consequences. So the work of banishment began. 
The country about the isthmus was covered with peaceful hamlets 
These were now laid waste, and the people driven into the largei 
towns on the coa.st. Others were treacherously kidnapped, hurried 
on shipboard, and transported, some to every British colony in 
America. " Wives separated from their husbands in the confusion 
of embarking, and children from their parents, were carried of! to 
distant colonies, never again to see each other." Their property 
was confiscated, and what could not be appropriated was given to 
the flames. More than 3,000 Acadians were carried away and 
scattered, helpless, half starved, and dying, among the English 
colonies. " The history of civilized nations furnishes no parallel to 
this wanton and wicked destruction of an inoffensive colony." 
Longfellow's Evangeline is founded on this incident. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 95 

Americans were commanded by a pompons British 
officer, General Edavard Braddock — Washington 
acting as aid-de-camp {aid-da-kong'). 

" The General was a regular British officer, proud 
and conceited. Washington warned him of the 
dangers of savage warfare, but his suggestions 
were received with contempt. The column came 
within ten miles of the fort, marching along the 
Monongahela {mo-non-ga-hay'-lah) in regular array, 
drums beating and colors flying. Suddenly, in as- 
cending a little slope, with a deep ravine and thick 
underbrush on either side, they encountered the 
Indians lying in ambush. The terrible war-whoop 
resounded on every side. The British regulars 
huddled together, and, frightened, fired by pla- 
toons at random against rocks and trees. The 
Virginia troops alone sprang into the forest and 
fought the savages in Indian style. Washington 
seemed everywhere present. An Indian chief with 
his braves especially singled him out. Four balls 
passed through his clothes. Two horses were shot 
under him. Braddock was mortally wounded and 
borne from the field. At last, when the conti- 
nental troops were nearly all killed, the regulars 
turned and fled disgracefully, abandoning every- 
thing to the foe. Washington covered their flight 
and saved the wreck of the army from pursuit. * 

* In 1758 the French were obliged to evacuate Fort Dii 
Quesne. The place was now called Pittsburg, in honor of Sir Wil- 
UAM Pitt (Lord Chatham), who was at this time (1758) placed at 
the head of the administration. He breathed a new soul into the 
British councils, and revived the energies of the colonies, weak- 
ened and exhausted by a series of ill-contrived and unfortunate 



SETTLEMEXT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 97 

7. Battle of Lake George. — September 8, 1755, 
the French under Dieskau (de-is'-ko) were defeated 
by the provincial troops under General Lyman, at 
the battle of Lake George. The object of the bat- 
tle — the capture of Crown Point — was not attained. 
This victory, however, somewhat counteracted the 
depression caused by Braddock's disaster on the 
Monongahela, 

In this battle the brave Dieskau was severely 
wounded. A renegade French soldier, fighting 
with the English, found him leaning against a 
stump. Dieskau felt for his watch to reconcile his 
enemy, but the soldier thinking he was reaching 
for his pistol shot him dead. 

8. Louisburg Captured. — In 1758 Generals Am- 
herst and Wolfe captured Louisburg after a severe 
bombardment, and took possession of the entire 
island. 

9. Siege of Fort William Henry. — Montcalm, with 
a force of 8,000 men, laid siege to Fort William 
Henry, on the southern shore of Lake George. 
The fort was garrisoned be only 500 men under 
Colonel Monro. "^ After a brave resistance, Monro 

expeditions. He caused the tide of success to turn in favor of the 
British, who continued, with some few exceptions, to achieve one 
victory after another, until the whole of Canada surrendered to the 
arms of England. 

•There were, however, 1,700 additional troops within support- 
ing distance in the adjacent trenches. General "Webb was at Fort 
Edwaid, but fourteen miles distant, with an army of more than 
four thousand British regulars. Instead of advancing to the relief 



98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was obliged to surrender, August 9, 1757. It was 
stipulated that the garrison should march out with 
the honors of war, and be secured from attack un- 
til they reached Fort Edward, fourteen miles dis- 
tant; but Montcalm's Indian allies, thirsting for 
blood, fell upon the defenseless troops, and butch- 
ered more than twenty of them. 

10. Capture of Crowu Point and Ticondero^'^a.^ 

Four months before the evacuation of Fort Du 
Quesne (July 8, 1758), a thousand boats full of 
soldiers in glittering uniforms, with waving flags 
and martial music, in command of General Aber- 
crom'bie, sailed down the clear waters of Lake 
George to attack Ticonderoga. Before his artillery 
came up, the inefficient Abercrombie ordered an 
assault, and lay hid away in the rear while the 
battle raged in front. The result was the total rout 
of Abercrombie's army. 

One year after the disgraceful defeat of Aber- 
crombie, a large army of English under General 
Amherst compelled the French to evacuate both 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 

11. Niagara Captured. — The French, at Niagara 
were forced to surrender to the English, July 25, 
1759, after a siege desperately combatted.* 

of Fort William Henry, Webb held a council of war to determina 
if it were not better to retire to Albany, and sent a message to CoK 
onel Monro advising capitulation. The French pressed the seige 
for six days, when the ammunition of the garrison gave out, and 
they had to surrender. 

*Four days previous to this battle. Gen. Prideaux (p-e''-do), 
commander of the expedition against Niagara, was killed by the 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 99 

12. Quebec Taken. — The next and last important 
event of this memorable war was the capture of 
Quebec by the English under the gallant General 
Wolfe, September 18, 1759. Quebec was a strongly 
fortified place in Canada, on the St. Lawrence, in 
command of the able French general Montcalm. 
The only way the English could gain access to it 
was to ascend from the river a high and almost per- 
pendicular rock. By great skill and exertion Gen. 
Wolfe got his army upon the " Plains of Abraham," 
and at daylight confronted the astonished French. 
Montcalm, though surprised, was prepared, and a 
desperate battle ensued. Both Wolfe and Mont- 
calm were slain. These brave generals died like 
heroes; Wolfe rejoicing in his dying breath that 
victory was his, and Montcalm thankful that he 
should not survive to see the surrender of Quebec* 

13. Peace— Treaty of Paris.— The war closed by 
the treaty of Paris (1763). The French gave up 
all the territory east of the Mississippi, except two 
small islands south of Newfoundland. Spain ceded 

accidental bursting of a sliell. The command devolved on Sir 
WiLMAM Johnson, who successfully carried out the plans of hia 
unfortunate predecessor. 

*General James Wolfe entered the British army at the age of 
fifteen. He distinguished himself at the siege of Louisburg, and 
was selected to command the expedition against Quebec in the ca- 
pacity of major general. He had a kind and genial disposition, 
joined to great enthusiasm and an unconquerable spirit of daring 
Louis Joseph Montcalm was a French marquis, entering the army 
at the age of fourteen, and gained distinction in several European 
wars. In 1756 he was placed in command of the French troops in 
Canada, and was very successful. 



100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Florida to England in exchange for Cuba.* The 
British possessions in America now extended from 
the Gulf of Mexico to the Polar Sea, and from the 
Mississippi to the Atlantic. 

14. Pontiac's War. — After the close of the French 
and Indian War, and after the English had taken 
possession of the western forts formerly occupied 
by the French and Indians, the chief of the Otta- 
was, PoNTiAC, formed a confederation of the tribes 
against the forts thus taken. Had it not been for 
the timely warning given by a friendly Indian girl, 
all the British forts would have been captured. 
Eight of them were, however, surprised and taken. f 
Many families fled from their homes to avoid In- 
dian vengeance. Finally, the Indians disagreeing 
among themselves, Pontiac fled, and was stabbed 
by an Indian. This ended the war. 

15. Results of the French and Indian War. — 

This war brought a heavy debt upon the English 
government; but the colonists suffered most. They 
had expended $16,000,000, only |5,000,000of which 
was repaid by England. Thirty thousand of their 
men had been lost, and they had suffered all the 
horrors of Indian cruelty. 

But they had also gained much. They had 

•Spanish Florida then comprised the present State A Florida 
and the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi. 

tPontiac captured Fort Mackinaw by a stratagem. He pre- 
tended to be playing ball with his warriors outside the fort, and 
threw the ball over the enclosure. The Indians climbed over after 
it, and surprising the unprepared garrison, took the fort with great 
slaughter, 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 101 

learned to fight, and to think and act independ- 
ently of the mother country. A love for liberty began 
to dawn. They were more united, and the haughty 
treatment by the British served to strengthen 
the bond. Many able and daring men were trained 
to tight who afterward humiliated the proud regu- 
lars of George III. 



SECTION VI. 

PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES AND THEIR CONDI- 
TION PREVIOUS TO THE REVOLUTION. 

1. Immigration. — After the close of the French 
and Indian War immigrants arrived in great num- 
bers. Many from the old colonies went west over 
the Alleghanies and south to Florida. All the 
colonies increased rapidly, and at this time the 
population amounted to about 2,000,000. Boston 
and Philadelphia were the largest cities. 

2. Religion. — Though nearly all the colonists 
professed Christianity, yet their religious belief 
differed greatly. In New England, the people were 
mostly Calvinistic in doctrine and Congregational 
in practice. In New York, the Dutch Reformed 
were prevalent. In Pennsylvania, Delaware, and 
New Jersey, the Quakers predominated. Marj'^- 
land, though founded by Catholics, soon had, like 
the other colonies, a majority of Protestants. In 
Virginia and South Carolina, the Church of Eng- 
land — the Episcopal — prevailed. The Huguenots 



102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

-^French Protestants — were found in large num- 
bers in New York and the Carolinas. Methodism 
was founded in Georgia. Roger Williams estab- 
lished at Providence, Rhode Island, the first Bap- 
tist Church in America. 

3. Mode of Life. — This was very simple. " The 
people wore home-spun clothes, and made their 
yarn from the wool of their own sheep. All per- 
sons were required by law to dress within their 
means. The roads were poor, and wheeled vehi- 
cles were scarce. The food was simple but abund- 
ant. The houses were mostly log cabins, with 
small windows, and chimneys made of sticks and 
clay plaster. The furniture was generally very 
simple and plain." 

4. Trade and Commerce. — Although the trade of 
the colonies began to feel the restrictions imposed 
upon it by England, yet it steadily increased dur- 
ing this period. The colonies exported to England 
lumber of all sorts, hemp, flax, pitch, tar, oil, resin, 
copper ore, pig and bar iron, whale tins, tobacco, 
rice, fish, etc. 

5. Agriculture and Manufacture. — Agriculture was 
the leading pursuit and chief dependence of the 
people. Farming utensils, household furniture, 
hats, shoes, paper, and many other articles were 
manufactured. 

0. The First Newspaper. — The first newspaper 
published in America was the '^ Boston Weekly News 
Letter,''' started in 1704. It was in size not quite 
so large as a sheet of fo()l:^ca}). Thi^ was the first 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 103 

firmly established newspaper, but fourteen years 
before this date one number of a newspaper had 
been published in Boston, which was instantly sup- 
pressed by the authorities, as being too liberal.* 

7. Colleges. — Education. — Nine colleges had been 
established — namely : Harvard, William and Mary, 
Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutger's, Dart- 
mouth, and Hampden Sidney. These were all 
founded by the colonists. Harvard and Yale are 
yet among the best in the country ; the former was 
founded in 1638, by John Harvard; the latter in 
1701, by Elihu Yale. 

Common, or free schools had already been estab- 
lished in New England; tlie Middle and Southern 
Colonies had their private schools. The Southern 
Colonies treated the subject of education differently 
from the Northern. In the North, one of the first 
objects of legislation was to provide for the educa- 
tion of all classes; in the South, the education of 
the higher classes only was an object of public at- 
tention, 

8. Nature of Colonial Government. — The Colonies 
were at different times under different forms of 
government. These various kinds were: 

(1.) Commercial Corporation, as the London 
Company. 

(2.) Proprietary Government, as that of Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware, and Maryland. 

* The first printing in America was done by one Day, in 1639. 
The proprietor of the press was a clergyman named Glover, who 
died on his passage to America. The first thing printed was the 
"Freeman's Oath" the second an almanac, and the third an edition 
of the Psalms. 



104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(3.) Royal Government, as when the king of 
England appointed a governor to rule. New 
Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were 
provisional or royal governments. 

(4.) Charter Government, as when the king gave 
the colonists a Charter, or written document grant- 
ing certain privileges and political rights. The 
Plymouth Colony was founded independent of 
kingly authority, a company, or a proprietor. Mas- 
sachusetts, lihode Island, and Connecticut were 
chartered Colonies. All the Colonies became Royal 
Provinces before the Revolution. 



RECAPITULATION OF COLONIAL WARS. 

The several wars in which the Colonies were in- 
volved previous to the Revolution were: 
First Indian War, in Virginia .... 1622 
Second Indian War, in Virginia . . . 1644 
Pequod Indian War, in New England 1637 

Dutch War, in New York 1664 

Philip's War, in New England .... 1675-76 
King William's War — all the Colonies 

involved 1689-97 

Queen Anne's War— all the Colonies 

involved 1702-13 

King George's War — all the Colonies 

involved 1744-48 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 105 

French and Indian War — all the Colo- 
nies involved 1754-63 

Pontiac's War — all the Colonies in- 
volved 1761-63 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART 11. 
(period of settlement and colonial history.) 

1607. Jamestown, first permanent English Colony, 
founded. 

1609. Second Charter granted Virginia, June 2d. 

1610. " Starving Time " in Virginia. 

1612. Third Charter granted Virginia, March 22d. 

1613. Marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas, April. 

1613. New York settled by the Dutch. 

1614. Captain Smith explored coast of New Eng- 

land. 
1619. First Colonial Assembly convened at James- 
town, June 28th. 

1619. Ninety young women came to America to be 

wives of the colonists. 

1620. Negro slavery introduced into Virginia. 
1620. Plymouth Colony founded by the Puritans, 

December 21st. 

1622. First Indian massacre in Virginia, March. 

1623. New Hampshire settled at Dover, by John 

Mason. 

1624. Virginia made a Royal Province. 

1624. New Jersey settled at Bergen by the Dutch, 



106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1629. Massachusetts Bay Colony founded, March 4. 

1630. Boston founded by Governor Winthrop, Sep- 

tember 17th. 

1631. John Eliot, the "Indian Apostle" came to 

Massachusetts. 

1633. Connecticut settled at Windsor. 

1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's, by Lord Bal- 

timore. 
1635-36. Connecticut settled at Saybrook and Hart- 
ford. 

1635. Clayborne's rebellion in Maryland and Vir- 

ginia. 

1636. Rhode Island settled at Providence by Roger 

Williams. 

1637. The Pequod Indians destroyed. 

1638. New Haven founded, April 18th. 

1638. Delaware settled at Wilmington, by Swedes, 
April. 

1638. Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Mass. 

1639. Newport, Rhode Island, founded. 
1639. First Printing done in America. 

1641. New Hampshire united to Massachusetts. 

1643. New England Colonies formed a Uuion^ 

May 29th. 

1644. Second Indian Massacre in Virginia, April. 
1644. Charter granted to Rhode Island. 

1655. New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. 
1655. Protestants gained the power in Maryland. 

1662. A Liberal Charter granted to Connecticut. 

1663. The Carolinas first settled at Albemarle. 

1664. Manhattan, or New Netherland taken by the 

English. 



i SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 107 

1664. New Jersey settled by the English, at Eliza- 

bethtowu. 
1670. South Carolina settled at Charleston. 

1675. King Philip's War raged in Xew England. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion against Berkeley's op- 

pression. 

1682. Penn settled Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia. 

1687. Edmund Andros attempted to take the Con- 
necticut Charter. 

1689. King William's War began. 

1689. Andros's power broken and he recalled. 

1690. Indian Massacre at Schenectady. 

1690. Port Royal captured by Sir William Phipps. 
1692. Witchcraft prevailed in Massachusetts. 
1697. King William's War ended by treaty of Rys- 

wick. 
1699. Robert Kidd, the pirate, flourished. 

1701. Yale College founded by Elihu Yale. 

1702. Queen Anne's War began. 

1704. "Boston Weekly News Letter," first paper 

in America, published. 
1710. Port Royal captured (second time) by English. 
1713, Queen Anne's War ended by treaty of 

Utrecht. 
1718. New Orleans founded by the French. 
1729. The Carolinas separated. 

1732. George Washington born in Virginia, Feb- 

ruary 22. 

1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah. 
1736. John Wesley founded the Methodist Church 

in America. 
1738. George Whitefield founded an Orphan Asy- 
lum at Savannah. 



108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1744. King George's War began. 

1745. Louisburg captured by Colonial troops, June 

17. 
1748. King George's War ended by treaty of Aix 
la Chapelle. 

1753. Washington crossed the Alleghanies. 

1754. French and Indian W^ar began. 

1754. Battle of Great Meadows — Fort Necessity 

surrendered, 

1755. Braddock's Army defeated on the Mononga- 

hela, July 9. 
1755. French defeated by English at Lake George, 
September 8. 

1757. Fort William Henry taken by the French, 

August 9. 

1758. British under Abercrombie routed at Ticon- 

deroga, July 8. 
1758. Louisburg captured by Amherst and Wolfe, 
July 26. 

1758. Fort Du Quesne captured by English, No- 

vember 25. 

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point evacuated by 

the French. 
1759. Niagara taken by the English, July 25. 
1759. Quebec captured by Wolfe, September 18. 

1762. "Mason and Dixon's Line" drawn between 

Maryland and Pennsylvania. 

1763. French and Indian War ended by treaty of 

Paris. 
1763. Florida ceded to England in exchange for 

Cuba. 
1761-63. Pontiac's War raged. 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



109 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS * 



GENERAL REVIEW OF COLONIAL WARS. 



V. 



COLONIAL 



(1. Indian Wars, 



colonial 



f First Massacre, 
( Second Massacre. 



NEW ENGLAND^ 



Peqiiod War, 
War. 



f Peqiiod 
\ Philip's 

GENERAL, (Pontiac's War. 
DUTCH WAR, (New York. 
KING WILLIAM'S WAR { Snectady. 



QUEEN ANNE'l 



r Cause, 
WAR < Sufferings, 

(Port Royal Taken. 



WAR. 
♦See " Note to the Teacher " on page 47. 



5urg . 

KING GEORGE'S WAR ^ Cause of We 
(Results. 



Cause, 

Port Royal Taken, 
Washington's Journey, 
Great Meadow, 
Braddock's Defeat, 
Louisburg again Taken, 
Battle of Lake George, 
Fort William Henry Taken, 
Crown Point and Ticouderoga, 
Niagara Taken, 
Quebec Taken, 
Treaty of Paris. 
Results of the War. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. iName, in Chronological order, the events from the settlement 

of Jamestown to the union of the New England Colonies. 
{See foregoing Table). Also, name the events from this uniou 
to the close of the French and Indian W:ir. 

2. Prepare and recite a list of the Battles and Sieges of the Frciich 

and Indian War. 

3. When, and by whom was the Mississippi Valley claimed for 

France? — Why was it named Louisiana f 



110 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. What territory dill the English gain by Queen Anne's War ? 

Dill any territory exchange hands by King William's War? 
— Or by King George's War? 

5. What were the boundaries of the British possessions in Amer- 

ica before the conquest of New France? Art^. — The St. 
Lawrence river and Acadia on the north ; the Atlantic on 
the east; French Florida (embracing the States of South 
Carolina and Georgia) on the south; and the Alleghany 
Mountains on the west. 

6. What were the boundaries ot the British possessions; at the 

close of the French and Indian War — treaty of 1763? {See 
topic 13, French and Indian War.) 

7. What comprised Spanish Florida? {See Note to topic 13, rrtnch 

and Indian War.) 

8. When were the Alleghany Mountains the western boundary of 

the English Colonics? 

9. When was the Mississippi river the western boundary of the 

United States ? 

10. What do the French names in the Mississippi Valley indicate? 

11. What do the names New York, New England, New Hampshire, 

Georgia, Carolina, etc., indicate? 

12. What do the names San Salvador, Santa Cruz, Vera Cruz, etc., 

indicate? 

13. What colony was founded as a home for the poor? 

14. What colony took the Bible as its guide ? 

15. What object did Penn, Baltimore, and Oglethorpe each have 

in founding a colony in the New World? 

16. What war did the treaty of Ryswick close? — The treaty of 

Utrecht? — The treaty of Aix laChapelle? — The treaty of 
Paris (1763)? 

17. What was the origin of the name New York? 

18. What was the character of William Penn ? 

19. Where is " Mason and Dixon's Line "? 

20. Which colony was the most rapidly settled, and why? 

21. What was the character of the Huguenots ? Of what classes 

were the settlers of Geoi-gia ? 

22. What religious sects found refuge in America? 

23. What were the causes and objects of colonization in America? 

24. What is the oldest college in the United States? Where and 

when founded? 



SETTLEMENT AND COLONIAL HISTORY. Ill 

25. What was the name of the first newspaper published in Amer- 

ica? 

26. What woman killed ten Indians with a tomahawk? 

27. Explain "■OldStyle^' and "New Slyle^^ of Chronology. 

28. Describe the exile of the Acadians. 

29. Name the several religious beliefs of the English Colonies, 

Describe their mode of life. 

30. When and by whom was the first printing done in America v 

♦y'iiat was the first thing printed? 

31. By what two nations was Manhattan severally governed? 

32. Whnt w:is the "Grand Model"? 

33. What Indian massacre occurred during King William's War"' 

34. How many times was Port Royal captcred ? 

35. Name all the various forms of colonial government. 

36. Name all the colonial wars. 



112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

PART III. 

THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 

FROM BEGINNING OF THE WAR TO ADOPTION OF CONSTTTUTIOW 

1775—1787. 
SECTION I. 

THE DA WNINO. 

1. Causes of the Revolution. — The American 
Colonies were settled principally by people from 
Great Britain. They were all included within the 
English patent, and claimed by the English Crown. 
They were styled " British Colonies in North Amer- 
ica," and remained in subjection to the English 
government till 1775. 

From the first settlement of this country the 
British authorities treated the inhabitants of these 
Colonies as a distinct and subordinate class of sub- 
jects, and considered their interests entirely subser- 
vient to the elevation and prosperity of the " mother 
country,"* and after the French and Indian War 
they began to exercise an undue authority and to 
interfere in their civil concerns in a manner that 
•excited the most serious alarm. 

*Thomas Paine's Common Senf^e, "addressed to the inhabitants 
of America," pubyished in the year 1776, which did much to bring 
about the declaration of independence, speaks thus of the " mother 
country:" "But Britain is tlie parent country, say some. Then 
tiie more shame upon lier conduct. Even brutes do not devour 
their young, nor savages make war upon their families; wherefore 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, 113 

The English government claimed the right of 
taxing the Colonies, — in order, partly, to pay the 
enormous debt contracted during the French and 
Indian "War, — although they allowed them no part 
in their legislative councils. The Colonies denied 
this right, and contended tliat " taxation and repre- 
sentation were inseparable," and that they could 
not be safe if their property could be taken from 
them without their consent. After various oppres- 
sive acts on the part of England, the Colonists re- 
solved to support their rights by force of arms. 

2. Oppressive Acts. — The "Stamp Act," passed 
in 17G5,* requiring a heavy duty to be paid upon 
all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc.; 

the assertion, if true, turns to her reproach; but it happens not to 
be true, or only partly so, and the plirase parent or mother country 
hath been jesuitif^ajly adopted by the iving and his parasites, with 
a low, papistical design of gaining an unfair bias on the credulous 
weakness of our minds. Europe, and not England, is the parent 
country of America. The new world hath been the asylum for the 
persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of 
Europe. Hither have they fled, not from the tender embraces of 
the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster ; and it is so far 
true of England, that the same tyranny which drove tiie first emi- 
grants from home, pursues their descendants still." 

* At the time this act was passed, Bknjamin Fkanklin, who 
was then in London, wrote to Charles Thompson, afterward sec- 
retary of the Continental Congress, "TAe sun of liberty is set; the 
Americans must light the lamps of industry and economy." To which. 
Mr. Thompson replied, " Be assured we shall light torches quite of 
another sort." Frightened by the hostile demonstrations of the Col- 
onists, the English government, the next year, repealed the "Stamp 
Act," but still declared its right to tax the Colonies. Soon new 
taxes were imposed on tea, glass, paper, etc. 

8 



114 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the " Boston Port Bill," passed in 1774, effect- 
ually destroying the business of New England 
mercljants; and the "Mutiny Act," passea the 
same year, requiring the colonists to provide quar- 
ters and supplies for British troops stationed among 
them ; — were some of the obnoxious acts passed by 
Ihe British Parliament. * 

3. The Boston Massacre. — The British regarded 
Boston as the nursery of the rebellion against the 
mother countr}^ To keep the people in subjection, 
General Gage with two regiments was sent there. 
They took possession of the State House, making 
it their quarters. Cannons were planted and tents 
pitched on Boston Common, and the soldiers con- 
ducted themselves with insolence toward the peo- 
ple. Frequent quarrels occurred between the citi- 
zens and these troops. On March 5,1770, a crowd 
of men and boys insulted the city guard. The 
troops resented by tiring upon the crowd, killing 
three and wounding two. Great excitement ensued. 
The whole town and surrounding country were 
aroused. To avoid the rage of the people, the 
soldiers were forced to take refuge in Castle Wil- 
li am. f 

* These oppressive measures were preceded by the " Naviga- 
tion Act," passed by Parliament in 1661, securing to English ship- 
ping the monopoly of the carrying trade of England; also by the 
issuing of " Writs of Assistance," in 1761, which were general 
search-warrants empowering custom-house officers to break open 
shins, stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise ou 
which it was suspected no duty had been paid. 

t During the summer of 1772, another event occurred which 
showed the temper of the times, and presented a fresh obstacle to a 
reconciliation between America and the mother country. A royal 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 115 

4. The Tax on Tea Resisted.—" Learning of the 
rebellious feeling aroused in the Colonies by their 
course of taxation, the British Parliament, in May, 
1773, passed a bill repealing the tax on all articles 
bxcept tea. The government no longer hoped to 
raise revenue; it was contending onl}^ for the right 
to tax the Colonies. To establish this right, the 
duty on tea was made only three pence ; the col- 
onists were really to get their tea cheaper than the 
English people. But the Americans saw through 
the plan and scorned the concession ; they would 
pay no taxes to the English Government.'' 

5. The Boston Tea Party. — "It was agreed among 
the colonial merchants to import no tea; the Eng- 
lish merchants, however, resolved to send it at their 
own risks.* The first of the tea-ships arrived in 

schooner, the Gaspee, cruising near the coast of Rliode Island, kept 
annoying the inhabitants by taking their property, firing at mar- 
ket-boats, and illegally seizing the cargoes of such vessels as it 
overhauled. While thus in pursuit of a packet, the Gaspee ran 
aground. Taking advantage of the opportunity, a partj from 
Providence boarded the stranded vessel, and set fire to it, after 
putting (he crew ashore. WJien the knowledge of this proceeding 
came to the royal governor, he issued a proclamation offering five 
hundred pounds for the discovery of the offenders, and the royal 
pardon to those who would confess their guilt; but every effort to 
bring the perpetrators to punishment failed. 

*Associations were formed in all the Colonies under the title 
of Sons oj Liberty, whose object was, by every practicable means, to 
oppose the unjust and arbitrary course of the British government. 
Societies also were formed, the members of which resolved to 
forego all the luxuries of life rather thaii be indebted to the com- 
merce of England. 



116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Boston, November 25, 1773, and a committee of the 
people notified the captain that they would not 
permit it to be landed. The captain would gladly 
have returned to England, but the Governor would 
uot allow him to leave. The patience of the peo- 
ple was worn out, and they proceeded to settle the 
business in their own way. On the night of De- 
cember 16th forty citizens disguised as Indians 
went to the vessel, took out the tea chests, 342 in 
number, and emptied the contents into Boston har- 
bor. At other places the people would not permit 
the tea to be landed." 

Great was the indignation of the English sover- 
eign when news of these proceedings reached him. 
To punish the Colonies the "Boston Port Bill" 
was passed, and General Gage was appointed Gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts. This aroused the people to 
greater resistance. 

6. Friends in England. — A few wise and liberal 
members of the British Parliament opposed, from 
the first, these oppressive measures toward Ameri'^a» 
Among these noble men were Sir "William Pixf 
(Lord Chatham) and Colonel Barre. " You hav * 
no right to tax America. I rejoice that she has re- 
sisted," said Pitt. Barre denied, in a sarcastic 
speech, the assertion that the Colonies were nour- 
ished by English care. Their wise counsels, how- 
ever, availed nothing, but proud Britain, ere long, 
bitterly rued the day in which she disregarded the 
advice and warnings of these great men. 

7. Patrick Henry. This undaunted patriot, the 
gifted orator of the Revolution, by his fearless and 



REVOLUTION AKY PEKIOD. 117 

fiery denunciations of British tyranny, inspired Lis 
countrymen with a zealous love for liberty.* 

Henry was later one of the Anti-Federalist party, 
which opposed the adoption of the Constitution on the 
ground that it would take away too much power from 
tlie States. It was he who uttered the thrilling 
words "Give me liberty or give me death," which 
became a war-cry of the Revolution. 




Patrick Henry. 

* During the debate in the Virginia Assembly on the passage of 
resolutions protesting against the Stamp Act, Patrick Henry boldly 
asserted that the king of England had acted the part of a tyrant ; 
and alluding to the fate of other tyrants, he exclaimed: " Caesar 
had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George HI." — here 
pausing a moment till the cry of "Treason! Treason!" resound- 
ing from several parts of the house had ended — he added, "may 
profit by their example; if this be treason, make the most of it!" 
Patrick Henry was a man of high moral courage, and the cham- 
pion of the wronged and the oppressed. His speech before the Vir- 
ginia Assembly gained him the reputation of being "the greatest 
orator and political thinker of a land abounding with public 



118 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. First Continental Congress. * — This was held at 
Philadelphia September 5, 1774. It consisted of 
talented and influential men from all the Colonies 
except Georgia. It issued a protest against stand- 
ing armies being kept in the Colonies without the 
consent of the people, and agreed to hold no inter- 
course with Great Britain. 

9. Ripe for Liberty. — The bitter feeling toward 
their oppressors had now kindled a desire for free- 
dom. Companies of "Minute Men," ready at a 
moment's notice to resent open violence, were 
formed in all the Colonies. General Gage, com- 
mander of the British troops stationed at Boston, 
became alarmed, and seized ammunition wherever 

speakers and statesmen." He thenceforth became prominent in 
the political conventions and congresses of the Colonies. In 1776 
he was elected the first republican Governor of Virginia. At the 
close of the war he was again chosen Governor. He afterwards 
filled other high positions. 

* This Congress displayed such wisdom, sagacity, and foresight, 
as to excite the admiration of the ablest statesmen of England. Sir 
William Pitt (Lord Chatham), in one of his brilliant speeches, re- 
marked of them : " History, my lords, has been my favorite study, 
and in the celebrated writings of antiquity, have I often admired 
the patriotism of Greece and Rome; but, my lords, I must declare 
and avow, that in the master states of the world, I know not the 
people, or senate, who, in such a complication of difficult circum- 
stances, can stand in preference to the delegates of America as- 
feembled in general congress at Philadelphia." Peyton Randolph 
was president, and Charles Thompson was secretary, of the First 
Continental Congress. The names of some of the honored mem- 
bers composing this congress are: Samuel Adams, John Adams, 
Roger Sherman, Silas Deane, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, 
Richard Henry Lee, George Washington* Patrick Henhv, 

iiBWAUP RuTLEDGE, 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 119 

he could find it. Only a spark was now needed to 
kindle a flame which the boasted power of England 
could not extinguish. 



EVENTS OF 1775. 

1. Battle of Lexington. — On April 19, General 
Gage wishing to destroy some military stores of 
the Americans at Concord, Massachusetts, 18 miles 
north-west of Boston, sent a body of troops thither, 
under Major Pitcairn, for that purpose. At Lex- 
ington they met some " Minute Men " who opposed 
their progress. Pitcairn shouted: "Throw down 
your arms, you rebels, and disperse!" which they 
did not do; whereupon, the British troops fired 
upon them, killing several in the skirmish that en- 
sued. 

Reaching Concord, they destroyed nearly all the 
stores ; but on the way back they encountered the 
Americans, who now thoroughly aroused, gathered 
fj'om all parts of the surrounding country; and, 
attacking them from behind trees, fences, hedges, 
barns, etc., so harassed them that had not other 
British troops arrived, they would all have been 
picked ofl". As it was, they lost nearly 300 men in 
killed, wounded, and prisoners. The " red coats," 
as the British soldiers were styled, were exceed- 
ingly glad to get back to their quarters at Boston. 

2. Effect of the Battle of Lexiugtou. — The news of 
this first battle of the Revolution spread rapidly 
over the country. The royal Governors were forced 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 



121 



to give up tlieir authority and leave the Colonies. 
This skirmish gave the Americans a rather con- 
temptible opinion of British valor, and intensified 
the animosity toward King George's troops. They 
now went to work in earnest. The long expected 
conflict which they had endeavored in vain to avoid 
was now upon them, and they determined to fight 
for life, home, and freedom. 

3. Capture of Ticondero^a. — May 10th Colonels 
Ethan Allen* and Benedict Arnold, with a battal- 
ion of " Green Mountain Boys" — as the soldiers 
from Vermontf were called — captured Ticonderoga, 
a British fort on Lake Champlain. Allen and his 
" Boys" surprised the sentinels before daylight, and 
effecting an entrance, demanded the surrender of 
the fort " in the name of the Great Jehovah and 
the Continental Congress." 

*Ethan Allen was a brave and patriotic man, and his subse- 
quent career is worthy of mention. In the autumn of 1775 he 
attempted the capture of Montreal, Canada, but, after a desperate 
struggle, was made prisoner. He was sent to England, and during 
the voyage was confined, with thirty-four others, in a room but 
twenty feet square. His sufferings were horrible; but, though on 
the return voyage, a conspiracy was formed for killing the captain 
and taking possession of the vessel, he entertained no feelings of re- 
venge, and refused to take part in it, though on his way to a prison 
ship, with a full knowledge of the sufferings in store for him. He 
was finally exchanged, and became commander of the Vermont 
militia. 

TThis State — deriving its name from two French words, verd, 
green, and mont, mountain — " Green Mountain State " — was settled 
at Brattleboro in 1724, by people from Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts. At this time the territory was a part of New Hampshire, 
and was not, therefore, one of the original States, 



122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Two days after, Crown Point was also taken. 
Thus, without the loss of a man, the daring pro- 
vincials had captured two of the British strong- 
holds. 

4. Second Continental Congress. — This met at 
Philadelphia May 10th. It voted to raise 20,000 
men, and prepared a petition to the king of Eng- 
land (George III.), which he refused to receive, 
thus iestroying all hope of reconciliation.* 

5. Washington, Coiuniander-in -Chief. — The Ameri- 
cans at this time, though tired with a desire for 
liberty, and brave to fight for it, were untrained and 
undisciplined. The Second Continental Congress, 
on the 15th of June, unanimously elected George 
Washington commander-in-chief of the American 
army.f This high lionor was unexpected by him, 
but he was endowed by nature for che position ; 
and the sequel shows that the confidence of his 
countrymen was not misplaced. | 

*This Congress established the first line of post-ofBce communi- 
cation through the United States. Benjamin Franklin was 
appointed Postmaster General, with power to appoint 'as many 
deputies as he might deem proper and necessary, for the convey- 
ance of the mail from Maine to Georgia. 

tThe following were appointed major generals at the same 
time : Artemus Ward, of Massachusetts ; Colonel Lee, formerly 
a British officer; Philip Schuyler, of New York; Israel Put- 
Nam, of Connecticut ; and Horatio Gates was appointed adjutant 
general. 

X Washington, in consenting to enter upon the momentous du- 
ties assigned him, said : " But lest some unlucky event should 
happen unfavorable to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered, 
by every gentleman in the room, that I this day declare, with the 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 123 

Washington went immediately to work ors^aniz- 
ing and drilling his men for systematic and efiective 
service. The army now consisted of 14,500 men 
possessing very little knowledge of military tactics. 

6. Battle of Bunker Hill.— The British continued 
to send troops to America, and by May, they had 
about 10,000 soldiers to subdue the " rebels," as 
they now called the Americans. 

The Americans suspecting that the British in- 
tended to fortify Bunker Hill, near Charlestown, 
Mass., endeavored to anticipate the movement by 
throwing up breastworks thereon themselves ; but 
in the darkness, mistook the location, and fortified 
Breed's Hill instead. Colonel Prescott commanded 
the patriots in this work. * On the morning of 

utmost sincerity, I do not think myself eqnal to the command I 
am honored with. As to pay, I beg leave to assure the congress, 
that as no pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to ac- 
cept this arduous employment, at the expense of my domestic ease 
and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit from it. 1 will 
keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they 
will discharge, and that is all I desire." 

* Israel Putnam directed the movements of the patriots on 
this occasion, Jointly with Col. Prescott. He was one of tlie heroes 
whose names are embalmed in the glories of Bunker Hill. His 
life was full of romantic adventures. At one time, when but a 
youth, he descended into a wolf's den, and shot her by the light of 
her own glaring eyes. While actively engaged in the French and 
Indian War, he saved a comrade's life, at the imminent peril of 
his own, escaping from his enemies with fourteen bullet holes in 
his blanket. At another time he was taken prisoner by a party of 
savages, who, after driving him for many miles under a heavy 
load, bound him to a stake, and prepared to burn him to death. 
Already had the flames scorched his skin, when a French officer 
burst through the crowd, scattered the brands, and saved his life. 



124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

June 17, the British seeing what the " rebels" were 
doing, sent well-disciplined troops to attack them, 
at the same time firing upon their works from 
shipping in the harbor. The British regulars un- 
der the command of General Howe, ascended the 
hill in perfect order, — the patriots patiently reserv- 
ing their lire till the British approached within 
pistol shot, when they made terrible havoc in their 
ranks. Twice were the British repulsed, and they 
would have been routed, had they not been largely 
re-enforced, and the ammunition of the patriots 
given out. At the third advance of the British, 
the Americans were obliged to abandon- their for- 
tifications; but, as they slowly retreated, they 

Again, he was surprised by the Indians just above the rapids in 
the Hudson. His only chance of escape hiy in threading the chan- 
nel of the boisterous passage. " With amazement his pursuers 
saw his boat leap into the seething waters, shoot through yawning 
whirlpools, dash past hidden rocks, and at last dart out into the 
placid waters far below." In February, 1779, Tryon, with 1500 
men, ravaged the eastern part of Connecticut. At Horse Neck 
about 100 Americans under Putnam assembled to oppose him. 
Being closely pursued by the British dragoons, Putnam was com- 
pelled to spur his horse down a steep precipice, in which daring 
attempt he escaped unhurt, amid a shower of the enemy's bullets. 
Putnam had remarkable presence of mind. At Fort Edward the 
barracks caught fire; and separated from them only by a thin par- 
tition, was a magazine containing 300 barrels of gunpowder. 
"While the men all fled in alarm, he remained to pour water on the 
fl-ames, put out the tire, and saved the fort. When the news of the 
battle of Lexington reached him, he was plowing in the field. 
Leaving his plow standing in the furrow, without even changing 
his clothes, he hastened to the scene of strife. The British at- 
tempted to bribe him, but the true old patriot could not be bought 
by gold or honors. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 125 

fought the advancing troops witla clubs, stones, and 
the butts of their muskets. 

The British loss was heavy — more than 1,000 
men in killed and wounded. Yet the Americana 
had much cause for sorrow. Their loss was about 
425 — killed, wounded, and prisoners. Among those 
that fell was Gen. Joseph Warren, a young physi- 
cian much beloved by the people for his sterling 
worth. He fought in the ranks as a common sol- 
dier, and was shot by a British officer who knew 
him,* 

7. Effect of this Battle.— The effect of this en- 
counter with the trained troops of king George was 
not discouraging to the patriots. They now be- 
lieved that they could whip the British in a fair 
fight, with plenty of arms and ammunition. The 
whole country was electrilied. Nearly every boy 
old enough to handle a musket enlisted in the 
army; and the gray-haired grandfather took the 
field against the oppressors of his country. 

8. Invasion of Canada. — The Americans looked 
to Canada for aid, and Gen. James Montgomery and 
Colonel Benedict Arnold planned an expedition 
against the British post at Quebec. Montgomery 
led his army thither by way of Lake Champlain 
and the St. Lawrence river, capturing St. John's 
and Montreal on the way. Before Quebec he was 
joined by Arnold, who had led his men through 

* The American people have erected a noble monument 221 
feet high, on Bunker Hill, in honor of the heroic patriots who per- 
ished in this memorable battle. 



126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the wilderness of Maine, half-famished and half- 
clad.* Their united forces — amounting to less 
than one thousand men — besieged the city for three 
weeks without effect. On December 31st they de- 
cided to assault the works. A driving snow-storm 
was prevailing when they made the attack, and 
they fought at a great disadvantage. Montgoraeiy 
was killed and Arnold wounded. The Americans 
were repulsed with much loss, and Canada was left 
in possession of the British. 



EVENTS OF 1776. 

1. Boston Evacnated.— On March 17th the British 
army under Howe which had occupied Boston 
since the beginning of the war, and had oppressed 
the people of that city by various vindictive acts 
and destroyed the business of the place by cutting 
off intercourse with the rest of the world, was 
compelled to evacuate by the generalship of Wash- 
ington, who had besieged it for some time. Wash- 
ington's army entered the next day amid great 
rejoicing.f 

• The route taken by Arnold was through an unexplored wil- 
derness ol three hundred miles. They had swamps and woods, 
mountains and precipices, alternately to surpass. Their provisions 
failed, and they were obliged to eat theii dogs, cartouch boxes, 
clothes, and shoes. Yet the courage and fortitude of these brave 
men continued unshaken. '• They were suffering in their country's 
cause, were toiling for wives and children, were contending for the 
rights and blessings of freedom." 

tDuring the occupation of Boston by the British army, provS- 
■ions had been so scarce that a pound of fresh fish was twelv* 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 12? 

•2. The Hessians. — The English government hired 
17,000 German troops called Hessians, to assist in 
conquering America. They were hired of the 
Lancgrave of Ilesse Cassel at $36 per head, the 
British government guaranteeing his dominions 
from attack during the absence of these hirelings. 

The Indians also were brought into their service, 
and many inhuman outrages were perpetrated by 
them with the sanction of British officers. 

3. British Repulsed at Fort Moultrie.— On June 28 
a British fleet in command of Admiral Parker and 
land forces under Sir Henry Clinton attacked Fort 
Moultrie, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, 
but were gallantly repulsed by its brave defenders. 

Sergeant Jasper, a bold soldier, jumped from the 
walls of the fort to recover a flag which had been 
shot off, and placed it again upon the rampart 
amid a perfect storm of bullets.* 

4. Declaration of Independence.! — The Fourth of 
July is made memorable by the Americans in Con- 
gress assembled at Philadelphia declaring that 

pence (23 cents) ; a goose eight shillings and four pence ($1.92) ; a 
turkey twelve shillings and six pence ($2.84) ; a sheep cost thirty- 
five shillings ($8.05) ; apples thirty-three shillings and four pence 
($7.67) per bushel; fire-wood forty-one shillings and eight pence 
($9.59) per cord, and finally was not to be obtained at any price. 

•This undaunted hero was, however, killed in a subsequent 
battle, while performing a similar daring act. {See " Events of 
1779," Topic 1.) 

tOn the 7th of June, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, 
ofiered a resolution in Congress declaring that "The United Colo- 
nies are, and oj a right oiu/hl to he, free and independent Staten." After 
a long debate the consideration of the resolution was postponed 



128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.' 

"The United Colouies are, and ought to be^ Free 
aad Independent States." The immortal document 
in which this Declaration is made, was written 
by Thomas Jefferson.* It was hailed throughout 
the country with general rejoicing. Bells were 
rung, cannon fired, the schools had a holiday, and 

until the Ipt of July. On the 4th the resolution passed. "A signa- 
ture to the Declaration of Independence, without reference to gen- 
eral views, was, to each individual, a personal consideration of the 
most momentous import. It would be regarded in England as 
treason, and expose any man to the halter or the block. The sign- 
ers well knew the responsibility of their station; they well knew 
the fate which awaited themselves should their experiment fail. 
They came, therefore, to the question of a declaration of independ- 
ence like men who had counted the cost; prepared to rejoice, with- 
out any unholy triumph, should God smile upon the transaction ; 
prepared also, if defeat should follow, to lead in the way to mar- 
tyrdom. The only signature on the original document which 
exhibits indications of a trembling hand, is that of Stephen Hop- 
kins, who had been afflicted with the palsy. In this work of treason 
John Hancock led the way as president of the Congress, and by 
the force with which he wrote he seems to have determined that 
his name should never be erased. The pen with which these sig- 
natures were made has been preserved, and is now in the cabinet of 
the Massachusetts Historical Society. The longevity of these sign- 
ers of the Declaration is worthy of notice. They were fifty-six in 
number, and the average length of their lives was about sixty-five 
years. Four of the number attained to the age of ninety years 
and upwards ; fourteen exceeded eighty years, and twenty-three, as 
one in two and a half, reached three score years and ten." Charles 
Carroll, of CarroUton, who died in 1832 at the advanced age ot 
96, was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. 

•As a composition, the Declaration is undoubtedly Mr. Jeflfer 
son's. Though some changes were made in it on the suggestion of 
other members of Congress while it was under discussion, yet it is 
the production of his mind, " and the high honor of it belongs to 
him clearly and absolutely." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 129 

every patriot was glad. A feu', liowev^er, called 
'Jories, gave it no welcome.* These were still loyal 
to King George, believing that the colonies were 
wrong in resisting the mother country. The pat- 
riots, in their expressions of joy, pulled down the 
leaden statue of George HI. in the Bowling Green 
at New York, and moulded it into bullets to be 
hurled against his sul)Jects.t 

5. The Orisjiual Thiiti^eu States,— The Colonies, 
with a population ot' ueariy tliree millions, were 
DOW styled "The Thuteen United States of Amer- 
ica." (See map,) Tiieir names are : 

NEW ENGLAND STATES. 

Massachusetts, settled in 1620 

New Hampshire, settled in 1623 

Rhode Island, settled in 1638 

Connecticut, settled in 1633 

* The English party namea of Whig and Tory had been trans- 
ferred to this country, Tory, in England, signifies a friend and 
sapporter of the monarchical power, in the highest degree. The 
term miig was applied to those who were in favor of taking power 
from the crown, and giving it to the people. In America, these 
names had similar signification. The Whigs were those who 
favored the cause of liberty and were zealous in supporting the 
Colonies against the injustice of the British Parliament; the Toriee 
were the favorers of Great Britain. The Tories were not numerous; 
but t*'-ey generally belonged to what was called the higher class, in- 
eluding wealthy families, persons holding offices under the British 
government, and those connected with persons of rank in England, 

] 'Jn the 2l8t of May, 1775 — more than a year previous to thia 
formal Declaration of Independence — the people of Charlotte, North 
Carolina, in convention assembled, declared themselves free from 
any allegiance to the British Crown, and resolved to defend the 
stand thus taken, with their lives and fortunes. 

9 



130 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

MIDDLE STATES. 

New York, settled in 1613 

Maryland, settled in 1634 

Delaware, settled in 1638 

New Jersey, settled in 1664 

Pennsylvania, settled in 1682 

SOUTHERN STATES. 

Virginia, settled in 1607 

North Carolina, settled in 1663 

South Carolina, settled in 1670 

Georgia, settled in 1733 

6. "Pardons." — About this time General Howe, 
stationed with his army in the vicinity of New 
York, issued a proclamation offering pardon to all 
Americans that would lay down their arms and be- 
come loyal to England. This was treated wifh 
contempt. None responded to the " royal procla- 
mation." General Gage, at Boston the previous 
year, had issued a similar proclamation, exempting, 
iiowever, from its benefits the patriots Samuel 
Adams and John Hancock. None availed them- 
selves of this "royal clemency." 

7. Battle of Lon^ Island. — After General Howe, 
with his army, had evacuated Boston, he went to 
ilalifax, and thence sailed for New York. Admiral 
riowe, his brother, with re-enforcements from Eng- 
land, and Clinton, from his defeat at Fort Moultrie, 
joined General Howe at New York. The British 
army was now 30,000 strong. Washington, antici- 
pating Howe's plans, gathered all his available 
forces at New York to protect that city. He had 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 131 

only 7,000 men. The British army, in three divis- 
ions, advanced upon the city from Long Island, 
August 27. The Americans were attacked in front 
and rear and terribly beaten, 2,000 out of 5,000 
engaged were lost in killed, wounded, and prison- 
ers.* Ilowe and Clinton delayed further attack, 
awaiting re-enforcements to capture the remnant of 
the American army. Had they not delayed, they 
might have done so; but during the night, under 
cover of a dense fog, the wary Washington eluded 
themf When morning came Howe found, to his 
dismay, that his prey had gone. 

8. Battle of White Plains. — Influenced by his 
officers, Washington retreated to the northern part 
of New York island, and then to White Plains. 
Here a partial engagement to the disadvantage of 
the Americans took place on the 28th of October. 

9. Washington's Retreat. — Leaving New York in 
possession of the British, Washington retreated 
with his army through New Jersey toward Phila- 

*The captives were confined in crowded, badly ventilated pris- 
ons. The sufferings of these poor victims were horrible. The 
saddest scenes, however, occurred on the prison ships — old hulks 
anchored in the waters around New York. The one most noted 
for the cruelty of its officers was the Jersey Prison Ship. " From 
theae loathsome places of confinement almost 11,000 bodies were 
carried out during the war and buried in the sand of the beach." 

tSecure of his prey, the British general had no suspicion of 
what was going on. A Tory discovering Washington's movement 
to escape, sent a negro to inform the British ; l)ut falling into the 
hands of the Hessians, who could not understand what he said, he 
was detained till his information was too late to be of value. 



132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

delphia, closely pursued by Cornwallis * with 6,000 
men. This retreat, though causing much suffering 
to the ill-clad and ill shod patriots, was conducted 
in a masterly manner. Washington was thence 
called " the American Fabius." f He escaped the 
vigilance of Cornwallis, and crossing over iiitci 
Pennsylvania, quartered his troops along the Dela- 
ware (December). J 

10. Captain Nathan Hale.— Captain Hale was sent 
by Washington to gain some information respect- 
ing the movements of the British on Long Island. 
He was captured by the enemy and executed as a 
spy, — his last words being, " I only regret that I 
have but one life to give to my country." || 

* All through the Revolution, Lord Cornwallis was a promi- 
nent commander. He opposed the course of the British ministry 
which led to the war, but when the conflict opened he took the 
field and was soon made a Major-general. After the war he tilled 
several public offices in England, with distinction. He was made 
a Marquis, became Viceroy of Ireland, and twice Governor-general 
of India. 

t Fabius was a Roman dictator, who led the armies of Rome 
against Hannibal, in the Second Punic war (218 B. C.) : his cau- 
tion and experience were such, that without hazarding a battle he 
continued to keep the troops of Hannibal in perpetual alarm, whilst 
his own remained in security ; on this account he was termed the 
buckler of Rome. 

t Frederic II. of Prussia, the greatest general of his age, said 
*,hat Washington's movements in New Jersey were the most bril- 
liant in the annals of war. Of the American soldiers he said, " I 
like those brave fellows, and can not help secretly hoping for their 
success. The British Parliament," said he, " have acted like au 
infuriated fool in the American business." 

II The services of a clergyman, and even the use of a Bible, 
were denied him; and letters which he had wriue»» to his motht-f 
and sisters were destroyed. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 133 

11. Effect of these Reverses. — These misfortunes 
to the Americans caused a depression which settled 
on the country like a pall. Many, more timid 
than patriotic, went over to the enemy, believing 
that American independence would prove a failure. 
The army was but poorly supplied with arms, many 
of the soldiers had no shoes; and, during Wash- 
ington's famous retreat, many left their blood- 
stained foot-prints on the frozen ground. The 
British were jubilant, and now awaited spring to 
"bag" the "fox," as they styled Washington. 

12. Battle of Trenton. — To raise the spirits of his 
troops and to remove the despair that seemed to be 
settling upon the country, Washington determined 
to strike a bold and almost reckless blow. 

At Trenton, New Jersey, was stationed a regi- 
ment of Hessians under command of Col. Rahl. 
Ilowe with his army was comfortably quartered 
for the winter at New York. Believing that the 
Americans were now too weak for aggressive war- 
fare he settled himself contentedly, awaiting the 
return of spring to quash the " rebellion." 

On Christmas Eve Washington's army crossed 
the Delaware, now full of floating ice and swollen 
b}' the recent floods, in small boats during a driving 
storm of hail and snow. On Christmas morning 
the Hessians, who in fancied security had been rev- 
eling in wine and " Christmas cheer," were com- 
pletely surprised and routed. The Americans cap- 
tured nearly a thousand prisoners, besides many 
needed arms and valuable military stores. They 
lost but four men — two killed and two frozen to 



1 34 HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

death. This victory revived the drooping energies 
of the country, and many recruits joined the army. 

13. Commissioners sent to France.— In Decem- 
ber Congress sent Benjamin 1'eanklin * Silas 




Benjamin Franklin. 

* Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston in 1706, and died in 
1790. His schooling was very limited, but being apprenticed to 
his brother, a printer, he acquired a taste for reading and study. 
After learning his trade he went to Philadelphia and became the 
publisher of the "Pennsylvania Gazette" and the celebrated 
"Poor Richard's Almanac." His discovery of the identity of 
lightning with electricity made him famous. As agent of the 
Colonies he twice visited England. After his return from France 
as Minister Plenipotentiary, in 1785, he was made "President of 
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania," holding the office for three 
years. He was also one of the framers of the Constitution. His 
essays on various philosophical subjects are valuable and popular. 
The most noted of his works is his "Autobiography," which has 
been published in nearly every written language. He founded 



EEVOLUTIONAKY PEKIOD. 135 

Deane, and Aethuk Lee to France to seek assistance. 
France declined to help the Americans openly, for 
she was at peace with England ; but she assisted them 
privately. {See ''Events of 1778," Toj)iG 1.) 



EVENTS OF 1777. 

1. Battle of Princeton — After the battle of 
Trenton, Washington re-crossed the Delaware, in 
order to secure his prisoners, and once more entered- 
IS'ew Jersey, encamping near Trenton. 

Hearing of Washington's movements, Howe or- 
dered Cornwallis to direct the military operations of 
that region. Cornwallis, who had arranged to return 
to England, thinking the war was about over, quickly 
moved against Washington, and on January 2d, en- 
camped near the American Army, intending to attack 
it in the morning. Washington was now in a critical 
situation, with a powerful army in front of him, while 
behind him was a river full of floating ice ; but 
during the night he, by a skillful maneuvre, not only 
rescued his army from almost certain destruction, but 
added glory to American arms. Leaving his camp- 
fires burning he silently withdrew his men, and lead- 
ing them by a circuitous route reached Princeton early 
on the morning of January 3d. The object of this 
maneuvre was to surprise and to capture some British 

the American Philosophical Society, and established the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania. "His life is a noble example of the results 
of industry and perseverance, and his death was the occasion of 
public mournimg." 



136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ■^. 

troops en route to join Cornwallis, lodged for th^ 
night at Princeton. The surprise would have been 
complete, had not the Americans met a brigade of 
the enemy already on the march for Trenton. An 
engagement took place, in which the British were 
defeated, losing 100 killed and 300 prisoners, while 
the Americans losl but 30 men. 

Reaching Morristown he intrenched himself to 
await further developments. Thus the "American 
Fabius," with his plucky little army, outgeneraled 
Howe and Cornwallis, and taught those haughty 
Peers to fear and respect a foe whom they had pre- 
tended to despise. This was the last military move- 
ment during the winter. 

2. Danbury, Conn., Burned. — In the spring of 
this year General Tryon, of New York, sent an 
expedition against Danbury, Connecticut. His 
troops went in vessels by the Sound, and landing 
April 26, marched to Danbury and destroyed the 
American stores collected there. On their way 
back to the Sound, the British were attacked by the 
militia and lost 300 men. Among the Americans 
killed was General Wooster, a veteran of the 
French and Indian War.* {See ''Events of 1779," 
Topic 2.) 

♦General Wooster, though a man of seventy, fought with all 
the vigor of youth. General Arnold received the fire of a whole 
platoon at a distance of thirty yards, but escaped uninjured. Soon 
after Tryon's expedition Colonel Meigs retaliated by crossing from 
Connecticut and burning twelve British vessels and a large quan- 
tity of stores at Sag Harbor, near the eastern extremity of Long 
Island. He brought back ninety prisoners, without the loss of a 
single man. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 



137 



3. The British Evacuate New Jersey.— In the 

spring Howe employed various plans to induce the 
Americans to quit their camp and risk an open battle ; 
but Washington, seeing the traj), preferred remaining 
in camp to risking defeat, and the British at length 
evacuated New Jersey. 




American Flag — "Stars and Stripes." 

4. Our Flag.— "The Stars and Stripes"— the 
glorious flag of freedom — was adopted as the emblem 
of our nationality, June 14, 1777. The thirteen 
stripes, seven red and six white, alternating, repre- 
sent the Thirteen Original States, and an additional 
star is placed upon it for every new State. Forty- 
five stars now spangle its blue field. 

5. Burgoyne's Army. — About this time General 
John Burgoyne, with a large army, composed of 



138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

British regulars, Hessians and Indians, came from 
Canada to destroy the American defenses in the 
north. They captured Ticonderoga, securing a 
large amount of military stores. 

6. Battle of Beiiniiiffton. — Being in need of horses, 
oxen, and vehicles to transport his supplies taken 
at Ticonderoga, Burgoyne sent Col. Baum with 500 
select men toward Bennington, Vermont, to pro- 
cure these things. Here this detachment of marau- 
ders was met on the 16th of August by 800 volun- 
teers, led by the gallant Gen. John Stark. "We 
must beat the red coats, my boys, or this day 
MoUie Stark is a widow," were the words of Stark, 
as the British formed for battle. A sharp conflict 
followed in which the Americans came off best. 
In the afternoon both sides were re-Quforced, and 
the battle was renewed with increased vigor. About 
500 of the enemy were killed, and 600 taken pris- 
oners, while the Americans lost but 150 killed and 
wounded. Valuable munitions of war were also 
captured. * 

7. Battle of The Brandy wine. — September 11th 
Cornwallis and Clinton attacked Washington at 
Chad's Ford on the Brandywine, near Philadelphia. 
The Americans under their gallant leaders per- 
formed prodigies of valor ; but being outnumbered 

* Tlie patriotism which actuated the Americans at this time 
is illustrated in the case of an old man who had five sons at the 
battle of Bennington. A neighbor who had just come from the 
field, told him that one of them had been unfortunate. "Has he 
pioved a coward or traitor?" anxiously asked the father. "Worse 
than that," was the answer; "he has fallen, but while fighting 
bravely." " Then," said the father, " I am satisfied." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 139 

by the enemy they were defeated. The British 
now took up their quarters at Philadelphia (Sep- 
tember 26th). 

8. La Fayette. — In the battle of the Brandywine 
several patriotic foreigners were engaged, among 
whom was the Marquis de La Fayette {day lah 
fay-et'), a generous and liberty-loving young French 
nobleman, who left wealth and position in France 
to assist the Americans to gain their independence. 
lie rendered valuable aid to the patriot cause, 
equipping whole companies at his own expense. 
His name is honored and revered by every true 
lover of liberty.* {See Monroe's Adminisirationy 
Topic 10.) 

9. Battle of Gerinantown.— The British main army 
was stationed at Germantown, a small village near 
Philadelphia. On October 4, Washington and his 
officers decided to hazard an attack. At first the 
Americans gained a decided advantage, but owing 
to a dense fog, the troops became panic-stricken 
and fled at the very moment of victory. Thus the 
British gained many important points in that re- 

• A number of foreign patriots volunteered their services to 
aid the cause of American independence. Among those that, dur- 
ing tlie war, rendered valuable services as officers were the German 
barons JoHN De Kalb and Frederick Steuben, the Poles 
Thaddeus Kosciusko and Count Casimir Pulaski, and especially 
the French Marquis De La Fayette. After the disastrous battle 
of Long Island, La Fayette was told of the despairing state of the 
country, then so poor that it could not provide him a conveyance. 
" Then," said La Fayette, " this is the moment when I can render 
the most essential service." He provided a vessel for himself. 
His arrival caused heartfelt joy. Washington received him as a 
son ; and Congress made him a major-general. 



14-0 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

10. Death of Miss M'Crea. — About this time while 
Burgoyne's army was attempting to capture P^ort 
Edward, on the Hudson, occurred the meh\ncholy 
death of Miss M'Ckea, an American young hidy 
betrothed to a lo\'aIist ofHcer in Burgoyne's arm.y. 
She was captured by Indians near Fort Edward ; 
and while they were conveying her to the British 
camp, the Americans in the fort fired on iier cap- 
tors, and Miss M'Crea was killed. The story spread 
that she had been killed and scalped by the sav- 
ages. It greatly increased the hatred toward the 
British, and brought many volunteers to the Amer- 
ican camp. 

11. Surrender of Bur^oyne. — Burgoyne, after his 
capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, continued 
his invasion of the North. The Americans gath- 
ered from the neighboring States to check his ad-- 
vance. Farmers left their iields and volunteered 
their services ; an army was rapidly collected and 
drilled. Burgoyne's position now became critical. 
lie had sent a detachment to take Fort Stanwix 
(now Home), New York, and to devastate that re- 
gion. Gen. Arnold, who had been sent by Gen. 
Schuyler {sky' ler) to the relief of Fort Stanwix, 
caused the British to beat a precipitate retreat, by 
an ingenious stratagem which made them believe 
that a large force was coming against them. * 

* "A half-witted Tory boy who had been taken prisoner, was 
promised liis freedom, if lie would spread the report among the 
British troops that a large body of Americans was elose at hand. 
The boy, having cut holes in his clolheR, ran breathless into the 
camj) of the besiegers, showing the bullet holes and describing 
bis narrow escape from the enemy. When asked their number, 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 141 

Gen. Horatio Gates, whom Congress had ap- 
pointed to the command of the Northern Army in 
place of Schnvler, had now a Large army, fnll of 
enthusiasm, and impatient to drive out the invad- 
ers. At Saratoga the two armies engaged in bat- 
tles (September 19th and October 7th). The contest 
was desperate on both sides, but the Americans 
were the gainers. * Both armies then intrenched 
themselves for nearly two weeks. Burgoyne, des- 
pairing of receiving the re-enforcements he had 
expected, and hemmed in on all sides by the deter- 
mined Americans, was obliged to surrender his en- 
tire army of 6,000 men and all his munitions of 
war (October 17tli). During the ceremony of surren- 
dering, the mu^^icians in the American army played 
the tune of " Yankee Doodle. "f Benedict Arnold — 
whose subsequent treason is related elsewhere — 
performed many acts of heroism during the battles 
preceding the surrender, though he had been un- 
justly deprived of his command by Gates, who was 
doubtless envious of his reputation. I 

he mysteriously pointed upward to the leaves on the trees. The 
Indians and British were so frightened that they fled precipi- 
lately, leaving their tents and artillery behind them." 

*So close was the struggle that a single cannon was five times 
taken and retaken by the contending parties. Finally, the Amer- 
icans succeeded in retaining it; and wheeling it round upon the 
enemy, fired on them with their own ammunition. 

TThia national air was composed by a surgeon in the British 
army, in 1755, during the French and Indian War, to ridicule the 
uncoutii appearance which the provincial troops presented. 

JTliough deprived of his command, Arnold, who was impa- 
tiently watching the progress of the battle, could restrain himself 



142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

12. Clinton's Operations. — Gen. Clinton, in the 
meantime, Inid ascended the Hudson as far as forts 
Clinton and Montgomery and captured both forts; 
but instead of hastening to the assistance of Bur- 
goyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- 
try. The British on the northern frontier, upon 
hearing of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned 
Ticonderoga and other forts, and Clinton, after 
burning Kingston, returned to New York. 

13. Effect of Burgoyne's Defeat. — This brilliant 
victory, so gallantly won, caused rejoicing through- 
out the country. Congress awarded a medal of 
honor to Gates, and a vote of thanks to the brave 
soldiers who did the fighting. The people were 
cheered in spite of the general financial depression 
of affairs. 

no longer. When General Frazer's division attacked the Ameri- 
can flank the}' were repelled by Morgan's corps, which then furi- 
ously charged the British right. " Hastily mounting his large 
brown horse, Arnold spurred toward the hottest of the fight. 
Gates, fearing that he would gain fresh laurels, sent Major Arm- 
strong after him with orders to return. But Arnold was already 
out of reach. He was received with shouts of exultation by the 
men whom he had before led to victory. With a desperation akin 
to madness, he charged Frazer's brigade, now rallying under its 
intrepid commander. Perceiving that Frazer was the soul of the 
British army, Morgan directed several of his riflemen to make him 
the special object of their aim. A ball soon struck the general's 
saddle ; another wounded his horse in the neck. Despite these 
warnings, he refused to retire, and in a few minutes fell, mortally 
wounded." Frazer's fall decided the battle. Arnold was at last 
overtaken by Major Armstrong, with Gates's order to return, but 
not till he had achieved a glorious victory, with little aid froai 
Gates, who had kept himself all day in the camp. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 143 

France, hearing of it, recognized the independ- 
ence of America, and sent troops the following 
spring to aid the cause. * 

14. At Valley For^e. — Burgoyne's surrender closed 
the campaign of 1777. To the Northern Army it 
had brought success and victory; to the Southern 
Army, disaster and defeat. The Southern Army 
under Washington, during the winter of 1777-'78, 
quartered at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. This 
winter was an unusually long and severe one, and 
the soldiers were poorly prepared to endure its 
hardships. They were only half clad, had few beds, 
and many had neither straw nor blankets to lie upon. 
Their provisions were also scanty, and the Govern- 
ment was too poor to help them. To add to the 
despondency, a cabal was formed against Washing- 
ton by Gates, Conway, and others envious of his 
fame.f Their object was to have him removed, 
and have Gates supersede him as commander-in- 
chief. The conspiracy failed, and its originators 
have received the condemnation of posterity. 

Had the British, instead of remaining in their 

* Holland acknowledged the independence of the United 
States in 1782 ; Sweden in February, 1783 ; Denmark in the same 
month , Spain in March ; Russia in July. 

t The most active agent of the plot was Gen. Conway. Even 
Congress so far gave way as to appoint this man inspector-general. 
"Washington, in the calmness of his righteous mind, turned not 
aside from his public duties, to notice his private enemies. But 
the people took his part; and, the more for this magnanimity. 
The army were so indignant, that at length, all who had been en- 
gaged in the plot, whatever had been their former services, were 
now afraid of their resentment, and kept out of the way." 



144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

comfortable quarters in Philadelphia and Kew 
York, attacked the Americans at this time, thej 
might have annihilated the entire army. 

15. The English Attempt Reconciliation. — About 

this time, when affairs looked gloomy to the patri- 
ots, the British attempted to bribe some influential 
Americans. They made a proposal to Gen. Joseph 
Reed, offering him 10,000 guineas — about $50, 000 — 
and a lucrative office, if he would exert his influ- 
ence to reconcile America. The honest patriot 
spurned the offer with indignant pride, answering: 
"I am not worth purchasing; but such as I am, the 
King of England is not rich enough to buy me." 

16. Articles of Confederation. — In November of 
this year Articles of Confederation for the gov- 
ernment of the States were adopted by Congress. 
These, however, in consequence of not being rati- 
fied by all the States till 1781, did not go into effect 
before that time. {See ''After the War," Topic 2.) 



'EVENTS OF 1778. 

1. A French Fleet Arrives. — In the spring the 
hearts of all were gladdened by the news that the 
efforts of the Commissioners, Franklin, Dean, and 
Lee, had been crowned with success, and that a 
fleet was on its way to help the cause of liberty. 

2. Battle of Monmouth.— Gen. Clinton, now com- 
manding the British at New York, became alarmed 
by the approacli of the French fleet and ordered his 
forces to concentrate at that point. In the march 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 146 

across New Jersey, they were closely followed by 
Washington's army, and compelled to make a stand 
at Monmouth, June 28. The day was excessively 
warm, and nearly as many soldiers of both sides 
died from heat and thirst as were slain by bullets. 
The field was stubbornly contested, but when night 
ended the battle neither party had gained a vic- 
tory. * 

3. Conduct of Gen. Charles Lee. — Gen. Charles 
Lee, who commanded a division of the American 
army in this battle, retreated from some cause at 
the moment of victory; but his flying troops were 
rallied by Washington. Lee was sternly rebuked 
by the commander-in-chief, on the field, and was 
afterward removed from the array for apparent 
treachery before the enemy. He could have re- 
entered the service, but it seems he was deficient 
in patriotism. He was a brave and brilliant oflicer, 
but envious and impulsive. 

4. Massacre at Wyoming. — On July 3d a band of 
Tories and Indians ravaged Wyoming Valley, 
Pennsylvania, burned the houses and murdered 
women, children, and old men. The Tories and 
Indians vied with one another in deeds of cruelty 
and horror. 

* Mary Pitcher, the wife of an American artillery-raan, while 
bringing wafer to her husband from a spring, saw him fall, and 
heard an order given for removing his gun. The heroic woman at 
once took her husband's place, and wixh great skill and courage 
performed his duties in a way that elicited the warmest admira- 
tion. Washington afterward appointed her a sergeant in the 
army, with half-pay through life. The soldiers gave her the name 
of " Major Molly." 

10 



146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

A similar party under the notorious Butler and 
Brandt devastated the region of the Mohawk in 
the following November, and destroyed a thriving 
settlement at Cherry Valley. General Sullivan 
avenged these outrages by destroying forty Indian 
villages. * 

5. Close of the Year's Campaign. — The French fleet 
attempted to drive the British out of Rhode Island, 
but a storm disabling the vessels, the commander 
was forced to abandon the undertaking, and sailed 
to the West Indies for the winter. The British in 
December attacked and captured Savannah, and 
reduced the whole of Georgia. 



EVENTS OF 1779. 

1. Operations at the South.— In the spring of this 
year the British attempted to capture Charleston, 
South Carolina, but were scared off by the approach 
of American forces. In September the French 
fleet under the command of Count D'Estaing (des- 
tang') joined the American forces under Gen. Lin- 
coln f in an attack on Savannah, The assault was 

* The vengeance inflicted was fearful. As to Wyoming and 
Cherry Valley no mercy was shown but the hatchet; so from the 
Susquehanna to the Genesee, none but the firebrand. The whole 
region was swept as by a tornado ; and the terrible punishment 
was never forgotten. 

t General Lincoln, early in the war, sht)wed military ability, 
and gained rapid promotion. At White Plains he distinguished 
himself for bravery. After his capture at Charleston, he was per- 
mitted to go home on parole, though he was not exchanged for 
nearly a year. He afterward held important commands until the 
close of the war. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 147 

unsuccessful, and a thousand lives were lost. The 
noble Polish patriot Count Pulaski * was here 
mortally wounded. The gallant Sergeant Jasper, 
whose bravery has been mentioned, was killed in 
this engagement. The French fleet thus far, and, 
indeed, during the remainder of the war, rendered 
the Americans no eflicient help. 

2. British Depredations.!— The British at the 
North contented themselves by sending out pre- 
datory parties. Many defenseless towns in Con- 
necticut were pillaged and burned by the notorious 
Tryon. {See "Events of 1777," Toj)ic 2.) 

3. Capture of Stony Point. — Stony Point, a British 
fort on the Hudson, was captured July 15th by the 
brave Gen. Anthony Wayne — "Mad Anthony" — 
as he was styled. This was a daring and brilliant 
achievement and gave new lustre to American 
arms. 

4. Capture of Paulus Hook. — On July 19th another 
brilliant exploit crowned the efforts of the patriots. 

*" Having lost his father and brotliers in the hopeless defence 
of his country, and being himself outlawed, he had come to fight 
for the freedom of America. At first he served as a volunteer. 
He fought valiantly at the battle of Brandywine. During the 
second year he commanded an independent corps of cavalry, 
lancers, and light-infantry, called ' Pulaski's Legion,' with which 
he did effectual service. He was buried in the Savannah River. 
The corner-stone of a monument raised to his memory in Savan- 
nah, was laid by La Fayette while visiting that city during his 
triumphal progress through the United States (1824)." 

t The British seemed to have aimed at little more than to dis- 
tress, plunder, and destroy, it having been, early in this year, 
adopted as a principle upon which to act, "to render the Colonies 
of as little avail as possible to their new connections," 



148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The British post at Paulas Ilook in N'ew Jerse\% 
opposite the city of New York, was surprised at 
night by Major Lee, — " Light Horse Harry Lee," — 
and 150 of the garrison were made prisoners. 

5. Paul Jones's Exploit. — Commodore Paul 
Jones, * in a daring exph)it on the English seas, 
September 23d, captured the Serapis, a powerful 
British man-of-war, after a brilliant engagement of 
two hours. His vessel was named Bon Homyne 
Richard {bo-nom! re-shar'). Siie was so much in- 
jured in the fight that after the victory Jones was 
obliged to destroy her and pursue his course in the 
captured vessel. 

This bloody sea-fight is one of the most cele- 
brated in American history, and it greatly humili- 
ated the boasted " Mistress of the Seas." 



EVENTS OF 1780. 

1 Fall of Charleston. — Cornwallis attacked 
Charleston by sea and land, and after a terrible 
bombardment and a long siege. General Lincoln, 
the American commander, was forced to surrender 
(May 12th). 

2. Partisan Patriots. — At this time valuable ser- 
vice to the cause of Independence was rendered by 

* John Paul Joues was a native of Scotland, and at the begin- 
ning of the war entered the naval service of the United States. 
His activity and prowess were shown in his capture of sixteen 
prizes in about six weeks. " Hurrying from point to point, wher- 
ever a prize was to be taken or a daring deed to be achieved, he 
Bcemed everywhere present and always invincible." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 149 

such men as Marion* and Sumter, who, with small 
bodies of sharp-shooters carried on a guerrilla war- 
fare, harassing the British in no small degree. They 
were not attached to the main army, but confined 
their operations to the defense of their homes. 
They were thoroughly imbued with a love for lib- 
erty, and endured many privations with heroic for- 
titude. These bold citizen soldiers were a terror to 
Tories and small detachments of British troops. 

3. Battle of Camden. — General Gates, who had 
taken command of the Southern army, attacked 
Cornwallis at Camden, South Carolina, August 
16th. The Americans were defeated. The result 
was that the British obtained possession of the 
State and ruled the situation in the South. The 

*Francis Marion was a descendant of the Huguenots of South 
Carolina, and had served in early life against the Cherokees. He 
was also at Fort Sullivan and Charleston. He was one of the most 
successful of the partisan leaders. He organized a mounted band 
of about twenty men and boys, some white and others black. As 
circumstances allowed, he increased their number from time to 
time, and achieved with their aid a series of minor though bril- 
liant victories. Their motley appearance and wretched apparel 
gained for them the name of '' the ragged regiment," and the proud 
Gates, who had just been appointed to the command of the south- 
ern department, would not receive them into the regular army, but 
sent them to the interior of Carolina. It is said that a British offi- 
cer, sent to negotiate concerning an exchange of prisoners, once 
(lined with Marion, who could afford only roasted potatoes for din- 
ner. On inquiry he ascertained that this was their usual fare; 
also that the patriot general and his men served without pay. 
Believing it useless to fight men cherishing such devotion to the 
cause of liberty, the officer afterward resigned his commission. 



150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

brave foreigner Baron DeKalb was killed iu thii 
battle* 

4. Continental Money. — In 1775 Congress issued 
paper money with which to carry on the war. 
The value of this currency had now depreciated so 
much that $40 in bills were worth only $1 in specie.^ 
It therefore required a great deal of it to purchase 
the necessaries of life, and many persons refused to 
take it. In this crisis Robert Morris, a wealthy 
citizen of Philadelphia, came to the rescue of his 
country, and made himself bankrupt to aid the 
cause of freedom, f 

5. Arnold's Treason. — In September the Ameri- 
can cause received a blow from an unexpected 
quarter. Benedict Arnold, who had heretofore 
been a gallant defender of his country, attempted 
to betray into the hands of the enemy the important 
post at West Point, of which he had purposely ob- 
tained charge. 

By extravagance and gambling he had involved 
himself greatly in debt, and to extricate himself 
had appropriated public money. For this he was 

*DeKalb was a German by birth, and had formerly served in 
the armies of the French. In consideration of his distinguished 
merit as an officer and soldier, a monument was erected to his 
memory at Camden, the corner-stone of which was laid by LaFay- 
ette. 

tThe women of the Revolutionary times also made noble 
efforts in the cause of liberty. They organized societies and made 
up large quantities of clothing with their own hands for the suffer- 
ing soldiers. The patriot ladies of Philadelphia especially were 
active in this respect. Many a needy and ragged soldier had 
cause to bless the generous women of the country. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 151 

tried and sentenced to be reprimanded by the com- 
mander-in-chief. Stung by the reproof, he deter- 
mined upon revenge. He arranged terms with the 
British general Clinton ; and Major Andre, an ac- 
complished young EngliRh officer, went inside the 
American lines to confei with Arnold. While re- 
turning from this secret conference, he was arrested 
as a spy by three American soldiers, who delivered 
him to their commander. Col. Jameson. In Andre's 
boots were found papers which revealed the con- 
templated treachery. Arnold, learning that his plans 
were frustrated, escaped to the British army.* 

Andre was tried and hanged. Ilis melancholy 
fate, from such a cause, was regretted by both 
friends and foes.f 

Arnold received for his treason $50,000 and a 

•"On the morning of Andre's arrest, Arnold expected Wash- 
ington at his quarters; but, as the latter did not come, he sat 
down to breakfast with his family. While there, a letter was 
placed in his hands, announcing Andre's capture. Calling his wife 
up-stairs, he told her that they must part at once, perhaps forever, 
and bade her a hasty adieu. Mrs, Arnold, who was unacquainted 
with her husband's treachery, dismayed at his words, fell fainting 
to the floor. Hastily kissing his infant boy, who lay asleep in the 
cradle, the traitor left the house by an unfrequented path, and es- 
capedo" 

t Andre was a brave, amiable and accomplished man. Gen. 
Clinton tried every means to effect his release. Washington pro- 
posed to exchange him for Arnold; but Clinton could not honor- 
ably violate his faith with the traitor. Andre showed no fear of 
death, but asked to be shot, instead of hanged. This last request 
could not be complied with, and he was hanged at Tappan, New 
Jersey, in October. 



152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

commission as Brigadier General in the British army 
He thereafter fought against the Americans.* 

6. The Captors of Andre. — The names of the three 
honest patriots who arrested Andre were John 
Paulding, Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams. 
Andre offered a bribe of 10,000 guineas, if they 
would let him pass, but they refused. Congress re- 
warded them for their fidelity by giving each an 
appropriately inscribed medal and a pension for 
life. 

7. Battle of King's Mountain.— After the battle of 
Camden, Corwallis moved into North Carolina and 
sent Col. Ferguson before him to rally the Tories 
in the mountainous region. Ferguson was attacked 
at King's Mountain, October 7, by Col. Campbell 
and a number of backwoods riflemen, and was 
slain with 150 of his men. Campbell's men were 
so incensed by the barbarities of Tories in Fergu- 
son's band that they hung a number of the prison- 
ers after the battle. 

EVENTS OF 1781. 
1. Battle of the Cowpens.— On January 17th the 
British under Tarleton w.ere routed at the battle 
of "the cow-pens," North Carolina, by the dashing 

* Arnold wreaked his malice on America by devastating dif- 
ferent portions of the country. On his arrival in England, after 
the war, he was treated with universal contempt. In America his 
name was, and is, mentioned with detestation. Years afterward, 
the celebrated Talleyrand, intending to visit America, desired 
letters of introduction from Arnold, but received the reply, "1 was 
born in America; 1 lived there to the prime of my life; but, alasl 
1 can call no man in America my friend." 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 153 

General Morgan, with a loss of 600 men.* Morgan 
then started for Virginia, pursued by Cornwallis. 

2. General Greene's Retreat. — General Greene, of 
whose army Morgan's force was a part, now joined 
Morgan and conducted the retreat.f Greene was a 
cautious and skillful general, and, though he gained 
but one battle, yet his successful retreats had all 
the effects of victory. For his prudence, wisdom, 
and valor, Congress awarded him high honors. 

*Tar]eton, who had been wounded by Colonel Washington in 
a personal encounter during this battle, sneeringly remarked while 
conversing with a witty American lady, " That Colonel Washing- 
ton is very illiterate; I am told that he can not write his name." 
" Ah, Colonel," replied she, "you should know better ; for you bear 
evidence that he can make his mark." At another time, when Tarle- 
ton expressed his desire to see Colonel Washington, the lady re- 
plied, " Had you looked behind you at Cowpens, you might have 
had that pleasure." 

tDuring this retreat Greene entered the town of Salisbury 
{mvh'-her-re) drenched with rain and overcome with fatigue. The 
hostess of the inn at which he put up, hearing him say that he was 
" hungry, alone, and pennyless," after preparing his dinner, brought 
him all the money she had, and insisted on his accepting it. Re- 
freshed here, the retreat was resumed, and 150 miles from the Cow- 
pens a junction with Morgan's forces was effected. Being yet too 
weak to face the enemy, the retreat was continued. Reaching the 
ford of the Dan ahead of Cornwallis, the American army crossed 
over in safety. Cornwallis here gave up the pursuit. In conduct- 
ing this memorable retreat, both Morgan and Greene displayed 
great ability. "The men bore their hardships with the most 
praiseworthy fortitude. Their clothing was wretched ; their shoes 
were completely worn out. During most of the march they had 
eaten but one meal a day, and had slept in the open air, there 
being no time to pitch their tents." Greene avoided a general 
action by constantly changing his position, but on the 15th of 
March, his army having been re-enforced, he offered battle to the 



154 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Arnold's Depredations. — The traitor Arnold, 
desiring to gratify his revenge, invaded Virginia 
during this year with an army of British and To- 
ries, burned Richmond and committed other out- 
rages. He also ravaged the vicinity of his former 
home in Connecticut. 

Washington, with the aid of an old soldier named 
Champe, planned the capture of Arnold's person ; 
but just as the effort was about to be successful, 
Arnold suddenly changed his quarters and the at- 
tempt failed. 

4. Battle of Eutaw Springs. — On September 8th 
Greene defeated Cornwallis at the battle of Eutaw 
Springs, North Carolina. Cornwallis, with his array, 
now took his position at Yorktown, Virginia. 

5. Surrender of Cornwallis. — The situation of the 
British army under Cornwallis at Yorktown soon 
became critical. Washington and his able generals 
besieged the place, and on October 19th, after a 
fierce cannonading, Cornwallis was obliged to sur- 
render his entire army of 7,000 men and all his 
munitions of war. The surrender is said to have 
been very imposing.* Cornwallis felt so humiliated 

enemy at Guilford Court House. The superior discipline of the 
British, however, prevailed, and Greene drew off his army in good 
order, though he was obliged to leave his artillery in the hands of 
the enemy. He now turned his course to South Carolina, and with 
the aid of Marion, Sumter, and other partisan leaders, nearly de- 
livered this State and Georgia from the British. 

*People from the surrounding country assembled by thousands 
to witness the humiliation of the proud British general and his 
ruthless army. The British came forth gayly dressed, but without 
flying colors, since th:it honor had been denied the American armj» 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 155 

that he declined to deliver his sword in person, but 
sent it by one of his officers. 

6. The End — Peace. — The surrender of Cornwal- 
lis effectually ended the War of the Kevolution. 
The British government saw the utter impossibility 
of subduing the " Rebels," and was thus forced to 
acknowledge the Independence of the " United 
States of America." England, therefore, ordered 
home her troops; and on the 3d of September, 
1783, the definitive treaty of peace was signed at 
Paris. By the terms of the treaty the boundaries 
of the United States were fixed at the Great Lakes 
on the North, at Florida — ceded back to Spain — 
on the South, and the Mississippi river on the West. 
The news was received with unbounded joy all over 
the country. The American people were now " free 
and equal" before all the world. The army was 
disbanded and the war-worn soldiers returned to 
their homes. Washington, after bidding his of- 
ficers an affecting farewell, "retired to Mount Ver- 
non, followed by the thanksgiving of a grateful 
people."* 

on its surrender at Charleston. " The captive army approached, 
moving slowly in columns with grace and precision. Universal 
.silence was observed amidst the vast concourse, and the utmost de- 
cency prevailed. Every eye was now turned, searching for th 
British commander-in-chief, anxious to look at the man heretofore 
80 much an object of dread. All were disappointed. CornwalHs, 
unable to bear up against the humiliation of marching at the head 
of his garrison, constituted General O'Hara his representative on 
the occasion." 

* Washington's words on this occasion were as follows : " With 
a heart full of love and gratitude, I now take leave of you. I most 
Vevoully wish tluit your latter days may be as prosperous and 



156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

AFTER THE WAR. 

1. Condition of the Country. — The close of the 
war found the Government of the young nation in 
a weak condition. The treasury was empty, and 
the country involved in debt. Many of the sol- 
diers had not received their pay, and several acts 
of violence were committed by them, under unprin- 
cipled leaders. It was found that b3' the Articles 
OF Confederation, under which the United States 
had existed since 1781, Congress had no power to 
raise money and pay the debts incurred by the war. 
The individual States were therefore called upon 
for funds, but their efforts to raise money by direct 
taxation produced great opposition, especially in 
Massachusetts, where it grew into an open insur- 
rection, known as " Shay's Rebellion '' (1787). This, 
however, was soon suppressed. 

Many persons thought that the people were inca- 
pable of self-government, and proposed that Wash- 
ington should become king. This proposal he 
spurned with indignation. 

After much anxiety as to the stability of the in- 
fant Government and much bitter feeling from 
some sources, the wise counsels of Washington pre- 
vailed and the financial difficulties were amicably 
adjusted. 

happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable, I 
can not come to each of you to take my leave, but shall be obliged 
to you if each will come and take me by the hand." Many of 
these strong men wept. Each in turn grasped the hand of the great 
commander, who, according to the custom of the times, kissed each 
brave officer in turn as he came to bid adieu. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 157 

2. Adoption of The Constitution. — During the Rev- 
olutionary War the States had adopted the Arti- 
cles OP Confederation (See '■^Events of 1171 " Topic 
16), which were then suited to the condition of the 
country; but now, owing to a different order of 
aftairs, the best men of the land felt the necessity 
of a mor£ potent national government. Accord- 
ingly a convention was called at Philadelphia to 
revise the Articles of Confederation. This conven- 
tion, with Washington as president, was composed 
of men of talent and statesmanship. After much 
discussion and some opposition they adopted an 
entirely new Constitution (September 17, 1787). 
The Government was organized under it during 
the ensuing year, and in 1789 it went into fall 
operation. 

3. The Two Political Parties. — In some sections 
the new Constitution met with the most determined 
opposition. Two political parties came into exist- 
ence — the Federalists, and Anti-Federalists, or 
Kepublicans ; the former favored the Constitution, 
and advocated a centralized government; the lat- 
ter advocated the doctrine of State Sovereignty, 
and opposed a central government. The leaders 
of the Federal party were Alexander Hamilton,* 
James Madison, and John Jay. Thomas Jefferson 
was the great head of the Anti-Federal, or Repub- 
lican party. 

* Hamilton was the ablest advocate of a centralized govern- 
ment. In conjunction with Madison and Jay, he wrote a series of 
" profound and luminous " articles in favor of the adoption of the 
CoDstitutioD. 



158 HISTOHY OP THE UNITEI) STATES. 

4. Westward, Ho ! — During and immediately after 
the war emigration to the West from the Eastern 
and Middle States set in. Many from Virginia 
and North Carolina also sought homes farther west, 
particularly in the " Territory South of the Ohio," 
since known as Kentucky and Tennessee. {See 
Map of Territorial Growth). 

5. The Northwest Territory. — This comprised the 
great tract north of the Ohio aud east of the Mis- 
sissippi, out of which have been carved the States 
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 
The bill for the erection of the Northwest Territory 
passed the Continental Congress in 1787. [See Map 
of Territorial Growth.) While it was pending, Mr. 
Jefferson introduced and had carried an amendment 
forever excluding slavery from that extensive re- 
gion. A territorial government was here first in- 
troduced into the American system. 

6. A Territory Defined. — A Territory is a district, 
which, for the want at first of a sufficient population, 
is not admitted into the Union as an independent 
State. It may become a State when it can send 
one Representative to Congress. Every ten years 
a census of the whole United States is taken, and 
the number of inhabitants required to send one 
Kepresentative to Congress is then determined for 
the succeeding ten years. The quotient arising 
from dividing the whole number of population of 
the United States by the number of Representa- 
tives in the House will entitle a State to one Rep- 
resentative in Congress; and to become a State, a 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 159 

Territory must have at least one Representative. 
{See National Period, ''Government,'' Topic i.) 

The Governor and other chief officers are ap- 
pointed by the President, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate. Each organized Terri- 
tory is represented in Congress by a delegate, who 
may debate, but can not vote. More than half the 
States were at first organized as Territories.* 



SECTION II. 

RECAPITULATION OF THE BATTLES OF THE REVO- 
L UTION. 

The principal battles and captures of the Revo- 
lutionary War, tabulated in chronological order, 
were : 

1775. 

1. Battle of Lexington, April 19 — Americans 
victorious. British commander, Pitcairn ; Ameri- 
cans, none. 

2. Capture of Ticonderoga, May 10 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Allen ; British, 
DeLaplace. 

3. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 — Americans 
defeated. American commander, Prescott ; British, 
Howe. 

4. Attack on Quebec, December 31 — Americans 

* The Territories of the United States at present (1904), are: 
Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indian Territory, New Mexico, and 
Oklahoma. Other political divisions are District of Columbia and 
the Insular Possessions: The Philippines, Porto Rico, and Guam. 



160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

defeated. American coniinaiiders, Montgomery and 
Arnold; British, Carleton, 

1776. 

1. Boston Evacuated, March 17, by the British. 
American commander, Washington ; British, Howe; 

2. Bombardment of Fort Moultrie, June 28 — 
British repulsed. American commander, Moultrie; 
British, Clinton. 

3. Battle of Long Island, August 27 — Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Washington ; 
British, Howe and Clinton. 

4. Battle of White Plains, October 28— Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Washington ; 
British, Howe. 

5. Battle of Trenton, December 25 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Washington ; 
Hessians, Rahl. 

1777. 

1. Battle of Princeton, January 3 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Washington ; 
British, Cornwallis. 

2. Battle of Bennington, August 16 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Stark; British, 
Baum. 

3. Battle of the Brandywine, September 11 — 
Americans defeated. American commander, Wash^ 
ington ; British, Cornwallis and Clinton. 

4. Battle of Germantown, October 4 — Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Washington; 
British, Howe. 

5. First Battle of Saratoga, September 19— Amer- 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 161 

loans victorious. American commander, Gates ; 
British, Burgoyne. 

6. Second Battle of Saratoga, October 7 — Amer- 
icans victorious. American commander, Gates; 
British, Burgoyne. 

1778. 

1. Battle of Monmouth, June 28 — Neither army 
victorious. American commander, Washington ; 
British, Clintou. 

2. Massacre at Wyoming, July 3 — by Tories and 
Indians, Butler and Brandt conducted the slaugh- 
ter. 

3. Massacre at Cherry Valley, N'ovember 17 — 
Tories and Indians. Butler and Brandt conducted 
the slaughter. 

4. Savannah Captured, December 29, by the Brit- 
ibh. American commander, Robert Howe; British, 
Gen. Campbell. 

1779. 

1. Capture of Stony Point, July 25, by the Amer- 
icans. American commander, Wayne; British, Col. 
Johnson. 

2. Capture of Paulus Hook, July 19, by Amer- 
icans. American commander, Maj. Lee; British, 
Sutherland. 

3. Attack on Savannah, September — Americans 
repulsed. American commander, Lincoln ; British, 
Prevost. 

4. Paul Jones's Naval Battle, September 23 — 
mericans victorious. A: 

Jones; British, Pearson. 
11 



162 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1780. 

1. Capture of Charleston, May 12 — by the Brit- 
ish, American commander, Lincohi ; British, Corn- 
wallis. 

2. Battle of Camden, August 16 — Americans 
defeated. American commander. Gates; British,, 
Corn wall is. 

3. Battle of King's Mountain, October 7 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Colonel 
Campbell ; British, Ferguson. 

1781. 

1. Battle of the Cowpens, January 17 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Morgan ; 
British, Tarleton. 

2. Battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8 — 
Americans victorious. American commander, 
Greene; British, Cornwallis. 

3. Siege of Yorktown, Surrender of Cornwallis, 
October 19 — American commander, Washington ; 
British, Cornwallis. 



RECAPITULATIOK 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN PART III 
(the revolutionary period.) 

1765. "The Stamp Act" passed by Parliament. 

1766. "The Stamp Act" repealed by Parliament. 
1770. " Boston Massacre " took place, March 5th. 
1772. The Gaspee destroyed. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 163 

1773. Tax on Tea resisted at Boston. 

1774. " Boston Port Bill" passed by Parliament. 
1774. "Mntin}^ Act" passed by Parliament. 

1774. First Continental Congress at Philadelphia, 

September 5th. 

1775. Battle of Lexington, fonght April 19th. 
1775. North Carolina declared her independence, 

May 2d. 
1775. Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen, 

May 10th. 
1775. Second Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, 

May 10th. 
1775. Washington elected Commander-in-chief, 

June 15th. 
1775. Battle of Bunker Hill, fought June 17th. 

1775. Montgomery and Arnold repulsed in Canada, 

December 31st. 

1776. Boston Evacuated, March 17th. 

1776. British repulsed at Fort Moultrie, June 28th. 

1776. Declaration of ladependence formally pro- 
claimed, July 4th. 

1776. Pardons offered by the British Government, 
July. 

1776. Battle of Long Island, Americans defeated, 
August 27th. 

1776. Battle of White Plains, Americans defeated, 
October 28th. 

1776. Washington made a famous retreat through 
Jersey, November. 

1776. Hessians defeated at Trenton, December 25th. 

1777. British defeated at Princeton, January 3d. 
1777. New Jersey evacuated by the British, (spring). 



164 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1777. "Stars and Stripes" adopted as national flag, 
June 14th. 

1777. Bennington — British defeated, August 16th, 

1777. Brandywine — Americans defeated, Septem- 
ber 11th. 

1777. Germantown — Ame-ricans defeated, Oct. 4tli. 

1777. Saratoga — Burgoyne defeated, September 
19th and October 7th. 

1777. Saratoga — Burgoyne surrendered, Oct. 17th. 

1777. Articles of Confederation adopted, November. 
1777-78. Washington's Army wintered at Valley 

Forge. 

1778. American Independence recognized byFrance. 
1778. French fleet arrives to aid America, (spring). 
1778. Monmouth — neither army victorious, June 

28th. 

1778. Massacre at Wyoming by Tories and Indi- 
ans, July 3d. 

1778. Massacre at Cherry Valley by Tories and In- 
dians, November. 

1778. Savannah captured by British, December 29th 

1779. Americans and French repulsed at Charles 

ton, (spring). 
1779. Stony Point captured by Anthony Wayne, 

July 15th. 
1779. Paulus Hook captured by Americans, July 

19th. 
1779. Paul Jones captured the Serapis, Sept. 23d. 

1779. Americans and French repulsed at Savannah, 

September. 

1780. Charleston taken by Cornwallis, May 12th. 
1780. Camden — Americans defeated, August 16th. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 165 

1780. King's Mountain — British defeated, October 
7th. 

1780. Benedict Arnold became a traitor, October 

7th. 

1781. Cowpens — British defeated, January 17th. 
1781, Eutaw Springs — British defeated, September 

8th. 
1781. Articles of Confederation ratified by the 

States. 
1781. Arnold burned Kichmond, Va., and overran 

Connecticut. 
1781. Yorktown — Cornwallis surrendered, October 

19th. 
1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, September 3d. 
1783. Florida ceded back to Spain (treaty of Paris). 
1787. Constitution framed and adopted, September 

17th. 
1787. Shay's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts. 
1787. Northwest Territory organized. 
1789. The Constitution went into full operation. 
1789. Federal and Republican parties organized. 

Note to the Teacher. — Require the pupils to make separate 
tables of the following: American commanders mentioned in the 
Revolutionary War; British commanders; battles gained by the 
Americans; battles gained by the British; and to recite them. 



166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS— REVIEWED.'' 
The names of the various settlements established 
at the close of the Revolution (1783), recapitula- 
ted, are : 

State. Town. By Whom. Date. 

Florida Si. Augustine Spanish 1565 

(New Mexico) Sanla Fe Spanish 1582 

Roanoke Island English (tempor'y) 1587 

Virginia Jamestown English. ...May 7, 1607 

New York -Fort Manhattan Dutch 1613 

New York Albany Dutch 1615 

Massachusetts Plymouth English. ...Dec. 21, 1620 

Massachusetts Boston English. ..Sept. 17, 1630 

New Hampshire Portsmouth English 1623 

Maine Saco English 1623 

New Jersey Bergen Dutch 1624 

New Jersey Elizahethtovm English...., 1664 

Connecticut Windsor English 1633 

Connecticut Hartford English 1633 

Connecticut New Haven English 1638 

Maryland St. Manfs English 1634 

Delaware Wilmington Swedes and Finns, 1638 

Rhode Island Providence English 1636 

Ehode Island Newport English 1639 

North Carolina Edenton English 1650 

North Carolina Albemarle English 1663 

Michigan St. Mary's French 1668 

South Carolina Charleston English 1670 

Pennsylvania Philadelphia English 1682 

Arkansas Helena French 1685 

Kansas.. French about 1685 

Illinois Kaskaskia French 1688 

Texas San Antonio Spanish 1692 

Louisiana Biloxi French 1699 

Louisiana New Orleans French 1718 

Alabama Mobile French 1702 

Mississippi St. Peter's French 1703 

Vermont Brattleboro English 1724 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 167 

State. Town. By Whom. Date. 

Indiana Vincennes..... French 1730 

GEORGtA Savannah English 1733 

Wisconsin Green Bay French 1745 

Missouri St. Genevieve French 1755 

Missouri St. Louis French 1764 

Tennessee Fort Loudon English 1756 

Tennessee Nashville.... English 1765 

Kentucky Harrodsbury English. ...June 16, 1774 

Kentucky Louisville English 1778 

Kentucky Lexington English... April 17,1779 

*Let the teacher require the pupils to recite the Table after 
the following model : Florida .settled at St. Augustine, by the 
Spanish, in 1565. New Mexico settled at Santa Fe, etc., etc. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS 

1. Recite the list of battles and captures of the Revolutionary War. 

2. What led the French to aid the Americans? 

3. What induced the Hessians to join the British? 

4. What part did the Indians take in the struggle? 

5. Who were the Tories? Who were the Whigs? 

6. Did the war extend west of the Alleghanies ? 

7. What is a royal government? 

8. What were the boundaries of the United States at the close of 

the Revolution? 

9. To what nation did Canada belong? — Florida? — Louisiana? — 

Tennes.see and Kentucky formed what? (See Map.) 

10. In what battle was ^'Mollie Stark" the watchword? 

11. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke a general of- 

ficer, and himself rally the troops to battle? 

12. What tea party is celebrated in history? 

13. When did a fog save the American Army? 

14. Who said " I only regret that I have but one life to give to my 

country ?" 

15. What naval commander captured his antagonist as his own 

vessel wae sinking? 



168 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

16. What battle was fought and gained without a commanding 

officer? 

17. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence ? 

18. Was Washington ever wounded in battle? 

19. What army retreated at the moment of victory, because the 

fog was so dense that it could not see how successful it was? 

20. Name some celebrated foreigners who fought for us. 

21. What rendered Valley Forge memorable ? 

22. Who were the "Green Mountain Boys?" 

23. What States are named after a king or queen? 

24. What celebrated battle did Gen. Gates have the credit of win- 

ning? Who really deserved the credit? 

25. Who said, " Surrender, in the name of the Great Jehovah and 

the Continental Congress?" 

26. What battle was fought on a Christmas morning? 

27. What British general surrendered his whole army to the Amer- 

icans on October 17th, 1777 ? 

28. Write a list of the American Generals mentioned in the Revo- 

lutionary War; also a list of the British Generals. 

29. How many signers to the Declaration of Independence? 

30. What signer of the Declaration had the palsy? 

31. Who signed the Declaration first? 

32. How are the States of the Union represented on our flag? 

33. Who was " Light Horse Harry?" 

34. Name the General who shot a wolf in her den by the light of 

her own eyes, and relate the circumstance. 

35. In what name did Ethan Allen demand the surrender of Ti- 

conderoga ? 

36. What reward did Arnold, as traitor, receive ? 

37. Who was " Mad Anthony ? " 

38. How many chests of tea were thrown overboard in Boston Har- 

bor? 

39. Who was Secretary of the first Continental Congress? Who 

was President ? 

40. When was the name United Colonies changed to United States 

of America? 

41. Who were the " Sons of Liberty ? " 

42. Relate what occurred in the Virginia Assembly, concerning 

Patrick Henry. 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 169 

43. Name some of the honored members composing the First Con- 

tinental Congress. 

44. Who established the first line of post-office communication 

through the United States? 

45. Relate some of Israel Putnam's adventures. 

46. Name some noted foreigners who fought with us in the Revo 

lutionary War. 

47. What General justly deserves the honor of bringing about the 

defeat of Burgoyne ? 

48. Relate the anecdote of Molly Pitcher. 

49. Who commanded " the ragged regiment ? " 

60. Mention some of the efforts made by the women of Revolution- 
ary times. 

51. Describe the surrender of Cornwallis. 

62. What was the '^ Navigalioji Act?" What were the " Writs of 
Assistance ? " 

53. Who was the first commander-in-chief of the American army? 

54. What was the first of the original States settled, and which the 

last? 

55. Name some " pai-tisan patriots." 



170 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 

GENERAL BE VIEW OF PART III. 
Causes, 

Oppressive Acts, 
The Boston Massacre, 
The Tax on Tea Resisted, 
The Gas|)ee Affair. 
The Boston Tea Party, 
Sons of Liberty, 
Friends in England, 
First Continental Congress, 
Ripe for Liberty, 
Second Continental Congress, 
Washington, Commander-in-chief, 
The Hessians, 

Declaration of Independence, 
Original Thirteen States, 
Pardons, 

Washington's Retreat through IST. J., 
Captain Nathan Hale, 
Commissioners sent to France, 
Flag of the United States, 
Articles of Confederation, 
LaFayette, 
At Valley Forge, 

English Attempt at Reconciliation, 
REVOLUTION. Conduct of Gen. Charles Lee, 
Partisan Patriots, 
Continental Money, 
Arnold's Treason, 
The Captors of Andre, 
End of the War — Peace, 
Condition of Country after the War, 
Adoption of the Constitution, 
The First Two Political Parties, 
Emigration Westward, 
The Northwest Territory, 
^^ Territory Defined. 



VI 



PERIOD 



OF THE 



H 
H 

O 
H 

SO 

o 



REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. 17J 

ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 

PERIOD OF THE REVOLUTION— Continued. 

f Lexington — effect, 
177^ J Capture of Ticonderoga, 
*''^ I -Banker Hill— effect, 

(^Battle before Quebec. 

( Evacuation of Boston, 

I Bombardment of Fort Moultrie, 

1776 <j Battle of Long Island, 

Battle of White Plains— effect, 
t Battle of Trenton— effect. 

' Battle of Princeton, 
Banbury, Conn., burned, 
Battle of Bennington, 

1777 <! ^^^^^^ ^^ '^^^ Brandywine, 
Battle of Germantown, 
First Battle of Saratoga, 1 -p,^ , 
Second Battle of Saratoga, / -^"^^^' 

^Capture of Forts Clinton & Montgomery. 

r Battle of Monmouth, 
j^jg 1 Massacre at Wyoming, 

I Massacre at Cherry Valley, 
(^Capture of Savannah. 

{Capture of Stony Point, 
Attack on Savannah, 
Paul Jones'b Naval Battle, 
Capture of Paulus Hook. 

( Capture of Charleston, 
1780^ Battle of Camden, 

( Battle of King's Mountain. 

r Battle of the Cowpens, 
1781 } ^''^'^"^'s Retreat, 

\ Battle of Eutavv Springs, 
I^Siege of Yorktown. 



172 



VII 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
(1. SPANISH, 

2. FRENCH, 

3. DUTCH, 

4. ENGLISH, 
1^5. SWEDISH. 



SETTLEMENTS 

to close of 

THE REVOLUTIOX. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



173 



PART IV. 

NATIONAL FEPdOD. 

FROM THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

1787—1904. 



sectio:n' I. 

FROM THE CONSTITUTION TO THE CLOSE OF THE SECOND WAR TVITH 
ENGLAND. 




" Eagle." 
OUR GOVERNMENT. 

1. A Federal Republic— The several States of our 
country are united under one General Government, 
called a Federal Republic; that is, a republic in 
which several separate republics are united in one— 
E Pluribus \J^\]u—o7u composed of many. 

2. Each State a Republic.— Each State is a repub- 
lic by itself; for it has a government of its own, 
and is at liberty to make laws relative to its own 



174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATE, o 

peculiar interests; but the more L;eneral concerns 
of the luition, as the regulation of commeroe, the 
declaration of war, the coining of m3nej, etc., are 
entrusted to the General Government. 

3. Wliyj riiree Branches. — The Government of the 

United States consists of three branches, namely: 
The Legislative; the Executive; and the Judicial 
l*ower. 

4. The Legislative Power. — The Legislative power 
is vested in a Congress which consists of two 
branches* — the Senate and the House of Kepresen- 
tatives. The Senate consists of two members from 
each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for 
the term of six years. The members of the IIcu3e 
of Representatives are chosen for two years bj'the 
people of each State, according to the population. 
The number of llepresentatives for each State is 
allotted in proportion to its population — at present 
(1904) 1 for every 194,182. The Senate now con- 
sists of 90 members, and the House of Representa- 
tives of 390, thus making 480 members of Congress. 
Congress meets at Washington every winter on the 
lirst Monday in December to attend to the general 
interests of the nation. 

5. The Executive Power. — The Executive power 
is vested in a President and a Yice-President, as- 
sisted by seven Secretaries, called Heads of Depart- 
ments, namely : The Secretary of State, the Secre- 
tary of War, the Secretary of the Navy, the Sec- 
retary of tlie Treasury, the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary 
of Commerce ; and a Postmaster- General and an At- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 171? 

torney-General. There are termed the Cabinet. 
The President and Vice-President are chosen for 
four years hy delegates elected by the people, 
called electors.^ Each State chooses as many dele- 
gates as it has members in Congress. Ao the 
Executive Power administers the Government it ia 
termed the Administration. Hence, we speak of 
Washington's Administration, Jefferson's Adminis- 
tration, etc. 

6, The Judicial Power. — The Judicial Power is 
vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior 
courts as Congress may from time to tim ■ establish. 
The Supreme Court is composed of one Chiev Jus- 
tice and eight Associate Justices, who hold -i. court 
in the city of Washington annu^ily, commencing 

*The Presidential election tiik^s place on the Tuesday after the 
first Monday in November, every fourth year after a President has 
been elected. Each political party nominates and votes for a cer- 
tain set of Electors, who, in case of their election, are to vote for 
the candidates cf the party that elected tliem. On tlie first Wed- 
nesday in December, after the Presidential election, the Electors 
mcti at the capital;; of their respective States and vote b;, ballot for 
President nnd Vice President. The vote of each State i:; then 
sealed and transmitted to Washington. On the second W^ednesday 
of the following February the certificates of the votes thus cast by 
the Electors are opened by the President of the Senate, in presence 
of Congress, and the candidate who has received a majority of the 
whole number of electoral votes cast is declared President for the 
ensuing term. If no one has a majority, then from the three high- 
est on the list, the House of Representatives elects a President. 
The Vice-President, who is ex-officio President of the Senate, has 
the casting vote in all measures in case of a tie. To be eligible to 
the Presidency a candidate must be a native citizen and thirty-five 
years of age, and must have resided in the country for at least 
fourteen years. The President's salary is at present time $50,000 
a jear ; that of the Vice-President $8,000. 



176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. \ 

on the second Monday in January ; besides wMch, 
each of these Justices attends in a certain circuit, 
comprising two or more districts apportioned to 
each, and, together with the judge of the district, 
composes a Circuit Court, which is held in each dis- 
trict of the circuit. The principal business of these 
courts is to expound the laws of the United States, 
and to settle all questions which arise under the 
Constitution and treaties of the United States. 
The Justices are appointed by the President, by 
and with the advice and consent of the Senate, and 
hold their offices during life or good behavior. 



wAjSHINgton's administration. 

1789—1797. 

1. The Inauguration. — The Constitution, as we 
have learned, went into operation in 1789. The 
first step was to elect the executive and legislative 
officers. Washington was unanimously chosen first 
President of the Republic;* and on April 30th, 
1789, he was inaugurated in the presence of a large 
concourse of people. 

He reluctantly left his quiet retreat at Mount Yer- 
non to assume the arduous duties of public life. His 
journey to the seat of Government (New York) was 
a continual ovation. Along his route, at every vil- 
lage, were crowds of people, in holiday dress, carry- 

* Three States out of the thirteen did not vote, viz. : New 
York, which had not passed an electoral law; and North Carolina 
and Rhode Island, which had not adopted the Constitution. 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 



177 



ing baskets or garlands of flowers, wlio hailed his 
appearance with shonts of joy. On his arrival in 
Kew York city, he took the oath to support the Con- 
stitution of the United Sates, on the 30th of April, 
standing on the balcony of old Federal Hall, which 
was situated on the ground afterward occupied by the 
United States Sub-Treasury. 




Geukuk Washington. 

2. Washington's Cabinet. — Washington was ju- 
dicious in the selection of his officers of Government. 
He appointed Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State ; 
Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury; 
General Knox Secretary of War, and Edmund Ran- 
dolph Attorney-General. The offices of Secretary of 
the Navy, Secretary of the Interior, and Postmaster- 
General were not then created. 

3. Financial Affairs The first attention of the 

new Congress was to financial matters and the reg. 



178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ulation of commerce. An act was passed imposing 
duties on imports and tonnage, and protecting home 
manufacture. The national debt early became the 
subject of discussion in Congress. The recom- 
mendation of Hamilton that the General Govern- 
ment assume the debts of the several States was 
acted upon. The Federal party advocated a pro- 
tective tariff and a national bank ; the Republican 
part}^ opposed both of these. 

4. The Slavery Question. — During the first session 
of Congress the subject of slavery caused an excit- 
ing debate — "the beginning of a contention to be 
settled years after, only by the stern arbitration of 
the sword." All of the States except Massachu- 
setts at this time held slaves. [S^e '■''Jefferson's Ad- 
ministration,''' Topic 10.) 

5. Indian War. — The Indian tribes inhabiting 
the Northwest Territory were extremely hostile, 
and dread of them long retarded emigration to that 
region. Peaceful means failing, the Government 
resolved to employ force. In 1790 General IIar- 
MAR, with 1,100 men, marched against them, but 
he met with a disastrous defeat. The next attempt 
to subdue them was made by General Arthur St. 
Clair, Governor of the Northwest Terri<-ory. In 
September, 1791, at the head of 2,000 men, he 
marched to the head waters of the Wabash; but 
heedless and too confident of success, they were 
surprised by the wily savages under Little Turtle, 
and half the soldiers were slain. The rest *bund 
safety in disorderly flight. 

In 1794 Gen. Wayne — "Mad Anthony" of Rev- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 179 

olutionary fame — went against the Indians; and in 
a desperate battle defeated and compelled them to 
make peace.* 

6. Yellow Fever. — Previous to the year 1793 this 
epidemic had been unknown in America. In Au- 
gust of that year it broke out in Philadelphia with 
such virulence that in three months, out of a popu- 
lation of 60,000, no less than 4,000 perished. The 
people were terror-stricken, and all that could de- 
serted the city.f {See also "■ IIayes\^ Administra- 
tion," Topic 11.) 

7. The Whisky Insurrection.— In 1791 the Gov- 
ernment imposed a duty on domestic liquors. It 
met with considerable opposition, especially in 
Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance grew 
to an open rebellion, known as the " Whisky In- 
surrection." J Upon the approach of a force sent 
by Washington, the insurgents yielded. 

* By the treaty made with the Indians, they gave up all of 
■what is now Ohio and part of Indiana. "Mad Anthony Wayne" 
was long remembered by the Indians of the west. He is said to 
have told them that if they ever violated their treaty, he woulff 
rise from his grave to fight them. The frontier for years thereafter 
enjoyed a security which it had never before known. Wayne died 
in December. 1796, while on hoard of his vessel on Lake Erie, and 
was buried at Presque Isle, now Erie. 

tThe illustrious Dr. Benjamin Rush, whose medical works 
are yet studied with profit, was eminently successful in his treat- 
ment of this terrible .scourge. He was one of the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence, and was distinguished alike as a pat- 
riot and a man of letters. He died in 1813. 

JThe people in Pennsylvania had been encouraged to open 
insurrection by the course of Mr. Genet (je-naj/), the agent of 
the revolutionary party in France, " whose arrival in America had 
been the signal lor the organization of democratic societies hostile 
to governmeat, on the plan of the Jacobin clubs of Paris," 



180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. Foreign Relations. — A mighty revolution in 
France had overthrown monarchy and made that 
nation a Republic. The Republicans — or Demo- 
crats — as they now began to be called, warmly 
sympathized with the French revolutionists. On 
the other hand the Federalists were desirous of 
preserving and promoting friendly relations with 
Great Britain. John Jay * was sent (1795) to ne- 
gotiate a treaty, which was ratified by Congress by 
a small majority, f France, being at war with 
England, considered this treaty unfair, in view of 
the services she had rendered in the struggle for 
American Independence. 

* John Jay was one of the most celebrated statesmen of his 
time. After graduating at college, he studied law, pursuing his 
profession until the rupture with England, when he took a deep 
interest in the questions at issue, and soon became prominent as a 
politician. In 1778 he was president of the Continental Congress, 
and the following year he was appointed minister to Spain. Afte 
his return from Great Britain to negotiate the treaty of peace, he 
was appointed secretary of foreign affairs. Washington, while 
President, appointed him Chief-Justice of the United States, — 
being the first to hold that position. He was afterward elected 
governor of New York, and thoivgh urged to be a candidate for 
another term, he declined ; he also refused the appointment to his 
previous position of chief-justice, preferring to pass the remainder 
of his life in quiet retirement. 

t Many difficulties beset the new government. " The treasury 
was empty, and the United States had no credit. Pirates from the 
Barbary States attacked our ships, and American citizens were 
languishing in Algerine dungeons. Spain refused us the naviga- 
tion of the Mississippi ; England had not yet condescended to send 
a minister to our government, and had made no treaty of com- 
merce with us." In 1795, however, by treaty with Spain, the 
United States secured the free navigation of the Mississippi, and 
the boundary of Florida— still held by that nation— was fixed. A 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 181 

9. Washington's Retirement. — Washington was 
twice elected President. On the 4th of March, 1797, 
he retired from office, having previously published 
his " Farewell Address? " to his fellow citizens. This 
document was univerially read, and its value has 
scarcely diminished with the lapse of time. 

10. Death of Washin;^ton — His Character. — On the 

14th of December, 1799, Washington, after a brief 
illness, died at Mount Vernon, in the 67th year of 
his age. 

"In personal appearance, Washington was over 
six feet in height, robust, graceful, and perfectly 
erect. His manner was formal and dignified. He 
was more solid than brilliant, and had more judg- 
ment than genius. He had great dread of public 
life, cared little for books, and had no library. 
Calm in defeat, sober in victory, commanding at 
all times, but irresistible when aroused, he exercised 
equal authority over himself and his army. He 
was a consistent Christian, and a regular attendant 
of the Episcopal Church, of which he was a com- 
municant." 

Washington left no children. It has been beau- 
tifully said, "Providence left him childless, that 
his country might call him Father." 

11. Seats of Government — District of Columbia.-^ 

New York City was the first seat of our Govern- 
ment; thence it was transferred to Philadelphia; 
and in 1800 it was removed to Washington City, in 

treaty was also made with Algiers, by which our captives were re- 
leased, and American vessels were permitted to trade on the Med- 
iterranean, 



182 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the District of Columbia. The District of Colum- 
bia was formerly ten miles square, given to the 
United States in 1790, by Maryland and Virginia, 
for the purpose of a National Capital. In 1800 it 
became the seat of the General Government and 
the residence of the President and other executive 
otHcers of the nation. In 1846, by an act of Con- 
gress, the part given by Virginia was restored to 
that State. Consequently, the District is now con- 
fined to the Maryland side of the Potomac, and 
contains sixty-four square miles. 

The government of the District is peculiar. The 
legislative power is retained by Congress, the execu- 
tive is vested in three Commissioners, appointed by 
the President, and tiie judicial m a Supreme Court, 
a Circuit, a Criminal and a District Court. An 
appeal lies to the Supreme Court of the United 
States. There is no representation in Congress, 
and the people have no vote in national elections. 
The present form of government was adopted in 
June, 1878. 

12. Invention of the Cotton Gin.— In 1793 the Cot- 
ton Gin was invented by Eli Whitney. This gave 
a new impetus to the cultivation of cotton, and was 
a boon of great value to the South. Before the in- 
vention of this machine it was so difficult to cleanse 
cotton that the cultivation of it was very limited. 

13. The First States Admitted. — During Washing- 
ton's administration the following named States 
having, respectively, sufficient population, became 
members of the Union : 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 183 

Vermont was admitted as the fourteenth State, 
Aiarch 4, 1791. 

Kentucky was admitted as the fifteenth State, 
June 1, 1792. 

Tennessee was admitted as the sixteenth State, 
June 1, 1796. 

14. Settlemeut of These States. — Vermont, deriving, 
its name from two French words — verd, green, and 
moni, mountain — was settled at Brattleboro in 1724 
by people from Connecticut and Massachusetts. 
During the Revolution and before, it formed a part 
of New Hampshire, and was not therefore one of 
the Original States. 

Kentucky — Meaning the "Dark and Bloody 
Ground," because of the bloody encounters among 
Indians* — was formerly a part of Virginia, and 
was first visited by Daniel BooNE,t the great hun- 
ter, in 1769. The first settlement was made at 
Ilarrodaburg, June 16th, 1774. Louisville was set- 
tled in 1778, and Lexington in 1779. 

^Kentucky was, by a common understanding — if not by an en- 
forced consent — literally the vast hunting ground of the universal 
Indian race — qualified by the fact that when parties of savages 
upon the war path chanced to meet, the conflicts were so instant, 
fierce and pitiless that Kentucky became known as The Dark and 
Bloody Ground. — Cnllinsh History of Kentucky. 

tDaniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania. When but a youth 
his father removed to North Carolina, and from there Daniel began 
to explore Kentucky, then a vast wilderness. He wai? employed 
in hunting and trapping. He had many encounters with the In- 
dians and was captured throe times, but by ingenious expedients 
made his escape. He held several government offices, and founded 
Boonsborough, Ky. Ills wife and daugliter were the first white 
women to stand on the banks ol' tlie Kentucky river. He received 



184 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Tennessee — which derives its name from the Ten. 
nessee river — an Indian word meaning "The river 
with a great bend" — was settled at Fort Loudon, 
thirty miles from the present site of Knoxville, in 
1756. The State was originally a part of North 
Carolina, from which it was separated in 1789. 
Kashville was founded in 1765. Kentucky and 
Tennessee were carved from the "Territory South 
of the Ohio liiver." [See Map of Territorial Growth.) 



JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1797—1801. 

1. Inauguration. — On March 4th, 1797, Johni 
Adams, Federalist, was inaugurated second President. 
His opponent in the election was Thomas Jefferson, 
Eepublican (or Democrat), who, liowever, became 
Vice-President. 

2. John Adams. — He was born in Quincy, Mass- 
achusetts, in 1785. He was a member of both the 
first and second Continental Congress, and nominated 
Washington for Commander-in-Chief. It was mainly 
through his influence, in a three-days' debate, that 

a large tract of land from the Spanish government for his services 
but lost it by not proving his title. Fearless of danger, though 
continually exposed to it, his life was one of thrilling adventures. 
He was mild and unboastful, and never uttered a coarse word nor 
did a rude act. He was benevolent, kind-hearted, liberal, and 
honest. He died in Missouri in 1820 at the age of 89. In 1845 
his remains were removed to Frankfort, Ky., and reinterred with 
appropriate ceremonies. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 185 

tlie Declaration of Independence was adopted. He 
was a ceaseless worker, and had the reputation of 
having the clearest head and strongest heart of any 
man in Congress. He was an able lawyer and a good 
writer. He made a greater reputation, however, as 
Congressman than he gained as President, He was 




John Adams. 

Vice-President during both terms of "Washington's 
Administration, 

2. Difficulties with France. — During this Ad- 
ministration the policy pursued by tlie French Govern- 
ment was so arbitrary that it threatened to end in war, 
and Washington was again appointed commander-in- 
chief (1797).* Napoleon Bonaparte, however, hav- 
ing assumed control of affairs in that country, and 
having his ambition turned in another direction, 

* Washington died before the difficulties were adjusted (1799). 



186 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

war was obviated.* (See note to Topic 3, '■'■Jefferson'^ 
Administration") 

4. Alien and Sedition Laws. — " Owing to the vio- 
lent denunciations of the Government by the friends 
and emissaries of France, the alien and sedition laws 
were passed. Under the former the President could 
expel from the country any foreigner whom he 
deemed injurious to the United States; under the 
latter, any one libelling Congress, the President, or 
the Government, could be fined and imprisoned." 
This was a most unpopular measure, and excited 
the bitterest feeling. 

These laws soon became null and void. The effect 
of their passage was to defeat Adams for a second 
term. 

*The French Directory had refused to receive the United 
States Minister appointed by Washington. Three special envoys 
were now sent to Paris; but an official reception was denied them 
also, "unless they would pledge their country to a loan, and bribe 
the individual members of the Directory." The envoys disdained 
these insulting proposals. " Millions for defense, but not one cent 
for tribute " was the reply of Charles C. Pinckney, one of the 
envoys, and these words became the rallying cry of the party op- 
posed to the French. The United States flag was also insulted on 
the ocean, and a number of vessels were captured by French cruis- 
ers. These outrages were gallantly resented by Captain Truxton 
and a few brave seamen. During the Revolution he had taken 
many prizes from the British, and was now one of the six captains 
of the infant navy. While cruising in the frigate Constellation, he 
fell in with the French vessel L' Insurgente {lang-soor-zhout^), which 
surrendered after a spirited action. He next encountered the 
French frigate La Vengeance {lah-vong-zho%i)i^), and silenced heraftei 
a fight of five hours. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 1S7 

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATIOK 

1801—1809. 

1. Election and Inauguration.— The Republi- 
cans in the election of 1800 nominated Thomas Jeffer- 
son for President, and Aaron Burr for Yice- President. 
The Federalists nominated John Adams and Charles 
C, Pinckney. The former ticket was elected, and on 
the 4th of March, 1801, Jefferson was inaugurated 
third President. 




Thomas Jefferson. 

When tlie electoral votes were counted, it was 
found that Jefferson and Burr were in advance of 
the other candidates, both having the same number. 
There being, consequently, no choice by the people, 
the election was thrown into the House of Repre- 
sentatives, Avhich, after a long and bitter contest, on 



188 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the tliirty-sixtli ballot gave the Presidency by one 
vote to Jefferson and made Burr Vice-President.* 

2. Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 and died 
in 1826. He was a graduate of AVilliam and Mary 
College, and afterward became a lawyer. He was 
a ripe scholar, and highly accomplished. He was the 
author of the Declaration of Independence and the 
founder of the Democratic party. f He was the first 
Secretary of State. He was re-elected and held the 
Presidency till March, 1809. At the end of his second 
term as President he retired to Monticello and founded 
the University of Virginia. 

3. Purchase of Louisiana. — Jin 1803 President 
Jefferson purchased from France the Territory of 
Louisiana, paying therefor $15,000,000. This vast 

* Previous to the election of 1804 each elector voted for two 
cuiiiiidates for President; the one receiving the highest number of 
votes, if a majority, was declared elected President; and the next 
highest, Vice-President. 

t As President, Jefferson cultivated the extreme of republican 
simplicity. His style and demeanor wore unostentatious, and on 
his inauguration day, he rode alone to the Cajjitol, tied his horse 
to the fence, which then surrounded it, and entered unattended, 
reading his fifteen minutes' address, and retiring in the same sim- 
ple manner. 

t This vast domain had just been ceded by Spain to France, 
land Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor of the French, intended to 
establish at the mouth of the Mississippi a strong military colony, 
conveniently situated for encroaching on the neighboring territo- 
ries of Great Britain, Spain, and the United States. Circumstances, 
however, changed his plans, and having his ambition turned to an 
invasion of the British Isles, he decided to sell Louisiana to the 
United States. One-third of the purchasing price was allowed as 
an indemnity for injuries committed by the French on our com* 
^erce. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 189 

region then comprised all the country west of the 
Mississippi, except the present States of Texas, 
California, and Nevada, and the Territories of 
Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona; which then 
formed a part of Mexico and belonged to that 
country till the Mexican War (1848). {See Map 
showing Territorial growth of the United States.) 

4. War with Tripoli. — The Tripolitans, people 
of Tripoli {trip' -o-lee), one of the Barbary States, on 
the northern coast of Africa, were noted pirates, 
and had for a long time been the terror of the 
Mediterranean. They required all vessels to pay 
tribute as exemption from depredations. The Uni- 
ted States, in common with the nations of Europe, 
had paid this tribute; but now (1801) the Governor 
of Algiers becoming more exorbitant in his de- 
mands, the Americans determined to put a stop to 
this insolence. War was declared against the Bar- 
bary States, and Commodore Decatur* with a 
squadron, was sent to humble them. This he did 
in several severe naval battles, though peace was 
not finally established till 1805. The pirates were 
<so much punished that they were glad to let Ameri- 
can commerce alone. 

5. Ohio Admitted Into the Union. — During this 

♦Commodore Stephen Decatur entered the navy at the age of 
ftrenty, and the war with Tripoli brought him into prominent no- 
tice. He was at once promoted to a captaincy, and in the war of 
i812 was made a commodore. His greatest victory was the cap- 
ture of the Macedonia {see Events of 1812, Topic 3 and note), for 
which Congress voted him a go hi medal. Decatur was killed in a 
duel with Commodore Burrow in 1820. 



190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Administration Ohio was admitted as the seven- 
teenth State, February 19th, 1803. 

Ohio — Which is an Indian word for "Beautiful 
Kiver" — was settled at Marietta in 1788 — by a 
colony of New Englanders led by General RuFUS 
Putnam. Cincinnati — first called Fort Washing- 
ton — was founded in 1789. Ohio was the first State 
formed out of the Northwest Territory. (See Map 
of Territojnal Growth.) 

6. The Hamiltou-BuiT Duel.— On July 11th, 1804, 
Alexander Hamilton was killed in a duel by Aaron 
Burr, the Vice-President, at Weehawken, New 
York. Burr was the challenger. The difficult}" 
grew out of political differences.* 

7. Burr's Couspiracy. — Burr was ever after loathecf 
by his countrymen. He was afterwards engageci 
iu a wild scheme to establish an independent em- 
pire, either in Mexico or in the West.f His de- 

*Hamilton had attained the highest eminence in the profes- 
sion of law. Burr was his rival both in law and politics, and wa& 
a man of great talents but little principle. While still Vice^ 
President, Burr ran for Governor of New York, but was defeated 
by a large majority, owing, in a measure, to Hamilton's influence. 
This led to the duel. On the very spot where Hamilton fell hia 
eldest son had shortly before been killed in a duel. Hamilton's 
death produced a profound sensation. Few men have shone with 
greater brilliancy in our country; few have been gifted with a 
more powerful eloquence, or have been more justly respected for 
their talents or attainments. Men of all parties had felt that 
" whoever was second, Hamilton must be first." 

tHe partially unfolded his plans to General Wilkinsox, whom 
he endeavored to interest in his scheme, but Wilkinson revealed 
the information to the President. Burr was thence closely watched. 
"On a beautiful island in the Ohio, near Marietta, an Irish exile 
named Blen-ner-has^-set had erected an elegant mansion, which 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 191 

gigns were, however, frustrated by the Government. 
He was tried for conspiracy against the United 
States, but, for want of sufficient evidence, he was 
acquitted. He defended his own case with power- 
ful argument. His political career, however, was 
ended. The remainder of his life was passed in 
obscurity. 

8. Expedition of Lewis and Clarke. — In 1804 Jef- 
ferson sent Captain Lewis and Lieutenant Clarke 
with a party of thirty-live soldiers and hunters to 
cross the liocky Mountains and explore the con- 
tinent as far as the mouth of the Columbia river. 
After an absence of more than two years, having 
traveled more than 6,000 miles among savage 
tribes and wild beasts, they returned with the loss 
of only one man. They published a book of their 
adventures, which is exceedingly interesting. 

9. Indian Policy. — During Jefierson's administra- 
tion the difficult Indian question was settled nearly 
as it has since remained. The policy was to pur- 
chase their lands, excepting what they would them- 
eelves cultivate, the object being to lead them 
to agriculture instead of war and hunting; and 

he and his accomplished wife had rendered a center of attraction 
to people of refinement throughout the neighboring country. Burr, 
who was a man of fascinating manners, gained admission to this 
paradise and induced its owner to participate in his schemes. The 
lovely island soon became the chief resort of the conspirators, and 
Burr remained there till he had completed his plan of operations. 
After his departure, the authorities of Virginia sent an officer to 
arrest Blennerhasset. He was received by the high-spirited mis- 
tress of the island, who, with a pistol in each hand, ordered him 
to depart on pain of instant death. The officer deemed it pru- 
dent to retire, and Blennerhasset made good his escape." Blcnner- 
basset's complicity in this treasonable enterprise wrought his ruin. 



192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to effect, in time, their removal west of the Missis- 
sippi. 

10. The First Steamboat.— In 1807 Robert Ful- 
ton, un ingenious American, built the first steam- 
boat applied to successful use. She was run on 
the Hudson from New York to Albany, and was 
named the " Clermont." The idea of navigation 
by means of steam was ridiculed, but Fulton's in- 
vention was a perfect success.* The Clermont plied 
for some years between ISTew York and Albany — a 
distance of 160 miles. Before this the passage had 
been made in sloops, and required from six to ten 
days. The Clermont performed it in thirty-six 
hours — at the rate of about four and a half miles 
per hour.f The first steamboat on western waters 
was in 1811. 

11. Slave Trade Abolished. — During the last year 
of Jefierson's Administration — in 1808 — the Afri- 
can slave trade was abolished by the Government. 
The New England States had already disposed of 
their slaves to the Southern States, where they 
were worked upon the large plantations. 

* The first steamship that crossed the Atlantic was the Savan- 
nah, in 1819. The idea of navigation by means of steam power 
wan first conceived by JoHisr Fitch, a Kentuckian, who in 1787, 
1738, and 1789 built several small boats, which had temjwrary 
success. A committee of the New York Legislature, after a thor- 
ough investigation, decided that the boats built by Livingston and 
Fulton (several years after Fitch's death) were in substTnce the 
invention patented by .John Fitch. 

t After the success of the Clermont, Fulton's reputation was 
world-wide. His first application of steam power for propelling 
boats was on the Seine, in 1803, but tl.e experiment was not a suc- 
cess. He built many river sti-amboats, and constructed the first 
United States steam war vessel. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 193 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1809—1817. 

1. Election and Inauguration.— The Democrats 
elected James Madison as fourth President, and on 
March 4th, 1809, he was duly inaugurated. lie was 
re-elected in 1812, thus serving eight years. His 
Administration was distracted by political contests and 




James Madison. 

shaken by war. The principal events were a war 
with the Indians of the northwest and the second war 
with England, usually styled "The War of 1812. 

2. James Madison was born in 1751. As a mem- 
ber of the Continental Congress he was known for 
the wisdom of his judgments and aptness of methods. 
He was Secretary of State under Jefferson. He lived 
in retirement at Montpelier, Virginia, after 1817, until 
his death in 1836. He was one of the strongest 



194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

advocates of the Constitution when it was under 
discussion in Congress in 1787. lie drafted the 
famous "1798-99 Resolutions," enunciating tlie 
doctrine of" State Rights," which, with the accom- 
panying report in their defense, have been the 
^reat text-book of the Democratic party. 

3. Indian War— Battle of Tippecanoe.— British 

emissaries aroused the Indians to war. A confed- 
eracy of the northwestern tribes was formed by the 
famous chief Tecumseh. {See note to Topic 11, 
'"''Emnts of 1813"). The war was terminated by 
Gen. Harrison's victory at the battle of Tippe- 
canoe, Indiana, November 7th, 1811. 



THE WAR OF 1812. 
1812—1815. 

4. Canses. — England and France were at war. 
England forbade all neutral vessels to trade with 
France, excepting such as paid tribute to the Brit- 
ish. Napoleon, Emperor of the French, decreed 
that all ships that paid such tribute should be 
liable to confiscation by the French. Thus the 
commerce of the United States was in great dan- 
ger of being destroyed. 

England claimed the right to search American 
vessels for British deserters; and, in many in- 
stances, American sailors were taken for deserters 
and impressed into the British service.* It is sjiid 

» In June, 1807, the frigate Chesapeake was attacked by the 
British ship Leopard. After a short fight, the Chesapeake hauled 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 195 

that upwards of 6,000 men were forced to enter the 
British navy. The American doctrine was that a 
forei<^ner could be naturalized and thus become an 
American citizen, enjoying all the privileges of 
such. The British doctrine was " Once an English- 
man, alvvays an Englishman." The contest was for 
"free trade and sailors' rights," 

In 1811 an encounter took place between the 
United State frigate President and the British sloop 
of war Little Belt, m which several men were killed. 

Great Britain continuing her depredations upon 
American commerce, Congress declared war, June 
18th, 1812. 



EVENTS OF 1812. 

1. General Hull's Surrender. — The first military 
operations were disastrous to the Americans. Gen. 
William Hull, Governor of Michigan Territory, 
invaded Canada with an army of 2,000 men; but 
his incapacity was sucli that he quickly abandoned 
the undertaking and retreated to Detroit, withia 
the American lines, where, without firing a gun, 
he surrendered his whole army, August 15th.* 
This was a bitt'jr disappointment to the brave sol- 
down her colors. The officers of the Leopard came aboard and car- 
ried away three American citizens, who had escaped from a Brit- 
ish vessel upon which they had been forcibly impressed. 

* General 0ull was cashiered for his disgraceful and cowardly 
conduct : and, but for his services in the Revolutionary War, and 
Ais advanced age, he would have been shot. 



196 



HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 



diers, who anticipated a victory and were eager for 
the fray.* 

2. Mackinaw and Queens- 
town. — T he important 
post of Mackinaw in the 
meantime had been sur- 
prised and taken by the 
British; and an attempt of 
the N'ew York militia to 
invade Canada from the 
Niagara frontier proved un- 
successful in the battle of 
Queenstown, October 13th. 

3. Victories on the 
Ocean. — But these disas- 
ters on land were fully com- 
pensated by the unexpected 

Niagara Frontier, 1812. 

• General Hull drew up his men in order of battle ; then, while 
they were impatient for the fight, ordered them to retire to the 
fort. The indignation of the army broke forth, and all subordina- 
tion ceased. They crowded in, and without any order from the 
general, stacked their arms, some dashing them with violence upon 
the ground. " Many of the soldiers wept, and even the women 
were angry at such apparent cowardice." In his official report, 
Gen. Hull endeavored to exonerate himself, by setting forth the 
inferiority of his force, compared with that of the enemy ; and also 
the danger which threatened him from numerous western tribes of 
Indians, who were swarming in the neighboring woods, ready, in 
case of his defeat, to rush to the indiscriminate slaughter of the 
Americans. Whether these views justified the surrender or not, 
the public mind was wholly unprepared for a disaster so mortify 



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NATIONAL PERIOD. 197 

and brilliant success of the American navy.* On 
the 13th of August the first naval victory of the 
war was achieved — the United States sloop of war 
Essex, Captain Porter, falling in with and captur- 
hig the British sloop of war Alert, after an action of 
eight minutes. This engagement took place off the 
Grand Bank of Newfoundland. 

On the 19th of August the United States frigate 
Constitution, Captain Isaac Hull (nephew of Gen. 
Wm. Hull), captured the British frigate Guerriere 
{gare-e-are'), Captain Dacres, off the Coast of Mas- 
sachusetts. 

On the ISth of October the United States sloop 
of war Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the British 
brig Frolic ofi' the coast of North Carolina.f 

On the 25th of the same month the frigate Uni- 
ted States, Captain Decatur, captured the British 
frigate Macedonian off the Azores. | 

*The condition of the navy was better than that of the army. 
The situation of the United States as a maratime and commercial 
nation, had kept it provided with seamen. The recent contest with 
Tripoli had given to the officers and men some experience in war. 
The navy, however, was small. Ten frigates, ten sloops and one 
hundred and sixty-five gunboats were all the public naval force 
which America could oppose to the thousand ships of (Jreat 
Britain." 

tAs the American sailors leaped on board the enemy's vessel, 
they were surprised to find no person on deck except three officers 
and the seaman at the wheel. The deck was slippery with blood, 
and presented a scene of havoc and ruin. 

JWhen Captain Garden, commander of the Macedonian, ten- 
dered his sword to Captain Decatur — who was as distinguished for 
courtesy as courage — the latter replied that lie could not tliink of 
taking the sword of an officer who hnd defended himself so gal- 
lantly, but would be happy to grasp his hand. In this action an 



198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Oil December 29th the Constitution, Capt. Bain- 
bridge, made another capture — of the British frig- 
ate Java, off' BraziL 

Burini^ the same year the American privateers 
captured nearly 300 British vessels, many of them 
strongly manned. 

These brilliant victories humbled the proud 
" Mistress of the Seas," — so called — and crowned 
the American navy with glory and fame. Great 
enthusiasm was aroused and confidence restored. 
Volunteer corps were formed. Madison was re- 
elected, thus stamping his war policy with popular 
approval. 

EVENTS OF 1813.* 

1 Battle of Frenchto^vn — "The Raisin."— The 

campaign of 1813 began unfavorably to the Amer- 
icans. 

On January 22d the Americans under General 

act of generosity and benevolence on the part of our brave tars de- 
serves to be recorded. " The carpenter, who was unfortunately 
killed in the conflict with the Macedonian,\\ii(\ left three small chil- 
dren to the care of a worthless mother. When the circumstance 
became known to the brave seamen they made a contribution 
among themselves to the amount of $800, and placed it in safe 
hands, to be appropriated to the education and maintenance of the 
orphans." 

« For the year's campaign, three armies were raised : " (1) 
the Army of the Centre, under General Dearborn, on the Niagara 
River; (2) the Army of the North, under General Hampton, along 
Lake Champlain; and (3) the Army of the West, under General 
Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame. All three were ultimately to in- 
vade Canada. General Proctor was the British general, and Te 
cumseh had command of his Indian allies." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 199 

Winchester routed the enemy at Frenchtown on 
the Raisin river, in Michigan. Shortly after, Win- 
chester's army was attacked by an army of 1,500 
British and Indians from Maiden {maul'-den), Can- 
ada, under General Proctor. After a desperate 
struggle the Americans surrendered on condition 
that their lives and personal property should be 
safe. ^"0 sooner, however, had they given up their 
arms than the savages fell upon them, tomahawk- 
ing and scalping the defenseless victims. The 
treacherous British General did not interfere to 
prevent these barbarities.* 

2. Capture of the Peacock. — On the 23d of Janu- 
ary — the day following the memorable action at 
the Raisin — an engagement took place between the 
Hornet, Capt. James Lawrence, and the British 
sloop of war Peacock, Capt. Peake, off the coast of 
South America. The action lasted but fifteen min- 
utes, when the Peacock struck her colors. 

3. Capture of York.— On April 27th the Ameri- 
cans, led by General Albert Pike, attacked and 
took York, now Toronto, then tho capital of Upper 
Canada (Ontario). The gallant Pike and 200 of 
his brave men were killed at the moment of vic- 
tory, by the blowing up of the enemy's magazine 
which had been ignited by a slow match lighted 

*The soldiers thus massacred were mostly volunteers from 
prominent families in Kentucky; many of them young men of 
fortune and property, with numerous friends and relatives. " The 
remains of these brave youth lay on the ground, beat by the storms 
of heaven, and exposed to the beasts of tlie forest, until the ensu- 
ing autumn, when their friends and relations ventured to gather 
up their bleaching bones, and consigned them to the tomb." 



200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

just before the fort was abandoned. This post 
was, however, evacuated in May, 

4. Siege of Fort Meigs. — The British under the 
notorious Proctor besieged the Americans under 
General Harrison, at Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 1st; 
but finding the place gallantly defended, Proctor 
jaised the siege and retreated to Maiden. 

5. Heroic Defense of Fort Stephenson. — August 2d, 
Proctor with 500 British regulars and 800 Indians, 
attacked Fort Stephenson, Ohio. This was garri- 
soned by only 150 men under Major Croghan, a 
young man of twenty-one. The fort was so gal- 
lantly defended and such havoc made in the ene- 
my's ranks that they were compelled to retire with 
considerable loss. Croghan and his heroic little 
band received the plaudits of their admiring coun» 
trymen.* 

6. Fort George and Sackett's Harbor. — May 27tK 
the Americans under Gen. Dearborn captured Fort 
George, on the Niagara river, Canada, a British 
post defended by Col. St. "Vincent. In the raean- 

* Croghan had but one cannon — a six-pounder; but, by firing 
it from different points, he made the enemy believe that he was 
well provided with artillery. A column of 350 of the British at- 
tempted to storm the fort at the north-west angle, where the broken 
appearance of the wall invited attack. Having loaded his piece 
heavily with slugs and grape shot, Croghan placed it in an embra- 
sure carefully concealed from the enemy. While the ditch was 
filled with the approaching enemy, eager to scale the wall now but 
thirty feet distant, a sheet of flame burst from the masked cannon. 
The execution was fearful ; the ditch was filled with dead and dy- 
ing; and a galling fire of musketry from the fort completed the 
rout of the enemy. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 201 

time, Sir James Yeo learning that Dearborn had 
sailed from Sackett's Harbor, immediately made an 
assault on that place, May 29th, but was gallantly 
repulsed by Gen. Brown, a fine officer.* 

7, Loss of the Chesapeake.— Capt. Broke, com- 
mander of the British frigate Shannon, challenged 
Capt. James Lawrence of the American frigate 
Chesapeake to a naval battle. Lawrence accepted 
the challenge, though his vessel was undergoing 
repairs, and many of the crew that had not been 
discharged were somewhat mutinous on account of 
not having received their pay for former services. 
The engagement, occurring June Ist, in Boston 
Harbor, was bloody and disastrous to the Chesa- 
peake, nearly all her men being cut down. Capt. 
Lawrence was mortally wounded, and in his expir- 
ing moments exclaimed : " Don't give up the ship ! " 
The British boarded her, and they, not the Ameri- 
cans, lowered her colors. 

8. Slaughter at Fort Minims. — August 30th the 
Creek Indians, incited by the vigilant Tecumseh, 
fell upon the defenseless garrison of Fort Mimms, 
m\ the Alabama river, slaughtering the women and 
children.. This horrid butchery was avenged March 
27th, 1814, by Gen. Andrew Jackson, who marched 
into the Creek country, and in a desperate battle at 
a place called Horse Shoe Bend defeated them with 
great slaughter. The remnant were glad to sue for 
peace. 

* Throughout the war, Gen. Brown was distinguished for great 
bravery and military skill, receiving from Congress a gold medal 
and a vote of thanks. Before the close of the war he attained the 
<ihief command. 



202 HtStORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

9. The Enterprise and the Boxer. — On September 
5th, Lieut. Burrows, in the Enterprise, near Port- 
land, fell in with the English vessel Boxer. Tho 
British had nailed their colors to the mast, so that 
they could not draw them down; but, after an en- 
gagement of half an hour, in which both command- 
ers were mortally wounded, they cried for quarter 
and surrendered.* 

10. Perry's Victory. — The most glorious naval 
engagement of the war was the capture of a British 
fleet on Lake Erie under the command of the 
veteran Commodore Barclay, by Commodore Oli- 
ver H. Perry, a young man of 28, who had never 
seen a naval battle.f The Americans had no navy 
on that lake, but Perry and his men went to work, 
and in a short time nine vessels with fifty-four guns 
were ready for action. The British fleet consisted 
of six vessels and sixty-three guns. 

The battle took place September 10th, and was a 
hard fought one. Perry's flag-ship, the Lawrence, 
became disabled and nearly every man on board 
killed or wounded. He therefore abandoned her, 

* Lieut. Barrows fell at the commencement of the action, but 
continued to cheer his men, averring that the flag should never be 
struck. Wlien the sword of the enemy was presented to him, he 
exclaimed, " I die contented." Capt. Blythe of the Boxer, and 
Lieut. Burrows were buried beside each other at Portland, with 
military honors. 

t Oliver Hazard Perry served first in the navy as a midship- 
man, under his father. Although he did good service throughout 
the war, this victory was his greatest achievement, and was alone 
sufficient to make him famous. He died in 1819, of yellow fever, 
contracted while cruising, on the coast of South America. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 203 

.md leaping into a boat, was rowed flag in hand to 
the Niagara, his largest vessel, amidst a shower of 
shot from the enemy. After reaching the Niagara, 
tlio battle was renewed with increased vigor. The 
British fleet was raked right and left and was 
obliged to surrender. Perry sent to General Har- 
rison, commander-in-chief of the "Western army, 
the following laconic dispatch : " We have met the 
enemy and they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one 
schooner, and a sloop." 

11. Battle of The Thames.— October 5th General 
Harrison attacked the British under Proctor on the 
river Thames (temz), about eighty miles from De- 
troit. The battle was desperate on both sides. The 
enemy was totally defeated with great loss. Proc- 
tor at the head of 200 dragoons found safety in dis- 
graceful flight. The truly heroic Tecumseh * fell 
in this battle — shot, it is supposed, by Col. R. M. 
JoHNSox, who commanded a regiment of gallant 
Kentuckians. Upon his death the Indians immedi- 
ately fled. This decisive battle put an end to the 
Indian war in that quarter, and virtually decided 
the conflict.! 

*" Tecumseh was the most formidable of all the Indian war- 
riors that ever fought against the United States. He was nearly 
eix feet high ; his frame was muscular and capable of great en» 
durance. A high forehead, piercing eyes, and gravity of expres- 
sion, gave an air of command to his whole person. Strict morality 
and adherence to truth from his earliest years, added to talents of 
a high order and eloquence rarely equaled, made him not only a 
luling spirit among the tribes of the wilderness, but also an object 
of respect to the nation whom he opposed with undying hatred." 

t In November the army on the Niagara, under General Wil- 
kinson, made an abortive effort to take Montreal. "An expedi- 



204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



EVENTS OF 1814— 1815. 

1. Battle of Chippewa. — The Americans, under 
General Brown and Colonel Winfield Scott, gained 
a brilliant victory over the British under General 
KiALL at Chippewa, Canada, Julj' 5th,* Some of 
"Wellington's boasted veterans were engaged in this 
battle, but were severely beaten by the dashing sol- 
diers of Scott. 

2. Battle of Lundy's Lane. — Colonel Scott, on the 
25tli of July, in the bloodiest contest of the war, 
gained another victory over the British under Gen. 
liiall at Lundj-'s Lane, Canada. The loss was 
heavy on both sides. f 

3. The British Capture Washington City. — ^Augusfc 
24tli an army of British troops under General Ross 
captured Washington, burned the Capitol and other 
public buildings, together with many private resi- 
dences and storehouses. They then sailed around 
to Baltimore, which they attacked September 13th, 
but were gallantly repulsed by the people of that 

tion begun in boasting met with a liumiliating check, and a loss 
of three hundred and fifty men in the battle of Chrysler's Field, 
and was abandoned." 

"*It was just before the final charge at Chippewa that Colonel 
Scott uttered the words: "The enemy say that the Americans are 
good at a long shot, but can not stand the cold iron. I call upon 
you instantly to give the lie to the slander. Charge!" 

t" A battery, located on a height, was the key to the British 
position. Calling Colonel Miller to his side, the commander 
asked him if he could take it. ' I'll try, sir,' was the fearless re- 
ply. Heading his regiment, he steadily marched up the height 
and secured the coveted position. Three times the British rallied 
for its recapture, but as many times were hurled back." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 205 

city, who rose en masse, against the invaders. In 
the conflict General Ross was killed. 

During the bombardment of Fort McHenry, at 
the entrance to the harbor, the song entitled "The 
Star Spangled Banner" was composed by Francis 
S. Key, an American who was detained on board a 
British ship. 

The people of Baltimore have erected a noble 
monument to the memory of the brave men who 
fell in the defense of the city. This, with one to 
the memory of Washington, has given to Balti- 
more the name of " Monumental City.'' 

4. Battle on Lake Charaplain — General Prevost, 
commander of the British army in Canada, learn- 
ing that 1,500 American troops were stationed at 
Plattsburg, New York, on Lake Champlain, took 
12,000 veteran soldiers who had served under Wel- 
lington in the war with Napoleon, and marched 
against the place. At the same time, September 
11th, the British fleet on Lake Champlain, in com- 
mand of Commodore Downie, assailed the Ameri- 
can squadron under Commodore McDonough.* 
McDonough's squadron almost annihilated the 
British fleet, and added another brilliant victory to 
the American navy. The engagement was wit- 
nessed from the shore by thousands of people. 



*Commodore Thomas McDonough served as an ofBcer in the 
war with Algiers, doing good service under Decatur. Congress re- 
warded his victory on Lake Champlain with a gold medal, and 
various cities and towns received him with civic honors. Vermont 
bestowed upon him a valuable tract of land overlooking the scene 
of his victory. After the war he commanded a squadron in the 
Mediterranean, and died while on board of his vessel. 



206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The gallant little army at Plattsburg defended 
the place vigorously against the attack of Prevost's 
army, and prevented his troops crossing the Sara- 
nae river. When he found that the fleet on the 
lake had been destroyed, he fled in haste, leaving 
his sick and wounded, and large quantities of mili- 
tary stores. 

5. The Hartford Convention. — New England suf- 
fered from the ravages of the war; her fisheries 
were mostly broken up ; her foreign commerce was 
destroyed ; and her manufacturing industries were 
paralyzed. Hence, since her interests centered in 
ships and factories, delegates from the Federal 
party, in December, assembled in convention at 
Hartford, the objects of which were opposition to 
the war and the policy of the Administration. 
The leaders of the Democratic party supported the 
war policy of the government and denounced the 
purposes of the assembly, as disloyal and treasona- 
ble. As the war was popular with the masses the 
convention ruined the Federal party, which soon 
after ceased to exist. 

6. Peace— Battle of New Orleans. — On December 
24th, (1814) the treaty of peace between England 
and the United States was signed at Ghent {gent), 
Belgium. The news did not reach this country till 
February 17th, 1815. Though the war had been 
popular, yet the tidings were received with univer- 
sal rejoicing. 

In the meantime (January 8th, 1815) had been 
fought the most terrible battle (to the British) of the 
war. An army of 12,000 British troops, under Geas- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 207 

Pakenham and Gibbs, invaded Louisiana and attemp- 
ted to capture New Orleans. After considerable 
skirmishing and several small actions the Americans 
finally (Jan. 8th) intrenched themselves behind a 
breastwork of earth.* The British advanced boldly 
to the attack in perfect order. Waiting till they came 
up close to the breastwork, Gen. Jackson, f com- 
mander of the Americans, ordered his sharp-shoot- 
ers — many of whom were Kentuckians and Tennes- 
seeans — to fire. The work of death among the 
enemy's ranks was terrible. Whole platoons were 
mowed down at every discharge. Pakenham and 
Gibbs were both killed. The British, now in dis- 
order and panic-stricken, retreated, leaving 2,000 
soldiers dead on the field. The American loss was 
but eight killed and thirteen wounded. 

7. Results of the Second War with England.— The 

results of this war were : 

First. The United States gained the respect of 

•Cotton bales were at first used as part breastwork, which 
seemed to answer the purpose, till a red hot shot from the British 
set one of them on fire and scattered its blazing fragments among 
the barrels of powder which stood ready for use. The flames were 
extinguished, but the cotton bales were taken out and a breast- 
work of earth about five feet high, having a ditch in front, with 
trusty rifles behind it, was the only defense employed in the con- 
flicts that followed. 

tHe was at this time 47 year? of age, and is described as "a 
tall, gaunt man, of very erect carriage, with a countenance full of 
stem decision and fearless energy, but furrowed with care and anx- 
iety. His complexion was sallow and unhealthy ; his hair was 
iron-gray, and his body thin and emaciated. But the fierce glare 
of his bright hawk-like gray eye betrayed a soul which triumphed 
over the infirmities of the bodv." 



208 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

European nations, and the superiority of the Amer- 
ican navy was fully established. The boastful say- 
ing, "Britania rules the waves," was now disputed. 

Second. It was proved that it was impossible for 
any foreign power to gain a permanent foothold on 
our territory. 

Third. The failures of expeditions against Can- 
ada, though undertaken by brave and daring men, 
proved that the strength of the United States con- 
sisted in defensive warfare. 

Fourth. The English liaving cut off trade by 
blockade, extensive home manufactures were estab- 
lished, which have ever since been a source of 
wealth and prosperity. 

The evils that usually follow a war were felt, but 
the wonderful resources of the country and the 
enterprise of the people soon overcame these. 



OTHER EVENTS OF MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. War with Algiers. — The Algerines had taken 
advantage of the war with England to renew their 
depredations on American commerce. Commodore 
Decatur, in May, 1815, was sent with a squadron 
to right matters in that quarter. Proceeding to 
Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, he obtained the liber- 
ation of American prisoners and full indemnity for 
all losses, with pledges for the future. The United 
States was the first nation to effectually resist the 
demands of the Barbary pirates for tribute. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 209 

2. The United States Bank.— The first bank es- 
tablished by the Government was the "Bank of 
THE United States," with a capital of $35,000,000. 
The act of Congress creating it received the Presi- 
dent's signature April 10th, 1816. It was located 
at Philadelphia. 

3. States Admitted. — The following named States 
became members of the Union during -Madison's 
Administration : 

Louisiana was admitted as the 18th State, April 
8, 1812. 

Indiana was admitted as the 19th State, Decem- 
ber 11, 1816. 

4. Settlement of These States. — Louisiana* — 
named in honor ot Louis XIV. of France — was 
first settled at Biloxi in 1699 by the French. New 
Orleans was founded in 1718. 

Indiana — a word derived from the word Indian 
was settled at Vincennes [vin-senz') about the year 
1730. f It was the second State admitted from the 
Northwest Territory. {See Map of Territorial 
Growth). 

5. Authors of a Half Century. — The Authors of 
marked ability who fiourislied during the half cen- 
tury preceding the close of the Second "War with 
England were : 

Philip Freneau {fre'-no), Revolutionary poet. 

*For the extent oi Louisiana, originally, see "Jeflferson's Ad* 
ministration," Topic 3 ; also see " Map of Territorial Growth." 

t The exact date of the settlement of Indiana is undetermined, 
but this date is supposed to be correct. 

14 



210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Joel Barlow, author of the " Columbiad." 

John Marshall, author of an excellent Life of 
Washington. 

Fisher Ames, political and legal writer. 

Noah Webster, the lexicographer, compiler of 
"Webster's Dictionary." 

"William E. Channing, ethical writer. 

William Wirt, legal and miscellaneous writer. 

Charles Brockden Brown, the first American 
novelist. 

Note to the Teacher. — Kequire the pupils to make separ- 
ate Tables of the following : Of the battles gained by the Amer- 
icans in the War of 1812; of battles gained by the British ; of the 
American commanders; of the British commanders. The pupils 
ehould also write these tables in their blank-books. 



RECAPITULATION 

OF THE BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITS. 
ENGLAND. 

The various battles, sieges, and captures of the 
Second War with England, tabulated in chrono- 
logical order, were : 

1812. 

1. Naval Battle between the Essex, Commodore 
Porter, and the Alert, Capt. Langhorne, August 
13th. Americans victorious. 

2. Surrender of Gen. Hull to the British, on the 
eve of battle, August 15th. 

3. Naval Battle between Constitution, Capt. Hull, 
and the Guerriere, Captain Dacres, August 19th. 
Americans victorious. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 211 

4. Battle of Queenstowii, October 13 — Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Gen. Van 
Renssalaer; British, Brock. 

5. Naval Battle between the Wasp, Capt. Jones, 
and the Frolic, Captain Whinyates, October 18th. 
Americans victorious. 

6. Naval Battle between the United States, Com- 
modore Decatur, and the 31acedonian, Caittain Car- 
den, October 25th. Americans victorious. 

7. Naval Battle between the Constitution, Com- 
modore Bainbridge, and the Java, Capt. Lambert, 
December 29th. Americans victorious. 

1813. 

1. Battle of Frenchtown, January 22 — Ameri- 
cans defeated. American commander, Gen. Win- 
chester; British, Proctor. 

2. Naval Battle between the Hornet, Capt. Law- 
rence, and the Peacock, Capt. Peake, January 23d. 
Americans victorious. 

3. Battle of York, April 27 — Americans victo- 
rious. American commander. Gen. Pike ; British, 
Sheaffe. 

4. Siege of Fort Meigs, May 1 — British repulsed. 
American commander. Gen. Harrison ; British, 
Proctor. 

5. Capture of Fort George, May 27 — by the 
Americans. American commander. Gen. Dearborn ; 
British, Col. St. Vincent, 

6. Battle of Sackett's Harbor, May 29— Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander. Gen. Brown; 
British, Gen. Tec. 



212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. Naval Battle between the Chesapeake, Capt. 
Lawrence, and the Shannon, Capt. Broke.. June 1 — 
Americans defeated. 

8. Siege of Fort Stephenson, August 2 — British 
repulsed. American commander, Maj. Croghan; 
British, Proctor. 

9. Naval Battle between the Argus, Capt. Allen, 
and the Pelican, Capt. Maples, August 14 — Amer- 
icans defeated. 

10. Shiughter at Fort Mimms, August 20 — by 
Creek Indians. The British incited the Indians to 
the deed. 

11. Naval Battle between the Enterprise, Lieut. 
Burrows, and the Boxer, Capt. Bljthe, September 
5 — Americans victorious. 

12. Naval Battle between American fleet. Com. 
Perry, and British fleet, Com. Barclay, on Lake 
Erie, September 10 — Americans victorious. 

13. Battle of the Thames, October 5 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Gen. Harrison; 
British, Proctor. 

1814. 

1. Naval Battle between the Essex, Com. Porter, 
and a British fleet. Com, Hillyar, March 28 — Amer- 
icans defeated. 

2. Battle of Chippewa, July 5 — Americans vic- 
torious. American commander, Colonel "Winfleld 
Scott; British, Gen. Eiall. 

3. Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25 — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Scott; British, 
Eiall. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 213 

4. Capture of Washington City, August 24 — by 
the British. General Ross burned the Capitoh 

5. Naval Battle between American fleet, Com- 
modore McDonough, and British fleet, Commodore 
Downie, on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11th. Ameri- 
cans victorious. 

6. Battle of Plattsburg, September 11 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Gen. Izard; 
British, Gen. Prevost. 

7. Battle of Baltimore, September 13 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, General 
Strieker; British, General Ross. 

1815. 

1. Battle of New Orleans, January 8 — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, General 
Jackson 5 British, General Pake n ham. 



214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




NATIONAL PERIOD. 216 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION I. 
(national period.) 

1789. Washington inaugurated first President, Apr! 

30th. 

1790. General Harmar defeated by the Indians of 

the Northwest. 

1791. General St. Clair defeated by the Indians of 

the Northwest, Septenriber. 
1791. Vermont admitted as the fourteenth State, 
March 4th. 

1791. Tax levied on domestic liquors. 

1792. Kentucky admit-ted as the fifteenth State, 

June 1st. 

1793. Yellow Fever first visited United States, Au- 

gust. 

1793. Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney. 

1794. "Mad Anthony" defeated the Indians of the 

Northwest. 

1794. Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. 

1795. Treaty with Spain — navigation of Mississippi 

granted. 

1796. Tennessee admitted as the sixteenth State, 

June 1st. 

1797. Washington retired from public life, March 

4th. ^ 

1797. John Adams inaugurated second President, 

March 4th. 

1798. Difficulties with France, threatening war. 

1799. Washington died at Mt. Vernon, Dec. 14th. 



216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1800. Seat of Government removed to Washington 

City. 

1801. Jefferson inaugurated third President, March 

4th. 
1801. War with Tripoli began. 

1803. Ohio admitted as the 17th State, February 

19th. 
J803. Louisiana purchased from France. 

1804. Hamilton-Burr duel — Hamilton killed, July 

11th. 

1804. Lewis and Clarke started on exploring expe- 

dition. 

1805. Jefferson re-elected President. 

1805. Tripolitans compelled to make peace. 
1807. Robert Fulton constructed the first success- 
ful steamboat. 

1807. The Chesapeake attacked by the British ship 

Leopard. 

1808. African slave trade abolished by Government. 

1809. Madison inaugurated fourth President, March 

4th. 
1811. Battle of Tippecanoe fought, Indians de- 
feated, November 7th. 

1811. j^aval Battle between the President and Little 

Belt. 

1812. Madison re-elected President. 

'1812. Louisiana admitted as the 18th State, April 

8th. 
1812. War formally declared between United 

States and England, June 18th. 
1812. The U. S. sloop of war Essex captured British 

ship Alert, oft' Newfoundland Aug. 13th. 



XATIOXAL PERIOD. 217 

1812. General William Hull surrendered to Briti^ih 

at Detroit, August 15th. 
1812. The U. S. frigate Constitution captured the 

British frigate Guerriere ofi" the coast of 

Massachusetts, August 19th. 
1812. Battle of Queenstown — Americans defeated 

August 13th. 
1812. The U. S. sloop Wasp captured British brig 

Frolic off the coast of is'orth Carolina, Oc- 
tober 18th. 
1812. The U. S. frigate United States captured the 

British frigate 3Iacedonian oft' the Azores, 

October 25th. 

1812. The U. S. frigate Constifufion captured the 

British frigate Jaca off Brazil, Dec. 29th. 

1813. Battle of Freuchtown — Americans defeated 

— January 23d. 

1813. The U. S. brig Hornet captured the British 
sloop Peacock oft" the coast of South Amer- 
ica, January 23d. 

1813. York captured by the Americans. April 27th. 

1813. British repulsed at Sackett'sHarbor,May 29th. 

1813. The U. S. frigate Chesapeake captured by the 
British frigate Shannon oft" the coast of 
Massachusetts, June 1st. 

1813. British and Indians repulsed at Fort Steph- 
enson, August 2d. 

1813. Slaughter of women and children at Fort 
Minims, by Creek Indians, August 30th. 

1813. The Enterprise captured the Boxer, Sept. 5th. 

1813. Perry gained brilliant victory on Lake Erie, 
September 10th. 



218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1813. Gen, Harrison defeated British and Indians 

at battle of the Thames, October 5th. 

1814. The Creek Indians subdued by Gen. Jackson. 
1814. British defeated at battle of Chippewa, July 

5th. 

1814. British defeated at battle of Lundy's Lane^ 
July 25th. 

1814. Washington City captured by British, Au- 
gust 24th. 

1814. British fleet captured on Lake Champlain, 
September 11th. 

1814. British repulsed at Plattsburg, Sept. 11th. 

1814. British repulsed at Baltimore, Sept. 13th. 

1814. Hartford Convention opposed the War, Dec. 

1814. Treaty of Peace signed at Ghent, Dec. 24th. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans — British defeated — 

January 8th. 
1815. News of Peace reached United States, Feb- 
ruary 17th. 

1815. Algerine Pirates subdued by the United 

States, May. 

1816. United States Bank established, April 10th. 
1816. Indiana admitted as the 19th State, Decem- 
ber 11th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 219 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

1. State, in chronological order, the naval events of 1812. — Of 

1813.— Of 1814. {See preceding " Chronological Table.") 

2. If there had been a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic 

during the War of 1812, would the battle of New Orleams 
have been fought? and why? 

3. What was the object of the Hartford Convention? 

4. Name the battles of this war in which the Americans were suc- 

cessful. Name those in which the British were successful. 

5. Recite, in chronological order, the Bvents of 1812. — Of 1813. — 

Of 1814.— Of 1815. {See Table.) 

6. What terrible battle was fought after the treaty of peace had 

been made? 

7. What gave rise to the Federal and Republican (old) parties? 

8. What effect had the invention of the cotton-gin on Southern 

interests ? 

9. What influence did the invention of the steamboat exert in the 

development of the West? Why did emigrants go West? 

10. Who were the great men of the period of American Discovery? 

11. Who were noted as founders of Settlements or States? 

12. Name some of the leading men of the South in Colonial times. 

— Of New England. — Of the Middle Colonies. 

13. Name the successive kings and queens to whom the English 

Colonies in America gave allegiance. Who was the last? 

14. Name in order the first four Presidents of the United States. 

15. What were the boundaries of the United States in 1812? 

16. When, and of whom was Louisiana purchased ? — What were 

its boundaries? {See Map). 

17. To whom did Florida then belong? 

18. Name the States in the Union in 1812. — Which were admitted 

since the adoption of the Constitution? 

19. When did Washington City become the National Capital ? — 

What was the Capital before that time? 

20. When and by whom was the Northwest first explored? 

21. Who used the expression : " We have met the enemy and 

they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and a 
sloop?" 

22. Whose dying words were : " Don't give up the ship ? " 



220 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

'-Tt. "When Vas a General blown np by the explosion of a magazine, 

at the moment of victory ? 

■J4. What celebrated statesman was killed in a duel ? 

25. What town and army were surrendered without firing a gun ? 

26. What ex-Vice-President was tried for treason? 

27. What were the "Alien and Sedition laws?" 

28. Who was the inventor of the cotton-gin ? 

29. What State was admitted first after the Original Thirteen? 

30. What two events took place one hundred years before the 

Declaration of Independence? 

31. Name two or more events that occurred two hundred years 

before Fulton's invention. 

32. Name a discovery made three hundred years before the War 

of 1812. 
83. What troubled Massachusetts just two hundred years after 
Columbus discovered America? 

34. Who was the original inventor of the steamboat? — When did 

he construct his boat? — Was it a success at that time? 

35. In what year did the Yellow Fever first make its appearance 

in the United States? — What physician was eminently euc- 
cessful in treating it at that time? 

36. What treaty was made with Spain in 1795? 

37. How is the District of Columbia governed? 

38. Do territorial Congressmen have a right to vote in Congress? 

How are territorial governors elevated to office? 

39. How is the number of Kepresentatives to which any State is 

entitled, determined? What is the number of Representa- 
tives and Senators at present? 

40. What is the President's salary ? The Vice-President's? Can 

a foreigner become President ? 

41. Who formed Washington's Cabinet? 

42. What is the Vice-President, ex-offido? 

43. When and by whom were the Capitol and White House burned? 

44. When was the slave trade abolished by the U. S. government? 

45. Who discovered Burr's plot? 

46. Who was Blennerhasset? What of his wife? 

47. What brave exploit was performed by Decatur? By Com. 

Oliver H. Perry ? By Com. McDonough ? 

48. Who was the hero of the last battle of the War of 1812? Wha 

was the hero of Lake Erie ? Of Lake Champlain 2 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



221 



49- Who wrote the '• Star-Spangled Banner, " and under what cir- 
cumstances ? 

50. What President declined re-election ? 

51. Who said, " Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute ?'* 

52. What did Najwleon, at one time, intend to establish at the 

mouth of the Mississippi ? 
53L Who was killed in a duel on the very spot where his son had 
shortly before been shot in a duel ? 

54. Describe Gen. Hull's surrender. 

55. Describe the massacre at the " Raisin." 

56. Who said, " I'll try, sir," when asked if he could take a bat- 

tery? 

57. Describe Gen. Jackson's personal appearance at time of tho 

battle of New Orleans. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION I. 
(national period.) 

f His Cabinet, 



VIII. 

EVENTS 

from 

1789 

to 

1809. 



1 Washington's 



Administration. 



Financial Affairs, 
The Slavery Question, 
Indian War— (1791), 
Foreign Relations, 
Yellow Fever, 

■< The Whisky Insurrection, 
Washington's Retirement, 
Character of Washington, 
Seats of Our Government, 
States Admitted, 
Their Settlement. 

(^ Invention of Cotton-Gin, 



2 John Adams's J DiflBculties with France, 
Administration. \ Alien and Sedition Laws. 



Purchase of Louisiana, 

War with Tripoli, 

The Hamilton-Burr Duel, 

State Admitted, 
\ Burr's Conspiracy, 

Expedition to Northwest, 

Navigation by Steam, 

Indian Policy, 
i Slave Trade Abolished. 



3 Jefferson's 



Administration. 



222 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 

(Continued.) 



IX. 

EVENTS 
from 
1809 

to 
1815. 



' 4. Madisou's 



SECOND WAR 



Indian War — Battle of Tippecanoe, 
The First National Bank, 
The Hartford Convention, 
War with Algiers, 
t States admitted — Their settlement. 

f Canses of the War, 
risi9J Hull's Surrender, 
^°^^ 1 Battle of Queenstown, 

[ The Three Naval Battles. 



ENGLAND. 



Administration. 



1813- 



1814 



f Battle of Frenchtown, 
Battle of York, 
Siege of Fort Meigs, 
Capture of Fort George, 
Battle of Sackett's Harbor, 
Siege of Fort Stephenson, 
Slaughter at Fort Mimms, 
Battle of the Thames, Chry» 

ler's Field, 
The Five Naval Battles. 

Battle of Chippewa, 
Battle of Lundy's Lane, 
Capture of Washington, 
Battle of Plattsbnrg, 
Battle of Baltimore, 
, The Two Naval Battles. 



{Treaty of Peace, 
Battle of New Orleans, 
Results of the War. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 223 



sectio:n^ II. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENG- 
LAND TO THE CLOSE OF THE MEXICAN WAR. 



1815—1848. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1817-^1825. 

1. Monroe Inaugurated. — In the Presidential elec- 
tion held in the autumn of 1816 James Monroe, of 
Virginia, was elected by the Democrats as the fifth 
President, with Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York, 
Vice-President. The inauguration took place 
March 4th, 1817. This administration was one of 
peace and prosperity to the country.* 

2. James Monroe M^as bom in 1758. He entered 
"William and Mary College, but left in 1776 to enter 
the army, with which he fought at Trenton, Brandy- 
wine, Germantown and Monmouth. After the war he 
was a member of both Houses of Congress, Governor 
of Virginia, and Minister to France and to England. 
He appointed John C, Calhoun Secretary of War, 
and William Wirt Attorney General. In the early 

* During the latter part of 1817, the attention of the govern- 
ment was called to Amelia Island, on the coast of Florida, a ren- 
dezvous for buccaneers, who, pretending to sail under the flag of 
the Souih American republics, made free with whatever they 
found on the ocean. In November a body of United States troops 
took possession of their liaunts, and soon after a similar establish- 
ment on Galveston Island, Texas, was also broken up. 



224 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



part of his term Monroe made a tour tliroiigli New 
England and the northwest. The dignity and grace 
of his manners made him popular, and he was well 
received by the people. He was re-elected without 
opposition in 1820, thus serving two terras. He was 
one of the most prominent opponents of the ratifica- 
tion of the Constitution. His death occurred on Inde- 
pendence Day, 1831. 




James Monroe. 

3. Politics. — The violence of party spirit had now 
subsided, and the Federal party had been broken up 
by its opposition to the late war. An ' ' era of good 
feeling" came in, and all parties were now blended 
in the Democratic party. 

4. Immigration. — For the first twenty years after 
the Revolutionary "War the average foreign immi- 
gration was about 6,000 annually ; then for ten 
years, owing to the hostile relations of England, 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 225 

France, and America, the tide of immigration was 
checked. After the War of 1812 foreign immigra- 
tion was resumed. The whole number of immi- 
grants arriving at our shores within the period em- 
braced by tliis section (1815-1848) was over two 
millions. From the Atlantic States thousands 
poured into the fertile valleys of the Ohio and the 
Mississippi. The West was now being rapidly de- 
veloped, and its fertile soil tilled by a hardy and 
energetic race of pioneers.* 

5. The Colonization Society. — This Society was 

* " The marvelous development of the West is without parallel 
in history. It is like a tale of mngic." It is difficult to conceive 
that eighty-five years ago most of the country north of the Ohio 
Eiver was covered by forest. " St. Louis, at that time the largest 
town of the West, had a motley population of three or four hundred 
CreoleSjYankee traders, Kentucky adventurers, indiaivs. half-breeds 
and boatmen of the Mississippi. Cincinnati was but a village of 
log huts protected by the stockades of Fort Washington. Chicago 
was a small trading post on the edge of a wet prairie; and Louis- 
ville a rude hamlet in the shadow of dense woods. The region 
west of the Mississippi was almost a terra incognita. The time is 
within the recollection of many now living, when Tennessee, Ken- 
tucky, and Ohio had few or no roads, and no home markets; when 
cattle and hogs were driven across the mountains to Baltimore; 
when whole neighborhoods would join together and build a flat- 
boat, and ship their united produce —pork, feathers, ginseng, and 
whisky — to New Orleans, and perhaps walk home again. As late 
as 1828, the chief mode of transporting goods was by the great 
Conestoga wagons, with three, four, or six-horse bell teams. To 
the present generation, the Conestoga wagon, like the distaff and 
wheel, is a curiosity of the past. Many of the words most familiar 
to our grandfathers, such as chimney-log, hominy-block, hunting- 
shirt, bee-coursing, log-rolling, and latch-.string, have become obso- 
lete, or else are used only in a figurative sense." 

15 ! 



226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

formed in December, 1816. Its object was to pn 
vide a home for free persons of color^ where tlioy 
could enjoy the rights of self-government. The 
place — selected in 1820, on the western coast of 
Africa — was named Liberia, and its capital was 
called Monrovia, after President Monroe. 

' 6. The Erie Canal. — The subject of internal im- 
provement now received additional attention. Tlie 
Erie Canal — connecting Lake Erie atBuifalo with 
the Hudson at Albany — was commenced in 1817 
and finished in 1825. It is 363 miles long, forty 
feet wide, and contains eighty-three locks of solid 
masonry. Its cost was $7,500,000. 

7. The Seiiiinoles. — The Seminoles, a powerful 
tribe of Indians on the borders of Georgia and Ala- 
bama, within the Spanish Territory (Florida), hav- 
ing become hostde and committed depredations 
on the frontier settlements, Gen. Jackson was sent 
against them. In March, 1818, he tlcvnr.tated their 
country and reduced them to submission. They 
afterward gave more trouble, as we shall see. (See 
'■'Jackson's Administration," Topic 9.) 

8. Florida Ceded to the United States.* — February 
22d, 1819, a treaty was made with Spain, by which 
the Territory of Florida (comprising the present 
State of Florida and the southern parts of Alabama 
and Mississippi) was ceded to the United States, 
for which the latter gave up all claim to Texas and 

*Fl()rida w;is under Spanish rule till 1763, when it was ceded 
to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, which the English had re- 
cently taken from Spain. In 1783 England ceded the province 
back to Spain, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 227 

paid $5,000,000. {See Map of Territorial Growth.) 
Texas was at that time a part of Mexico under 
Spanish dominion. In 1821 Mexico became inde- 
pendent of Spain. 

9. Monroe Doctrine. — In one of President Monroe's 
messages, he declared that "-any attempt by a Earo- 
pean nation to gain dominion in America would be 
considered by the United States as an unfriendly ad, 
dangerous to our peace and safety, and would conse- 
quently be opposed." This principle has since been 
styled " Monroe Doctrine."* 

10. LaFayette's Visit. — In 1824 LaFayette, now 
an old man, visited the United States and was re- 
ceived as the "Nation's Guest." The people, 
remembering his disinterested services in the Revo- 
lution, welcomed him with enthusiasm and honored 
the venerable patriot. He beheld with keen emo- 
tion the gigantic strides the country had taken to 
wealth and prosperity. He visited many leading 
places of the Union, and wept at the tomb of 
Washington. {See " Events of 1777," Topic 8.) 

At the close of this visit LaFayette was carried 
home to France in a national vessel, the frigate 
Brandywine, which was so named in honor of the 
liist battle in which Lafayette fought for the free- 
dom of the colonies. 

IL Five More New States Admitted.— The follow, 
ing named States were admitted into the Union 
during Monroe's Administration: 

Mississippi was admitted as the twentieth State^ 
December 10th, 1817. 



228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Illinois was admitted as the twentj-first State, 
December 3d, 1818. 

Alabama was admitted as the twenty-second 
State, December 14th, 1819. 

Maine was admitted as the twenty-third State, 
March 15th, 1820. 

Missouri was admitted as the twenty-fourth State, 
August 10th, 1821. 

12. Settlement of These States. — Mississippi was 
settled at St. Peters in 1703. The word means 
" Great Father of Waters." 

Illinois, from its principal river, signifying " River 
of Men " — was settled at Kaskaskia in 1688. This 
was the third State admitted from the Northwest 
Territory. {See Map of Territorial Growth) Its 
settlement was greatly impeded by Indian hostili- 
ties. 

Alabama was settled at Mobile (mo-beel') in 1702. 
The word is of Indian origin and signifies " Here 
we rest." It was originally a part of Georgia. 
Alabama and Mississippi were carved from the 
Mississippi Territory. {See Map of Territorial 
Growth.) 

Maine was settled at Saco {saw'-ko) in 1623. {See 
Colonial History). It was originally a part of Mass- 
achusetts. The word means mainland. 

Missouri — an Indian word signifying " Muddy 
Water '^ — was settled at St. Genevieve (jen-veve') 
in 1755. When the Territory of Louisiana became 
a State in 1812, the remainder of the Province was 
named Missouri. St. Louis was founded in 1764. 

13. The Missouri Compromise. — Tlie admission of 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 229 

Missouri was preceded by violent debates in Con- 
gress which agitated the whole country. The 
question was whether to admit her as a slave or as 
a free State. A bill known as the " Missouri Com- 
promise," introduced by Henry Clay,* settled the 
difficulty. The bill was to the effect that slavery 
should be allowed in Missouri, and in all States 
that might be formed south of latitude 36° 30', but 
should be forbidden north of this line and west of 
Missouri. This bill was passed March 3d, 1821. 
(See '^ Jackson's Administration" Topic 5 ; also '''Tay- 
lor and Fillmore's Administration,'' Topics 5 and 6). 

* Henry Clay — born near Richmond, Virginia, — was the son 
of a Baptisi preacher, who died when Henry was but five years 
old. His mother ag'ain marrying, they removed to Kentucky. He 
was a self-made man, having in his boyhood had but limited ad- 
vantages for receiving tuition. He has said : " I owe my success 
in life to one single tact, namely, that at an early age I commenced, 
and continued for some years, the practice of daily reading and 
speaking the contents of some historical or scientific book. These 
ofT-hand efforts were sometimes made in a corn-field ; at others, in 
the forest ; and not unfrequently in some distant barn, with the 
horse and ox for my only auditors. It is to this that I am in- 
debted for the impulses that have shaped and moulded my entire 
destiny." Adopting the law as a profession, he soon established a 
flourishing practice. In 1803, he was chosen to represent his sec- 
tion in the State Legislature, and afterward was called to fill a 
vacancy in the United States Senate. He was again elected to the 
Legislature of his State, and in 1811, he was sent to the House of 
Representatives, being made speaker on his first appearance. At 
the close of the War of 1812 — of which he was a strong advocate — 
fie was sent to negotiate the peace of Ghent. He was, like Calhoun 
and Webster, an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency. He 
was Secretary of State during John Quincy Adams's Administra- 
tion. In 1848, he was again elected to the United States Senate, 
where he struggled hard to avert the great slavery contest. He 
died in 1852. {See Taylor and Fillmore's Administration, Topic 10.) 



230 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS' AD^IINISTRATION. 

1825—1829. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — The great party 
which had twice triumphantly elected Monroe was 
now divided into the Whig and Democratic parties. 
The Whigs were in favor of a protective tariff* and 
advocated a general system of internal improvements ; 




John Quincy Adams. 

the Democrats opposed these. John Qutncy Adams 
and Henry Clay were the champions of the Whigs, 

* A protective tariff is a duty imposed on imported goods for 
the purpose of encouraging their manufacture at home. "The 
Southern States, devoted to agricultural pursuits, desired to have 
foreign goods brought to them as cheaply as possible ; while the 
Eastern States, engaged in manufactures, wished to have foreign 
competition shut off by heavy duties." Hence, sectional conten- 
tions sprang up. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 231 

Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun of the Demo- 
crats. IS'o candidate receiving a majority of votes, 
the election went to the House of Representatives, 
where John Qiiincy Adams was chosen. He was 
inangurated, the sixth President, March 4th, 1825, 
with John C. Calhoun as Vice-President. During this 
Administration the questions of internal im^^rovement 
and a protective tariff were debated in Congress. 

2. John Quiiicy Adams was born in Braintree, 
Mass., in 1767. He was a son of John Adams, the 
second President. As a boy he was taken to the 
University of Leyden, and when only fourteen was 
secretary to the Minister to Russia. He graduated at 
Harvard, and was later, for a time. Professor of 
Rhetoric there. He was a scholar, an orator, a diplo- 
matist, and a model legislator. His ability as a diplo- 
mat proved itself in his service as Minister to Hol- 
land, Prussia, Russia and England. He assisted in 
the negotiation of the treaty of Ghent. His Admin- 
istration — one term — was prosperous, though dis- 
tracted by party strife. He died, February 23, 1848, 
of paralysis, while occupying his seat as a member 
of the House of Representatives. 

3. High Protective Tariff.— In 1828, in accord- 
ance with the views of the President, increased 
duties were laid on cotton, linen and woolen fabrics, 
silk, iron, lead, etc. The North was of course bene- 
fited by this new tariff, because it prevented foreign 
goods from selling lower than those produced at home ; 
but Southern statesmen, including Calhoun, violently 
opposed it, as, thereby, the South had to pay higher 
rates for articles it was obliged to use. 



232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Free Masonry. — Free Masonry was introduced 
into this country in 1730. 

In September, 1826, William Morgan, a disrepu- 
table Mason, was mysteriously disposed of for 
threatening to reveal the secrets of the order. 
Much ill feeling toward the fraternity was mani- 
iested therefor, but now to be a " Free and Ac- 
cepted Mason " is to be honored and respected. 

5. Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.— 

These two great men died on the same day — July 
4th, 1826. Jefferson expired a few hours before 
Adams ; his last words were : " I resign my soul 
to my God, and my daughter to my country." The 
expiring words of Adams were: "Jefferson sur- 
vives." Jefferson did live, but it was beyond the 
tomb. 

6. The First Railroad. — In 1827 the first steam 
railway in America — the Baltimore and Ohio 
road — was constructed. There are now (1881) up- 
ward of 85,000 miles of railroad in the United 
States. 



JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1829—1837. 

1. Inauguration. — March 4, 1829, Andrew Jack- 
son, a staunch Democrat, was inaugurated seventh 
President, with Calhoun Vice-President. His op- 
ponent in the race was John Qiiincy Adams, can- 
didate of the Whigs. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 233 

2. Andrew Jackson was born on the border-line 
between the CaroHnas, in 1767, of Irish parentage. 
As a boy he served in the Revohitiouary War, and 
being captured by the British, was harshly treated. 
After trying various trades he studied law, and went 
to Tennessee, where he soon became a judge. He 
was a self-made man, of great energy and intuitive 
judgment. He distinguished himself in the War of 
1812 and in many Indian campaigns. He was a man 




Andrew Jackson. 

of determined will, which gave him the name of 
"Old Hickory." Next to Lincoln, he stands out in 
American history most prominently on account of his 
originality. He was extremely partisan and removed 
from office all wlio were his political opponents and 
installed men of his own party. His course has been 
generally followed since. He was re-elected in 1833, 



234 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

thus serving eight years. He died in 1845. {See 
note to Topic 6, '■'■ Madison^ s Administration.'''^) 

3. Asiatic Cholera.— In 1832 the United States 
was visited by the Asiatic Cholera, an epidemic; 
that originated in the marshes of the Ganges, India, 
in 1817. After devastating a great part of India 
it took its course westward to London in 1831, 
then crossed the Atlantic to America. Medical 
skill seemed powerless to check its ravages. It 
disappeared towards the close of the year (1832), 
after hurrying thousands into eternity. It has been 
present at various times since. {See '•'•Grant's Ad- 
ministration" Topic 16). 

4. The Black Hawk War.— The Sacs and Fox In- 
dians occupying the Territory of Northern Illinois — 
land which they had years before sold to the United 
States — refused to vacate the region. Several skir- 
mishes took place between United States troops 
and these Indians under Black Hawk, their chief. 
Gen. Scott with an army was sent against them,- 
and after losing many of liis men by the cliolera^ 
raging at that time — lie defeated them in a lina\ 
battle, August 2d, 1832. Black Hawk was cap- 
tured, and was permitted to visit the large cities, 
military posts, etc. He was at length allowed to 
return to his tribe, fully convinced from what he 
had seen of the United States that it was useless 
for Indians to light against so powerful a nation. 

5. The Nulliflers of South Carolina.— The tariff of 
1828, as we have seen, gave general dissatisfaction 
to the cotton growing States. In South Carolina^ 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 285 

especially, it was bitterly opposed by the leading 
men of the State, claiming that Congress had no 
constitutional right to pass laws for the benefit of 
one section of the country to the serious detriment 
of another. 

In 1832 Congress passed a new tariff, but it was 
as distasteful to the South as the former one. 
South Carolina made preparations to prevent, with 
arms, the enforcement of the new tariff. The 
whole country was excited. President Jackson is 
said to have exclaimed, " By the Eternal, I'll hang 
the last one of 'em ! " The immortal Clay, who 
" would rather be right than President," warded 
off the threatening cloud with a compromise satis- 
factory to both sections. This bill passed Congress, 
March 3d, 1833. It provided for a gradual reduc- 
tion of the duties until in ten years it should reach 
the standard demanded by the South. [See ^'■Mon- 
roe^s Administration," Topic IS ; aiso '^Fillmore's Ad- 
ministration,' Topics 5 and 6. 

6. Removal of the Cherokees. — The Cherokee In- 
dian nation, previous to 1834, occupied the south- 
ern part of Georgia and the northern part of Flor- 
ida. They had made considerable advancement in 
civilization, having a republican form of govern- 
ernment, newspapers, churches, and schools. They 
numbered 15,000. 

In 1834 Congress set apart the Indian Territory 
for their permanent residence. They refused to 
leave their homes in Georgia and Florida; but 
(iaally, for the sum of $5,000,000, they reluctantly 



236 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

gave up their lands and removed to the Territ ry 
assigned them (1837). 

7. The Texan War. — As we have learned, the 
Territory of Texas was a part of Mexico, and sub- 
ject to Spain. For many years Spain prohibited 
immigration to this region; but linally granted 
Stephen F. Austin of Connecticut a large tract in 
that province, on condition that he would settle it 
with several hundred families. Within a few years 
immigration rapidly increased; and in 1830 there 
were about 20,000 Americans in Texas. 

In the meantime (1821), Mexico had gained inde- 
pendence of Spain. The Mexicans became jealous 
of the prosperity of these American settlers and 
pursued an unjust and oppressive policy toward 
them. The remonstrances of the Americans being 
disregarded, they declared their independence of 
Mexico (1834), and made ready to secure it by force 
of arms. The General Government favored the 
Texans and sent volunteers to aid them. 

Battle of Gonzales. — In 1835 the revolution began 
with the battle of Gonzales (gon-zah'-lez), in which 
1,000 Mexicans were defeated by 500 Texans. 

The Alamo. — In 1835 the Alamo, a strong Mexi- 
can fortress, was captured and the whole Mexican 
army dispersed. 

On the 6th of March, 1836, Gen. Santa Anna,* 

* Santa Anna was one of the most prominent men of revolu- 
tionary Mexico. He held high military commands, was three 
times elected President and twice made dictator. Banished or 
compelled to leave the country at various times, and once con- 
victed of treason, he led a checkered life. He died in poverty and 
obscurity in 1876. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 237 

with a force of 8,000 Mexicans, attacked the Al- 
amo, which had been left in charge of only 187 
gallant men. Every man in the Alamo was killed, 
some while begging for quarter. Here fell the cel- 
ebrated Davy Crockett, within a circle of prostrate 
Mexicans whom he had slain with his sword.* 

Battle of San Jacinto. — On the 21st of April, 1836, 
the Mexican army of 1,500 men under Santa Anna 
was totally routed by 800 Texans under Gen. Sam 
HousTON.f This decisive battle ended the war and 
secured the independence of Texas (1837). 

Further Hostilities. — Though the independence 
of Texas was acknowledged by the United States 
(1837), yet Mexico still maintained a threatening 
attitude. In 1842 the Mexicans invaded Texas 
and committed depredations. In December, 1842, 
a small band of Texans made an assault upon the 
town of Mier {meer), Mexico, near the Rio Grande 
{ree'-o-grand). Overpowered by superior numbers 
they surrendered, with the understanding that they 
would be treated as prisoners of war; instead of 

* Here was also found the body of the brave and fearless 
James Bowie — originator of the deadly Bowie-knife — with twenty 
dead Mexicans lying around him. 

t General Sam Houston was one of the most remarkable char- 
acters in American history. During several years of his early 
boyhood he lived among the Cherokee Indians, winning the friend* 
ship and esteem of the Chiefs. Studying law, he became after- 
wards a prominent politician. He was elected to Congress, and 
also governor of Tennessee. He took a conspicuous part in the 
Texan revolution, and after the annexation of Texas, he wat 
elected to the United States Senate. In 1859, he was elected gov- 
ernor of Texas, but resigned on the breaking out of the Civil Wa*. 
He died in 1863. 



238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

wlilch tlioy were immured in a loathsome prison 
and deprived of the commonest necessaries of life. 
Attempting to escape they were betrayed, and 
Santa Anna ordered every tenth man shot, — to be 
decided by lot. There were 176 of the prisoners. 
159 white beans, and 17 black ones were put into 
a mug, and the captives — blindfolded — were re- 
quired each to draw one of them, thus severally 
deciding their fate for life or death. The seven- 
teen victims met their doom like men of stern, un- 
flinching mould. " They were tied together and 
seated upon a log; the fatal volley was discharged, 
and their gallant spirits were quenched forever." 

At times, othei' hostilities occurred till the ad- 
mission of Texas into the American Union. {See 
PoWs Administration). 

8. Great Fire in New York City. — On December 
16, 1835, a very destructive fire occurred in New 
York City. It broke out near the corner of Wall* 
and Broad streets, and before it could be arrested, 
nearly $18,000,000 of property was destroyed. 
Thousands of people were reduced to poverty and 
thousands rendered homeless. {See also ^'Grant's 
Administration," Topics 8 a7id 10). 

9. Seminole War. — In 1835 a long and harass- 
ing Indian war began. The Seminoles inhabiting 
the interior of Florida refused to move west, in 
accordance with a previous agreement. The Gov- 
ernment sent troops to force their departure, but 

• In the early days of the settlement of Manhattan, a wall was 
run across the island, at what is now Wall street, to keep off the 
Indians. Hence the name. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 239 

Osceola,* their wily chief, baffled and entrapped 
the sokliers on many occasions. A. detachment of 
117 men under Major Dade fell into an ambuscade, 
and ever}" man except one was killed, and he es- 
caped only by feigning death. This troublesome 
war did not terminate till 1842, when the most of 
the defiant Seminoles reluctantly took their course 
westward. 

Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, both of 
whom afterward became prominent in our coun- 
try's history, were engaged in this war. 

10. Bank of The United States. — A bill renewing 
the charter of the United States Bank was vetoed f 
by Jackson during his first term. "After his re-elec- 
tion in 1832 by an overwhelming majority, consid- 
ering his policy sustained by the people, he ordered 
(1833) the public money to be removed from its 

* " Osceola had married a beautiful Maroon, who, while on a 
visit to Fort King with her husband, was seized as a slave. Osceola 
became frantic with rage, but was instantly placed in irons while 
his wife was hurried away. He was released, but revenge was 
henceforth the consuming passion of his bosom. The record of 
his fierce and terrible deeds furnishes material not unfit for dra- 
matic poetry." 

t If the President does not approve any bill he may return it 
to the house of Congress in which it originated, and his objections 
will defeat its operation, unless overcome by a vote of two-thirds, 
in both houses. In the latter case, however, his " veto " has no 
influence. In the re-consideration of a bill, the vote must be taken 
by the " ayes " and " nays," and entered in full on the journals of 
both houses. The President can retain a bill without his signa- 
ture for a period not exceeding ten days, (exclusive of Sundays) ; 
if he fails to return it at the expiration of this time, the bill be- 
comes a law, unless Congress shall have adjourned in the mean- 
time. 



240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

vaults. The bank thereupon co.itracted its loans. 
Money became scarce. People were unable to pay 
their debts. Commercial distress ensued. These 
measures excited the most violent clamor. Jack- 
son was, however, sustained by the Democratic 
majority in the House of Representatives." 

11. Speculation Rife. — " When the public money, 
withdrawn from tlie Bank of the United States, 
was deposited in local banks, it became easy for 
any one to borrow money. Speculation extended 
to every branch of trade, but especially to western 
lands. New cities (in imagination) were laid out 
in the wilderness. Fabulous prices were charged 
for building lots, which existed only on paper. 
Scarcely a man could be found who had not his 
pet project for realizing a fortune. The bitter 
fruits of these hot-house schemes were gathered in 
Van Buren's time." 

12. Decease of Six Great Men. — Some eminent 
men who died during Jackson's Administration 
were: 

James Monroe, ex-President, July 4, 1831, aged 
72 years. He was a soldier, statesman and diplo- 
matist. 

Charles Carroll, of Carroll ton, 1832, aged 96 
years. He was the last surviving signer of the 
Declaration of Independence. {See note to Topic 4, 
''Bi^ents of 1776.") 

Philip Freneau, 1832, aged 80 years. He was a 
poet of Revolutionary times. 

John Randolph, of Roanoke, May 24th, 1833, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 241 

aged 60 yenrs. He was a statesman and wit, and 
noted for his eccentricity. 

John Marshall, 1835, aged 80 years. He was 
Chief Justice of the United St^t^s and author of 
a "Life of Washington." 

James Madison, ex-President, 1836, aged 85 
years. He was President during the second war 
with England. 

13. Two Moi'8 New Stjites. — During Jackson's 
Administration two new States were admitted, as 
follows : 

Arkansas was admitted as the twenty-fifth State, 
June 15th, 1836. 

Michigan was admitted as the twenty-sixth State, 
January 26th, 1837. 

14. Settlement of These States. — Arkansas was 
settled by the French in 1685. It derived its name 
from a now extinct tribe of Indians. 

Michigan was settled at St. Mary's in 1668 by 
the French. It derived its name from an Indian 
word signifying " Great Lake." Detroit was foun- 
ded in 1701. This was the fourth State admitted 
from the Northwest Territory. (See Map of Terri- 
torial Growth^ 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1837—1841. 

1. Election and inauguration. — In the tall of 1836 
the Democrats — supporters of Jackson's Adminis- 
tration — elected Martin Van Buren, of New York, 
eighth President. His opponent was Gen. William 
16 



2'±2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Henky Haerison, of Oliio, Whig. Col. Kichard M. 
Johnson, of Kentucky, was elected Yice-President 
by the Senate. Yan Buren was inaugurated March 
4th, 1837. 

2. Martin Tan Buren. — lie was born in 1782, 
in New York. He was a shrewd politician, and rose 
early to eminence as a lawyer. In 1831 he was 
appointed Minister to England, but the nomination 




Martin Van Buren. 

being rejected by the Senate, his party elected him 
Yice-President in Jackson's second term. He was a 
candidate for a second term, but was defeated by 
Harrison. After his defeat for re-election he kept 
up his interest in public affairs until his death (near 
his native city) in 1862. 

3. The "Patriot War."— In 1837 the Cana- 
dians, in rebellion against the British government, 
attempted to establish their independence. The peo- 
ple of the United States adjacent to Canada, sym- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 243 

pttthibed with the insurgents, and a party of 700 
men, crossing the border to their assistance, took 
possession of Navy Island, a British dependence in 
the ITiagara River, and fortified it so strongly as to 
recist an attack from the loyalists. They employed 
the steamer Caroline to convey their provisions and 
war materials. In December a party of British 
troops attempting to seize this vessel, a desperate 
fight ensued. The British set fire to the Caroline, 
cut her from her moorings, and allowed her to drift 
over the falls. Thus the peaceful relations between 
Great Britain and the United States were endan- 
gered; but our government promptly forbid inter- 
ference in the aftairs of Canada, and sent a force to 
the frontier, which soon restored harmony. 

4. Financial Panic of 1837. — Owing to the removal 
of the public funds from the United States Bank, 
and depositing it in various State Banks — thereby 
giving free scope to speculation and extravagance — 
the banks suspended payment, and the whole coun- 
try was involved in a financial panic (1837). Thou- 
sands were made bankrupt, and ruin threatened the 
people. {See '■'■ Buchanan'' s Administration,'' note to 
Topic 1; also '^GranVs Administration,"' To'pic 15.) 
By judicious management, however, the monetary 
♦;ide was stemmed and the country recovered, 
though not till after Van Buren's time. 

5. The Sub-Treasury Bill. — At an extra session of 
Congress Van Buren submitted his famous Sub- 
Treasury scheme, for the safe keeping of the pub- 
lic funds. Though at first violently opposed, it 



244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

became a law at a subsequent session, in 1840.* It 
provided that "all government dues should be paid 
in gold or silver, which should not, as before, be 
deposited in banks, but should be kept m certain 
offices in the chief cities of the Union, under the 
care of persons appointed for the purpose, called 
sub-treasurers, who should give security for the 
proper discharge of their duty." The opponents 
to the bill contended that the distresses of the peo- 
ple did not, in this case, call for the interference of 
government; but for a reformation in the indi- 
vidual extravagance which had prevailed, and a 
return to the neglected ways of industry. 



HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1841—1845. 

1. Election and Inanguration. — Van Buren being 
considered in some measure responsible for the 
troubles of the country, lost popular confidence, 
and at the next election (1840) was defeated by the 
AVhig candidate. Gen. "W. H. Harrison. John Ty- 
ler was elected Vice-President. The inauguration 
took place, March 4th, 1841. 

2. William Heury Harrison. — He was born in 
Virginia in 1773, was educated at Hampden-Sidney 
College, and entered the army at the age of eighteen, 

* The Sub-Treasury bill was repealed tiuring the first year of 
Tyler's Administration (1841), but was re-enacted under Polk. 
Ttie public money is now kept in the United States Treasury at 
Washington and in sub-treasuries. 



NATIONAL PEKIOD. 245 

where lie made a fine record. He was Secretary of 
the Northwest Territory in 1798, and later was Gov- 
ernor of Indiana Territory. In 1816 he was sent to 
Congress, and served in the Senate from 1825 to 
1828. He was also for a time Minister to the United 
States of Colombia. He distinguished himself during 
the War of 1812, especially in the battle of the 




William Henry Harrison. 

Thames. He was designated the ' ' Hero of Tippe- 
canoe " by his friends in his Presidential campaign, 
in which he was elected by a large majority. He 
died just one month after his inauguration, and John 
Tyler, the Yice-President, then became (tenth) Pres- 
ident, April 4:th. 

3. John Tyler was born in Yirginia in 1790, and 
graduated at William and Mary College at the age of 
sixteen. He studied law, and in 1816 he entered 
Congress. He became Governor of Virginia in 1825, 
and, in 1827, United States Senator. In 1861 he 



246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was made President of the Peace Conference, and the 
same year was elected to the Confederate Congress. 
He died in January, 1862. 

He was at first a great favorite with the Whigs, hut 
opposing and vetoing their measures soon ahenated 
his former poKtical friends. All his Cabinet, except- 
ing Daniel Webster, resigned, and his Administration 
was not successful. 




John Tyler. 

4. United States Bank Bill.— One of Tyler's first 
official acts was to defeat, by the Presidential veto, an 
act passed by Congress establishing a United States 
Bank. The mortified Whigs got up another scheme 
for a bank and passed it through Congress under 
the name of a "Fiscal Corporation of the United 
States." This bill, although based entirely on his 

* Webster retained his position on account of several important 
public interests which would have suffered from his resignation. . 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 247 

own suggestions, Tj-ler vetoed also, to the great 
chagrin of his party, who denounced him as betray- 
ing their confidence. 

5. Wilkes's Exploring Expedition. — In 1842 Lieut. 
Charles Wilkes, of the United States Navy, re- 
turned from an exploring expedition begun four 
years before. The expedition was accompanied by 
a large corps of scientific men, and was well pro- 
vided with everything tihat could assist them in 
their researches. They visited many (before) un- 
known islands in the Pacific; and, near the south 
pole, discovered a barren and uninhabited region, 
which Wilkes called the "Antarctic Continent." 
The whole distance traveled was 90,000 miles — 
nearly four times the circumference of the globe. 

6. Dorr's Rebellion. — In 1842 serious difiiculties oc- 
curred in Rhode Island, growing out of a movement 
to substitute a constitution extending the right of 
suffrage, in place of the charter granted by Charles 
II., in 1663, which had been the "fundamental law 
of the land" the greater part of two centuries. 
The "suffrage party" attempted to effect the 
change without regard to existing laws, even re- 
sorting to force; but the legitimate power pre- 
vailed. A constitution — the one under which thi^^ 
State is now governed, was soon after adopted. 

7. The Sewing Machine Invented. — This boon to 
women and manufacturers of clothing, boots, slioes, 
harness, etc., was the invention of an ingenious 
American — Elias Howe (1843). 

8. The Mormons. — In 1844 great excitement pre- 
vailed, especially in Illinois, concerning the Mor- 



248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

MONS, or Latter Day Saints, 'this sect, practicing 
pol^'gamy, was founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, a 
native of Vermont — an illiterate man — who pre- 
tended to have seen visions and to have found cer- 
tain gold plates containing a revelation from God 
which he alone could decipher. From this supposed 
"revelation" originated the "Book of Mormon." 
Smith soon had many followers who established 
themselves in Illinois, * building a magnificent 
temple at Nauvoo. 

Many lawless acts having been committed by 
these " Saints," the people of Illinois determined 
to get rid of them. Joseph Smith and his brother 
were arrested and lodged in jail. On the 17th of 
July,- 1844, a mob broke into the jail and killed 
them. The next year, the Mormons left Illinois 
and emigrated to the wilderness beyond the Rocky 
Mountains — now the Territory of Utah. {See also 
Buchanan's Administration, Topic 3.) 

9. Magnetic Telegraph. — The Magnetic Telegraph 
was invented by Prof. Samuel F. B. Morse, a na- 
tive of Massachusetts. He received i patent for 
his invention in 1837, and after long delay and 
many disappointments — many ridiculing the idea — 
he obtained an uppropri: tioa from Congress of 
$80,000 for the purpose of testing its utility. In 
1844 the first telegr phic wires were erected, from 
Baltimore to Washington City, and on May 29th 
(1844) the first dispatch was sent over the wires, 
conveying the intelligence of Polk's nomination aa 
a candidate for the Presidency. There are now 

* They had previously occupied Kirtland, Ohio. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 249 

more than 1,354,202 miles of telegraph line* in the 
United States — enough to extend fifty times around 
the globe. {See also Johnson's Administration, 
Topic 11.) 

10. The "Auti-Renters." — ^In the early history of 
New York large tracts of land were granted to 
certain persons called patroons, (see note to topic 1, 
page 73), as compensation for bringing over colo- 
nists from the old world. The land thus obtained 
was divided into farms and leased to settlers on 
very favorable terms. This system had been in 
vogue for generations ; but in 1840, the farms hav- 
ing by this time increased greaty in value, some 
of the tenants refused to pay their rent, which was 
but a few bushels of wheat, three or four fowls, 
and one day's service with wagon and horses, each 
year. In 1844 the Anti-renters assumed a bolder 
tone ; " disguised as Indians they tarred and feath- 
ered such of their fellow-tenants as paid their rent, 
and resisted and even killed the officers sent to 
serve warrants on them." The governor of the 
State, however, by judicious measures, suppressed 
the disturbances, f 

11. Three More States Admitted.— On the last day 
of Tyler's Administration, Florida, Texas and Iowa 

* There are, however, more than 350,000,000 miles of wire 
extended in the construction of this line. 

tin 1844 serious riots also occurred in Philadelphia, growing 
out of diflerences between a party known as Native Americans and 
the Irish inhabitants of that city. Over a hundred persons were 
killed or wounded, and much property destroyed. The governoir 
at ibe iiead of 500 men finally restored order. 



250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

applied for admission into the Union, but the latter 
two were not admitted till afterward, namely: 

Florida was admitted as the twenty-seventh State, 
March 3, 1845. 

Texas was admitted as the twenty-eighth State, 
December 27, 1845. 

Iowa was admitted as the twenty-ninth State, 
December 29, 1846. 

The settlement and past history of Florida have 
been given. {See also Map of Territorial Growth.) 

Texas, the " Lone Star " State, was settled at 
San Antonio in 1692, by the Spaniards. The 
origin of its name is unknown, but it is supposed 
to be a Mexican word. It formed a part of Mexico 
till the Texan War. {See " Jackson's Administra- 
tion" Topic 7.) 

Iowa was settled at Burlington by people from 
Illinois, in 1833. The name is an Indian word, 
signifying "Drowsy Ones." 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1845—1849. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — The Texan ques. 
tion was the main issue of the campaign of 1844-^ 
the Democrats being for, and the Whigs against, 
annexation. James K. Polk was the Democratic 
candidate, and was inaugurated eleventh President, 
March 4th, 1845. 

2. James K. Polk was born in ISTorth Carolina in 
1795, and graduated from the University of that 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 251 

State. Removing to Tennessee, he was admitted to 
the bar in 1820. Soon after he was elected to the 
State Legislature. He served a while in Congress, 
being twice Speaker of the House. He was Governor 
of Tennessee in 1859. In his Presidential campaign 
his opponent was Henry Clay. During his Adminis- 




James K. Polk. 

tration political parties began to divide more on the 
question of slavery. He declined a renomination and 
retired to private life in Nashville. He died in 1849. 
The principal event of his administration was 

THE MEXICAN WAR. 

1846—1848. 

3. Causes of the War.— The Mexicans having 
never acknowledged the independence of Texas, con- 
tinued to regard it as a revolted province, and they 
threatened to attempt its recovery by force of arms. 



252 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

When Texas was annexed to the Fnion. the Mexi 
can Minister at ^V"ashington deehired the act the 
most nnjnst recorded in history. They fnrther- 
more chiinied that the River Nneees {n}ca>/-ses) was 
its western boundary, while the United States re- 
garded the Rio Grande as its true and proper limit. 
These contending claims, conpled with delin- 
quencies on the part of Mexico, led to a war, which 
resulted in the conquest of a large portion of Mex- 
ico. The war began in May, 1846, and ended in 
February, 1848. 

4. Battle of Palo Alto.— Gen. Zachary Taylor, 
who had gained distinction in the Seminole War. 
was dispatched (1845) with a small force of Dnite(? 
States troops to the frontier, near the Rio Grande. 
Here he remained till the spring of 1846. On May 8th, 
he marched to Palo Alto (pah'-lo-ahl'-to), where he 
found an army of 6,000 men drawn up directly in 
his road. A battle ensued, lasting five hours, 
which resulted in the complete rout of the Mexi- 
cans with a loss of about 400 men ; while the Amer- 
ican loss was but 9 killed and 44 wounded. 

5. Battle of Resaea de la Palraa. — The next day 
May 9th, the Mexicans were again defeated at the 
battle of Resaea de la Palma (ray sah'-kah day lah 
fahl'-mah). The gallant Captain May with a com- 
pany of dragoons charged and took a Mexican 
battery during this engagement. 

6. Etfect of These Victories.— The news of these 
eno:agements reach i no- Washington, Congress for- 
mally declared war. May 11th, 1846. Volunteers 
by thousands olierod their services, and the greatest 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



253 




enthusiasm prevailed. "The traditional splendor 
of the ancient halls of the Montezumas kindled a 
chivalrous spirit that characterized the days of 
old." 

7. Captnre of Monterey.— September 23d, (1846), 
the American army under 
General Taylor captured the 
famous city of Moutere\ (wow- 
tay-ray') near the Sierra 
Madre {see-er'-rah mah'-dray) 
Moun tai ns. The fighting 
raged in the streets and witliiii 
the houses, and was of tlie 
fiercest character. 

rAYi.or.'s Campaign, 1816-1S17. 

8 California and New Mexico Conquered. — In July, 
1846, the inliabitants of Calit'oniiu revolted, and 
under the leadership of Colonel John C, FREM0JfT,=*' 
who was then on an exploring tour for the Govern- 
ment, (from the success he achieved in which he was 

*To Johc Oharles Fremont we are indebted for the early ex- 
ploration and survey of the vast phuns of the West. A fine 
mathematician and civil engineer, he was appointed (1842) by the 
government to explore the unknown region of the Rocky Moun- 
tains. Being successful in this undertaking, he was again sent out 
with a superior outfit. For some years he was thus employed 
crossing the continent many times, often suffering the most extreme 
dangers from cold and hunger and in encounters with Indians. 
He was commissioned by President Taylor to run the boundary 
line between Mexico and the United States. In 1850 he became 
Senator from the newly admitted State of California. He was an 
unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in 1856. He served a« 
mnjor general in the civil war, and in 1878 he was appointed Got- 
ernor of Arizona Territory. 



254 



HiSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



styled the ' ' Patli-finder of tlie Rocky Mountains, ' ') 
became independent of Mexico. Acting in concert 
with Commodore Stockton, Fremont took possession 
of the country and held it till it was ceded to the 
United States after the war. 

In August, 1S96, General Stephen Kearney {kar'- 




General Winfield Scott. 

ney), with an army of about 1000 volunteers, made 
a march of 900 miles from Leavenworth to Santa Fe, 
and subdued the country now called New Mexico. 
The inhabitants submitted to the invaders without 
resistance. General Kearney then set out for Cali- 
fornia, which had been his ultimate destination from 
the first, but learning that Fremont was already in 
possession, he sent the greater part of his army, under 
Colonel Doniphan, to join General Wool at Saltillo. 
On his way Colonel Doniphan fought two successful 
battles against greatly superior forces. 

9. Battle of Buena Vista.— In the fall of 1846 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



255 



General Winficld Scott''' was appointed to the com- 
mand of the United States array in Mexico, with 
instructions to carry the war directly to the City 
of Mexico. To further his plans, he drew from 
Taylor's army a large portion of his force and sev- 
eral of his best officers, leaving him a comparatively 
small command with which to face the enemy. 
Taylor — "Old Rough and Ready," as he was styled 
. — was equal to the emergency, and on February 
23d, 1847, joined battle with the Mexican army 
under Santa Anna, at Buena Vista {bway'-nah vees'- 
tah). The Mexican force was four times as large 
as the American. The contest was sanguinary and 
furious. Two thousand Mexicans were left dead 
upon the field, while tho Amei'iean loss was 800 
killed and wounded. Santa Anna was '^efeated. 

10. Capture of San Juan de Ulloa. — On March 
9th, 1847, the strong Mexi- 
can fortress of San Juan de 
Ulloa {ool-yo'-ah) at Vera 
Cruz — considered impregna- 
ble — was besieged by Gen- 
eral Scott. On the 27th, af- 
ter a heavy bombardment 
trom land and water, the city 
and castle capitulated, yield- 
ing up 5,000 prisoners, GOO 
cannon, and 10,000 st-^nd of 
small arms. 

* Winfield Scott was born in Virginia in 1786. He graduated 
at William and Mary College, and then took up the profession of 
law. This, however, he abandoned in 1808 to enter the army. 
As a recognition of his brilliant and distinguished services in the 




256 Hisrokf OF the united states. 

11. Battle of Cerro Gordo.— April ISth, 1847, 

Scott gained another si^^nal victory over Santa 
Anna, at Cerro Gordo. Santa Anna was forced to 
seek personal safety on the back of a mule. 3,000 
prisoners were taken, and the Mexican army in 
that quarter was utterly routed. The Americans 
i)st but 63 killed. 

12. Two Victories iu Cae Day. — ^August 20th, 
1847, a division of Scott's army, under General P. 
F. Smith, captured Contreras {kon tray'-ras), a 
strongly fortified hill where 8,000 Mexicans were 
intrenched. 

On the same day, the battle of Cherubusco (JwO' 
roo-boos'-ko) was fought. Here Scott gained an- 
other brilliant victory over Santa Anna, who had 
again taken the field with 27,000 Mexicans. 

13. Capture of the City of Mexico.— After the sig- 
nal victories just mentioned. General Scott pro- 
posed an armistice, which was accepted by Santa 
Anna, but who violated the terms by strengthening 
his fortifications. Learning this, Scott at once re- 
sumed hostilities. On September 8th, 1847, the 
field works surrounding Molino del Key [wo-lee'-no 
dale-ray') were captured with great slaughter to 
the Mexicans. 

On the 13th the strong castle of Chapultep»c 

War of 1812, where he was the hero of Lundy's Lane, he was pro- 
moted to be brigadier and brevet major-general in 1814. He was 
made Commander-in-chief of the army in 1841, He was sent 
into the Mexican War, where he achieved many notable victories. 
In 1853 he received the presidential nomination, but was defeated. 
He was one of the most renowned of American generals, exhibit- 
ing great tact and judgment. He retired from the army in Octo- 
ber, 1861, on full pay and rank, and died in 1866. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 257 

(chah-pool'-tay-pek) was taken, and Santa Anna with 
his army fled from the city. On the next day, 
the 14th, the American Army triumpliantly entered 
the city and unfurled the " Stars and Stripes" above 
the halls of the Moutezumas. The Mexican war 
was ended. 

14. Results of the War.— February 2d, 1848, the 
treaty ©f peace was couclnded, and on July 4th it 
was proclaimed to the world. In this treaty, the 
Mexicans agreed to consider the Rio Gratide as the 
western boundary of the disputed territory, and to 
cede to the United States the provinces of New 
Mexico and California, which embraced also the 
present State of Nevada {nay-vah'dah) and the ter- 
ritories of Utah and Arizona, for the sum of 
$15,000,000. {See Map showing the several Mexican 
Cessions.) 



OTHER EVENTS OF POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 

15. The Smithsonian Institution On the 

10th of August, 1840, Congress approved an act 
estabHshing the Smithsonian Institute, at Washing- 
ton. James Smithson, an eminent English chemist 
and philanthropist, had left a bequest to the United 
States of $515,000 for the establishment at Washing- 
ton of an institution "for the increase and diffusion 
of knowledge among men. ' ' The amount first received 
was $515,169, and the "residuary legacy" was 
$26,210.63, making the total received from the 



258 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



bequest $541,379.63. Subsequent acts of Congress, 
as well as other bequests, have increased the fund. 
The act establishing the institution provided that it be 
administered by a Board of Kegents, composed of the 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, three Senators, 




£#^< 



The Smithsonian Institution. 



appointed by the Vice-President, three Kepresenta- 
tives, appointed by the Speaker of tlie House, and six 
citizens, chosen by Congress ; and that buildings 
should be provided suitable to contain a museum of 
natural history, a cabinet of minerals, a chemical 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 259 

laboratory, a gallery of art, and a library. Professor 
Joseph Henry* of Princeton College was chosen 
Secretary of the Institution, and the plan of organi- 
zation was successfully carried out. "The result has 
been the establishment in the United States of one of 
the most beneficent institutions known in the history 
of mankind." 

16. Northern Boundary of the United States — Dur- 
ing the first part of Polk's Administr;ition the 
northern boundary of the United States was a dis- 
puted question, which almost brought about hos- 
tilities with England. In June, 1846, a treaty was 

*This celebrated American scientist and natural philosopher 
was born in 1797, and died in 1879. He is said to have invented the 
first machine moved by the agency of electro-magnetism. In 1832 
he was appointed Professor of Natural Philosophy at Princeton 
College, and in 1846 he became Secretary of the Smithsonian In- 
stitute, which responsible position he held till his death. His inter- 
pretation of that bequest, so as to facilitate original scientific 
researches and publish the results obtained — thus promoting objects 
of general instead of local interest — has received the approval of 
the leading men of the age. Under his editorship, the institution 
published some twenty volumes of "Contributions to Knowledge," 
containing the results of original investigations in various branches 
of natural history, meteorology, physics, geology, archeology and 
astronomy; besides nearly a dozen volumes of "Miscellaneous 
Collections," consisting of works to facilitate the study of different 
branches of natural history, meteorology, etc., and annual volumes 
of "Reports." It may be said that the present system of weather 
reports owes its practicability to the thorough system of observa- 
tions long before inaugurated by Prof. Henry. The system of 
international exchanges, whereby the reports of several thousand 
scientific societies and institutions in Europe and America are 
mutually interchanged through a single channel,, also owes its de^ 
velopment to his fostering care. 



260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

made with Great Britain by which the northern 
boundary was fixed at 49° of latitude and the Strait 
of San Juan de Fuca [sahn waiin day foo'-kah), in- 
stead of 54° 40' as demanded by the Democratic 
party.* {See Grant's Administration, Topic 13, for 
final disposition of this question.) 

17. Discovery of Gold in California. — In February, 
1848, gold was d.iscovered in California, on the 
farm of Captain Sutter. Similar discoveries were 
soon made in other places in the neighborhood. The 
excitement was great; people abandoned their reg- 
ular business, forsook their farms, and shut up their 
houses to seek the precious metal. Men from all 
parts of the Union, and indeed, the world, flocked 
to this land of gold. The city of San Francisco 
sprang up as if by magic, and the Territory in- 
creased rapidly in population. 

18. Another New State. — During the last half of 
Polk's term Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th 
State, May 29, 1848. 

It was settled in 1745 at Green Bay by thfl 
French. This was the fifth and last State admitted 
from the Northwest Territory. {See Map of Terrv 
torial Growth). It derived its name from its prin 
«3ipal river, and signifies "the gathering ef th* 
waters." 

»In 1842 similar trouble existed regarding the northeasteru 
boundary, particularly those parts of Maine and New Brunsv'Vk 
which bordered on the disputed line. It was finally settled ^'V 
treaty August 20, 1842. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 261 

EECAPITULATION 

^F THE BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING THE 
MEXICAN WAR. 

The principal battles and captures of the Mexi- 
can War,* tabulated in chronological order, were: 

1846. 

1. Battle of Palo Alto, May 8th, — Americans vic- 
torious. American commander, General Taylor; 
Mexican, General Arista. 

2. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9th, — 
Americans victorious. American commander, Tay- 
lor; Mexican, La Vega. 

3. Conquest of California, July, — by Colonel J. 
C. Fremont. 

4. Conquest of New Mexico, August, — by Gen. 
Stephen Kearney. 

5. Capture of Monterey, September 24th, — by 
the Americans. American commander, Taylor; 
Mexican, Ampudia. 

1847. 

1. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23d, — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Taylor; 
M'^-xican, Santa Anna. 

2, Capture of San Juan de IJlloa, March 27th, 
by Americans under General Scott. 

8. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18th, — Americans 
victorious. American commander, Scott; Mexican, 
Santa Anna. 

4. Battle of Contreras, August 20th, — Americans 

''The Americans gained every battle. 



262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

victorious. American commander, General Smith ; 
Mexican, General Valencia. 

5. Battle of Churubusco, August 20th, — Ameri- 
cans victorious. American commander, Scott; 
Mexican, Santa Anna. 

6. Battle of Molino del Key, September 8th, — 
Americans victorious. American commander. Gen. 
Worth; Mexican, Santa Anna. 

7. Battle of Chapultepec, September 13th, — 
Americans victorious. American commander, Gen; 
Pillow; Mexican, Santa Anna. 

8. Capture of the City of Mexico, September 
14th, — American army under Scott triumphantly 
entered the city. 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION II. 

(national period.) 

1816. American Colonization Society founded, De- 

cember. 

1817. James Monroe inaugurated fifth President, 

March 4th. 
1817. Erie Canal begun. 

1817. Mississippi admitted as the 20th State, De- 

cember 10th. 

1818. Seminoles defeated by Gen. Jackson, March. 

1818. Illinois admitted as the 21st State, Decem- 

ber 3d. 

1819. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain» 

February 22d. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 263 

1819. Alabama admitted as the 22d State, Decem- 

ber 14th. 

1820. Maine admitted as the 23d State, March 15th. 

1820. Monroe re-elected, November. 

1821. Missouri Compromise passed, March 3d. 
1821. Missouri admitted as the 24th State, August 

10th. 
1821. Mexico declared her independence of Spain. 

1824. LaFayette visited United States. 

1825. Erie Canal finished. 

1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated 6th Pres- 
^ ident, March 4th. 

1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, ex-Pres- 

idents, died, July 4th. 

1826. William Morgan, Free Mason, mysteriously 

disposed of. 

1827. First Steam Hailway in America constructed. 

1828. High Protective Tariff Act passed by Cor 

gress. 

1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated 7th President, 

March 4th. 

1830. Sect of Mormons founded by Joseph Smith. 

1831. James Monroe, ex-President, died, July 4th. 

1832. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, died. 
1832. Philip Freneau, Revolutionary poet, died. 
1832. Asiatic Cholera first visited the United States, 
1832. New Tariff' passed by Congress. 

1832. Black Hawk's War quashed by Gen. Scott, 

August 2d. 

1833. Clay's Compromise, preventing civil war, 

passed March 3(1. 
1833. John Randolph, of Roanoke died, May 24th. 



264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1833. Jackson re-elected President, November. 
1883. The President removed public funds from the 

Bank of the United States. 

1834. Indian Territor}' set apart for the Cherokee 

and other Indians- 

1834. Texans declared their independence of 

Mexico. 
7835. Texan War began — Mexicans defeated at 
Gonzales. 

1835. Texans captured the Alamo. 

1835. John Marshall, Chief Justice United States 

Supreme Court, died. 
1835. Second Seminole War began. 

1835. Great Fire in New York City, December 16th. 

1836. Mexicans retook the Alamo and slaughtered 

the garrison, March 16th. 
1836. General Houston defeated Santa Anna at 

San Jacinto, April 21st. 
1836. Arkansas admitted as the twenty-fifth State, 

June 15th. 

1836. James Madison, ex-President, died. 

1837. Michigan admitted as the twentj^-sixth State, 

January 26th. 

1837. Independence of Texas acknowledged by the 
United States. 

1837. Van Buren inaugurated eighth President, 
March 4th. 

1837. The Patriot War in Canada suppressed. 

1837. The Cherokees removed to Indian Territory. 

1837. Great Financial Panic in the United States. 

1837. Prof. Morse received a patent for his Mag- 
netic Telegraph. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



265 



1840. Sub-treasury Bill passed. 

1841. Harrison inaugurated 9th President, March 

4th. 
1841. Harrison died, April 4th. 
1841. Tyler became tenth President, April 4th. 
1841. Sub-treasury Bill repealed. 

1841. Second Seminole War ended. 

1842. Northeastern Boundary of IT. S. settled. 
1842. Wilkes's Exploring Party returned. 

1842. Dorr's Rebellion occurred in Rhode Island. 

1843. Elias Howe invented the Sewing Machine. 

1843. Noah Webster, lexicographer, died May 28th. 

1844. Magnetic Telegraph first operated, May 29th. 
1844. Mormons driven from Illinois, Smith killed, 

July 17th. 

1844. Anti-Rent difficulties in New York. 

1845. Florida admitted as the 27th State, March 3d. 
1845. Polk inaugurated 11th President, March 4th. 

1845. Texas admitted as the 28th State, December 

27th. 

1846. Smithsonian Institution established at Wash- 

ington City. 

1846. Mexican War inaugurated by battle of Palo 
Alto, May 8th. 

1846. Mexicans defeated at Resaca de la Palma, 
May 9th. 

1846. Declaration of War with Mexico, May 11th. 

1846. Northern Boundary of United States fixed at 
49°, June. 

1846. California conquered by Fremont, July. 

1846. New Mexico conquered by Kearney, August. 

1846. Monterey captured by Gen. Taylor, Septem- 
ber 24th. 



266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1846. Iowa admitted as the 29tli State, December 

29th. 

1847. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista, 

February 23d. 
1847. Gen. Scott captured San Juan de UUoa, March 

27th. 
1847. Mexicans defeated at Cerro Gordo, April 18th. 
1847. Contreras captured, August 20th. 
1847. Scott defeated Santa Anna at Churubusco, 

August 20th. 
1847. Molino del Key captured, September 8th. 
1847. Chapultepec taken, September 13th. 

1847. City of Mexico taken and entered by IT. S. 

Army, September 14th. 

1848. Peace made between U. S. and Mexico, Feb- 

ruary 2d. 

1848. Gold discovered in California, February. 

1848. John Quincy Adams, ex-President, died, Feb- 
ruary 23d. 

1848. Wisconsin admitted as the 30th State, May 
29th. 

1848. President Polk proclaimed peace with Mex- 
ico, July 4th. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 
Recite the foregoing chronological table, to the annexation of 

Texas. — To the close of the Mexican War. 
Write and recite a list of the States admitted to the Union, 

from the adoption of the Constitution to the close of 1848. 
Write and recite a list of the names of the Presidents from 

Washington to Polk, giving the date at which each began 

his administration. 
Kecite the list of the battles of the Mexican War, with their 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 267 

5. What States were formed out of the Northwest Territory ?^Out 

of the Mississippi Territory ? — Out of the Territory South 
of the Ohio? 

6. How were the limits of the United States extended in 1819? 

In 1803? — In 1845? — How much territory has been added 
to the country since 1802? 

7. What was the extent of Louisiana at the close of the Revolu- 

tionary War? — What bounds the present State of Louisiana? 

8. What circumstance led to the rapid settlement of California? 

9. How does the region west of the Mississippi compare in size 

with the region east? 

10. What Presidents have been elected by the House of Represen- 

tatives? 

11. Which three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July? 

12. Who said " I would rather be right than be President?" 

13. Who was "Rough and Ready?" 

14. Who was the "Hero of Tippecanoe?" 

15. On what issue was Polk elected President? 

16. How did Harrison gain his popularity? — Taylor? 

17. In what Indian war did Lincoln and Davis serve? 

18. What President was called " Old Hickory ? " 

19. When was the first steamboat? — The first railroad? — The first 

magnetic telegraph? 

20. When was the Erie Canal opened ? 

21. What is a "protective tariff?" 

22. What is the "Monroe Doctrine?" 

23. What President introduced rotation in office? 

24. Who are the Mormons? 

25. Wliy was tariff advocated in New England and free trade in 

the South ? 

26. What State was once a separate Republic? 

27. At what places have the Mormons established themselves' 

28. What did the United States pay for Texas? 

29. Why is Wall street, in New York city, so called? 

30. What was the Patriot Warf 

31. What was the Sub-Treamry Bill? 

32. What was the National Bank Bill* 

33. Who were the Anti-Renters f 

34. In what war did the Americans gain every battle? 

35. Who established the Smithsonian Institute? 
J6. What is meant by the President's " veto ? " 



268 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION 11 



(national period. 



X. 



ETENTS 



FROM 



1815 



TO 



1841. 



1. Monroe's 



Administration. 



2. J. Q. Adams's 



Administration. 



3. Jaclison's 



Administration. 



f Politics, 

Immigration, 

Colonization Society, 
I Erie Canal, 
I The Seminoles, 
1 Monroe Doctrine, 

Cession of Florida, 

LaFayette's Visit, 
I States Admitted — Settlement, 
L Missouri Compromise. 

High Protective Tariff, 
Free Masonry, 

Death of J. Adams and Jefferson, 
I The First Eailroad. 

f Asiatic Cholera, 

Black Hawk's War, 

The Nullifiers, 

Cherokee Removal, 

f Cause, 
I Battles. 
I Great Fire in New York City, 
I Seminole War, 
I Bank of the United States, 
I Great Men who Died, 
I States Admitted— Settlement. 



Texan War, 



4. Van Buren 



3n's f Th 
\ Fi: 
ion. I Th 



The " Patriot War," 
inancial Panic of 1837, 
Administration. I The Sub-Treasury Bill. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



269 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



XL 

EVENTS 

FROM 

1841 

TO 

1848. 



(continued.) 

C Death of Harrison, 
I National Bank Bill, 
I Wilkes's Expedition, 
5. Harrison and Tyler's | The Mormons, 

■{ The Sewing Machine, 
Administration. Magnetic Telegraph, 

j Dorr's Rebellion, 
I States Admitted— Settled, 
[ Anti-Rent Difficulties. 



6. Polk's 



MEXICAN 



(Smithsonian Institute, 
Gold Discovered in California, 
Northern Boundary of U. S., 
[Wisconsin Admitted. 



Causes of the War, 
Battle of Palo Alto, 



WAR. 



1846 



Administration. 



J Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 
J Conquest of California, 
j Conquest of New Mexico, 
[Capture of Monterey. 



Battle of Buena Vista, 
Capture of San Juan de Ulloa 
Battle of Cerro Gordo, 
j Battle of Contreras, 
1847-! Battle of Churubusco, 

Battle of Molino del Rey, 
Battle of Chapultepec, 
Capture of the City of MexioOf 
Results of the War- 



270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



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w I ';3^lii 11^^.-11 ^^^r^ 

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272 HISTOKY OK THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION III. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE M EX WAX WAR TO TEE 
BEGlJSIJSIJSa OF THE GREAT CI VIL WAR. 



1848—1861. 



TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1849—1853. 

1. Election and Inaugnration. — The candidates 
for the Presidency in the fall of 1848 were Martin 
Van Buren, Free-S(»iler — a party advocating the 
prohibition of slavery in all territory acquired by 
treaty (principles embodied in the Wihnot Pro- 
viso);* General Lewis Cass, Democrat, and General 
Zacliary Taylor, "Whig. General Taylor, whose 
brilliant services in the Mexican War had won him 
fame and the nation's gratitude, was elected. On 
March 5,t 1849, he was inangu rated twelfth Presi- 
dent, with Millard Fillmore as Vice-President. 

2, Zacliary Taylor was born in Virginia in 1784, 
and passed his youth amid the dangers and privations 
of frontier life in Kentucky, where his father had 
moved during liis infancy. His education was slight, 
as his opportunities were few ; but he had a keen 
desire for knowledge, and was a careful student, 
especially of history. lie was brought up a farmer, 
but gave up this vocation for a military life, having, in 
1808, received a commission in the arraj^ from Presi- 
dent Jefferson. He was engaged in the War of 1812. 

* This proviso was introduced into Congress in 1846 by David 
WiLMOT {wil'-mo), of Pennsylvania. 

•j- See Hayes's Administration, note to Topic 3 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 273 

and subsequently served in the Seminole and Mexican 
wars. During his Administration the Department 
OF THE Interior was created. He was a man of 
sterling character, and his popularity was shown in 
the title of ' ' Eough and Eeady ' ' by which he was 
familiarly known. 




Zachary Taylor. 

3. Death of President Taylor. — Like Harrison, 
Taylor died while Chief Magistrate of the nation. 
His death occurred July 9th, 1850 — one year and a 
little over four months after his inauguration. His 
death at the time was regarded as a national misfor- 
tune. The whole country deeply mourned his demise, 
public business was suspended, and eulogies were pro- 
nounced by leading statesmen of all parties. Millard 
Fillmore, the Yice-President, became President, 
making the thirteenth. 



274 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

4. Millard Fillmore was born in 1800. He was 
a poor boy and early began to earn bis living. Until 
he was fonrteen be worked on a farm, obtaining what 
little schooling he conld. Then he was apprenticed 
to a trade, but he still managed to find time for study. 
He commenced the stndy of law at the age of nine- 
teen, and rapidly rose to distinction. He served in 




Millard Fillmore. 

Congress, and stood high in the confidence of the 
"Whigs. His kindliness and courtesy won him popu- 
larity, but he lacked the qualities for success in politics, 
and he retired from them hi 1852. He died in 1874. 
5. Admission of California. — The application 
of California for admission as a free State caused 
intense excitement throughout the country. As a 
part of this territory was south of the dividing 
line established by the "Missouri Compromise," 
the Southern Senators declared that the prohibi- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 275 

tion of shivery there was in violation of that act. 
A dissolution of the Union seemed imminent. At 
this critical period Henry Clay, ever the friend of 
the Union, prevented secession by his famous 
" Omnibus Bill," passed September 9th, 1850, by 
wliich the slavery question was settled for the time. 
California was therefore admitted as a free State 
September 9th, 1850, making the thirty-first of the 
Union. This State was settled at San Diego {de- 
ay'-go) by the Spaniards in 1776. It derived its 
name from a character in an old Spanish romance. 

6. The Omnibus Bill. — The provisions of this bill 

were : 

(1). California was admitted as a free State; 

(2). The boundary line between Texas and !N'ew 
Mexico was fixed four degrees east of Santa 
Fe; 

(3). Utah and New Mexico were erected into ter- 
ritorial governments, free to introduce slav- 
ery or to prohibit it, as the people should 
decide ; 

(4). The barter of slaves was abolished in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia; 

(5). And the " Fugitive Slave Law " was passed, 

providing for the capture and delivery to 

their masters of runaway negroes who had 

escaped from the South to the North. 

The Anti-Slavery Party, or "Abolitionists" were 

violently opposed to the "fugitive slave law," and 

sometimes violated its provisions. 



276 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

7. Death of John C. Calhoun.— During the agi- 
tation of the slavery question just mentioned, one of 
its greatest advocates died — John C. Calhoun.* His 
death occurred at Washington, March 31st, 1850. 
He was the great champion of southern interests, 




JouN C. Calhoun. 

and in his death the Senate lost one of its most pow- 
erful orators. 

S. Cuhan "FiHhnsters/'f — During the first jsart 

* John C. Calhoun was born in South Carolina in 1782. He 
graduated at Yale and then studied law. He early developed 
unusual powers, and in 1811 entered Congress as a Representative, 
where he ardently supported the war with Great Britain. Under 
Monroe he was Secretary of War. He resigned from the Vice- 
Presidency in 1832 on account of differences with Jackson, and 
entered the Senate, where he became leader of the "States Rights" 
party. Under Tyler he was for two years Secretary of State, but 
re-entered the Senate in 1845, and was leader of the Southern 
Democrats till his death. 

f A name given to mere lawless adventurers, either on sea or 
land, banded together for predatory excursions. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 277 

of Taylor's Administration some adv^enturous per- 
sons in the United States attempted to assist the 
Cubans to gain their independence of Spain. (The 
inhabitants of Cuba had long been endeavoring to 
gain liberty.) Though President Taylor had issued 
a proclamation warning all persons against inter- 
fering with the affairs of this island, yet in 1851, 
one Lopez with a company of 480 men eluded the 
vigilance of the U. S. authorities, and invaded 
Cuba. The Spaniards were apprised of his arrival 
and proceeded against him with a large force. 
Lopez and his companions were captured ; and, 
with a number of them, he was executed at Ha- 
vana.* {See also Pierce's Administration, Topic 6; 
and Grant's Administration, Topic 17.) 

9. Louis Kossuth. — Austria and Russia having 
united against Hungrary and overthrown her liber- 
ties, the Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth, made 
a tour of the United States, during the summer of 
1852, to plead the cause of his native land before 
the American people, and to obtain private aid for 
his oppressed countrymen. He was everywhere 

* England and Fraace, judging from the attempts of these fili- 
busters, became anxious lest the United States should desire to 
annex Cuba to her domain. They therefore proposed a " tripar- 
tite treaty," by which each power should disclaim all intention of 
seizing upon that island, and guarantee its possession to Spain. 
Edward Everett, Secretary of State, in a masterly reply, re- 
jected the proposal, and set forth the Monroe doctrine in the 
strongest terms, declaring that, "while the United States had no 
intention of violating her good faith toward Spain, she did not 
recognize in any European power the right of interfering in ques- 
tions that were purely American," 



278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

received with expressions of sympathy and good-will, 
but the long-established policy of the United States 
forbade any interference in behalf of the Hungarian 
patriots. 

10. Decease of Two Great Men.— On June 28, 
1852, Henry Clay died at his post in Washington. 




Henry Clay. 

He had earned the title of "Peacemaker" by his 
successful efforts in connection with the Compromise 
Acts of 1829 and 1833, and, just before his death, 
with the Omnibus Bill. He was one of America's 
purest patriots, and though a Southerner and a slave- 
holder, did not desire the extension of slavery. His 
most earnest efforts M'ere to strengthen the bonds of 
union and promote the prosperity of the country. 
His cordial ways and magnetic speeches fascinated his 
hearers and created a strong personal attachment for 
the man as well as admiration for the statesman. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 279 

Daniel Webster t'lid Calliouu and Clay were the 
three most eloquent of all the talented men in public 
life, were confessedly pre-eminent, and gained from 
tlieir contemporaries the appellation of the American 
Triumvirate, died, at his home in Marshfield, Massa- 
chusetts, on October 2'ith, 1852, Perhaps it is not 




Daniel Webster. 

too much to say that Webster's powers of oratory 
were even greater than those of either of his tM'o 
competitors, and his giant intellect and magnificent 
results of his diplomacy entitle him to be named the 
greatest orator and statesman of his age. 

* Daniel Webster was one of America's greatest statesman and 
jnrists. At tlie age of nineteen he graduated from Dartmoutli 
College with high honors. In 1805 he was admitted to the bar in 
Boston. In 1812 he was elected to Congress, and was a prominent 
member of the House for two successive terms. As a lawyer, he 
attained the reputation of the greatest pleader of his time. In 



280 HISTORY OF THK UNITED STATES. 

PIERCE'S ADIIINISTRATION. 

1853—1857. 

1. His Election and Inauguration. — Franklin 
PiEKCE, elected by the Democrats over General Win- 
field Scott, Whig, and John P. Hale, Freesoiler, was 
inaugurated fourteenth President, March 4th, 1853, 
with William E, King, as Yice-President. 




Franklin Pierce. 

2. Franklin Pierce, the son of a New Hamp- 
shire farmer who became a distinguished officer of the 
Eevolution, was born at Hillsboro, N. H., in 1804. 

1823 he was again elected to the House of Representatives, and 
was twice re-elected, but afterward was transferred to the Senate, 
being the most conspicuous member of that body. He was Secre- 
tary of State under Harrison and Tyler, and again under Fill- 
more, managing the foreign affairs of the nation with consum- 
mate skill. In 1845 he was returned to the Senate, in which 
capacity he continued till he entered Fillmore's Cabinet. 



NATIONAL PEKIOD. 281 

He graduated at Bowdoin College, and soon after 
became a lawyer. He was a member of the State 
Legislature, and was in Congress from 1833 to 1842. 
A volunteer in the Mexican war, he rose to be a brig- 
adier-general. After being President, he spent some 
years abroad. He died in Concord, N. H., in 1869. 

3. The Gadsden PnrchaS'e. — During Pierce's Ad- 
ministration trouble arose with Mexico in regard 
to the boundary line between the two countries. * 
This was owing to the inaccuracies of the maps. 
The difficulty was, however, settled by the United 
States paying Mexico $10,000,000. This transac- 
tion is known as the "Gadsden Purchase," by 
which the United States acquired 27,000 square 

* About the same time, a diplomatic question arose with Aus- 
tria, known as the Martin Koszla Affair. Martin Koszta had been 
a leader in the Hungarian revolt against Austria, and after its 
suppression, he took refuge in the United States, formally declar- 
ing his intention of becoming an American citizen. Having occa- 
sion to visit Smyrna, on the Mediterranean coast, he placed him- 
self under the protection of the U. S. consul, but was seized by 
some bandits, and carried on board an Austrian ship to answer for 
his previous conduct. Thereupon Captain Ingraham, command- 
ing the American sloop of war St. Louis, loaded his guns, pointed 
them at the Austrian vessel, and was about to make hot work, 
when an agreement was made that Koszta should be put in charge 
of the French government until his nationality should be decided. 
A correspondence ensued, which resulted in the release of Koszta 
and his return to the United States. "The correspondence was 
one of the ablest on record and extended, before its termination, to 
almost every question affecting naturalization and citizenship, and 
indeed to many other important topics of international law." The 
discussion of the question was carried on between the Austrian 
minister at Washington and William L. Marcy, the American 
Secretary of State. 



282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

miles of territory south of the Gila (Ae'-^rtA) riven 
{See Map.) 

4. The Crystal Palace.— July 14, 1853, the Crys- 
tal Palace, or "World's Fair at New York was 
opened by President Pierce, It was made exclu- 
sively of iron and glass ; and contained the choicest 
products of foreign and domestic labor. It was 
visited by many thousands from all parts of the 
Union, and had a good effect in stimulating indus- 
trial pursuits. This glassy palace was afterwards 
burned — probably by an incendiary. 

5. Arctic Explorations. — In 1845 Sir John Frank- 
lin, a brave English seaman, undertook a voyage of 
discovery to the extreme North, believing that he 
could find a passage through an open polar sea into 
the Pacific; but no tidings ever came from the 
daring sailor. Several expeditions were sent out in 
search, but they met with no success. Henry 
Grinnell, a wealthy merchant of New York, at his 
own expense, dispatched a vessel to find the lost 
explorers; but the effort was fruitless. Again, in 
1853, our Government equipped a new Arctic squad- 
ron, in command of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane; but 
the expedition, though rich in scientific results, 
discovered nothing of the unfortunate Franklin 
and his crew. 

6. Walker's Filibustering Expeditious.— In 1853 
General William Walker, an audacious and un- 
scrupulous adventurer, in violation of the laws of 
the United States, escaped vith a band of fiUibus- 
ters from the port of San Francisco, and made a 
descent on Mexican territory in Lower California. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 283 

He attempted to raise a revolt there, but his com- 
pany was dispersed and himself made prisoner. He 
was tried by the authorities of San Francisco and 
acquitted. He again raised a baud of followers, 
and in 1855 entered Central America, where, being 
joined by a regiment of revolutionary natives, he 
fought and gained several battles. He became' so 
powerful that he was elected President of Nicarau- 
gua. He met with varying fortunes; was three 
times made prisoner, but escaping, found followers 
in the United States and continued his scheming. 
Finally he was overpowered and his whole band 
captured. He was tried by a court martial at 
Truxillo (^roo-Aee^'-?/o), Honduras (Central America), 
condemned and shot. {See also ^'Taylor and Fill- 
more' s Administration^'' Topic 8; '•^Grant's Adminis- 
tration^" Topic 17.) 

7. Treaty with Japan. — In March, 1854, an im- 
portant treaty was made with Japan, by which that 
nation agreed to open two of her ports of entry to 
the United States. {See also ^'■Buchanan's Adminis- 
tration," Topic 6.) 

8. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — In 1853 Stephen 
A.Douglas* introduced the famous " Kansas-Ne- 

* Stephen Arnold Douglas commenced the practice of law in 
1834, at Jacksonville, 111., showing such ahility that, at the age of 
twenty-two, he was chosen Attorney-General of the State. Six 
years later, he was appointed Secretary of State, ai\d also a Judge 
on the Supreme Bench of Illinois. In 1843 he was elected to Con- 
gress by the Democrats, and was twice re elected. He was pro- 
moted to the Senate in 1847, being a leader in that body for the 
remainder of his life. He was a great jurist, a powerful debater, 
and an eloquent speaker. He was opposed to the Civil War, 
strongly denouncing the doctrine of secession. 



^84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

braska Bill," organizing the Territories of Kansas 
and Nebraska, and giving the inhabitants of each 
Territory the right to decide for themselv-es whether 
it should be admitted free or slave, This doctrine 
was called "squatter sovereignty." As it was a 
repudiation of the Missouri Compromise, it caused 
violent and intense feeling. It became a law in 
1854. It brought about a "border warfare" be- 
tween the pro-slavery and anti-slavery men. Civil 
war ensued in Kansas. Men advocating admission 
with slaver}', and others equally determined that 
there should be no slavery, went to Kansas to en- 
force their respective views. For years the Terri- 
tory was distracted by internal strife^ many persons 
were murdered, and other lawless acts of violence 
were committed by both of these belligerent par- 
ties. 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1857—1861. 

1. Election and Inauguration. — In 1853 the Know- 
ISTothings," or "Americans," entertaining the prin- 
ciple that America should be ruled by Americans 
and opposing the influence of foreigners, came into 
existence. The party was, however, short-lived. 
The Free-Soil Democrats organized a new party 
styled "Republicans."* The Democrats were in 
favor of letting slavery extend wherever it found 
its way by the voice of the people. In the election 

*TIie old Republicans (Anti-Federalists) were those opposed 
to the Federalists. {See pagel57, Topic 3.) 



NATIONAL PEEIOD. 285 

of 1856 the Know-Kothings supported ex-President 
Fillmore; the Kepublicans, John C. Fremont; and 
the Democrats, James Buchanan. Buchanan was 
elected with John C. Breckinridge as Vice-President. 
The inauguration took place March 4, 1857. 

A few months after Buchanan's inauguration, a 
disastrous revulsion took place in the mercantile 




James Buchanan. 

world. Banks suspended, factories closed, many 
merchants failed, and a general panic prevailed. It 
was some months before business revived and the 
country recovered its wonted prosperity. 

2. James Buchanan.— Buchanan, the "bachelor 
President," was sixty-six years old when he was 
called to the executive chair. Much was hoped from 
his election, as he avowed the object of his adminis- 
tration to be " to destroy any sectional party, whether 
North or South, and to restore, if possible, that 
national fraternal feeling between the different States 



28G HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

that had existed during the early days of the Rej)iib- 
lic. " But sectional jealousy was too strong to avert 
a fearful contest. 

3. Trouble with the Mormons.— The Mormons, 
of Utah, had for several years defied the autlior- 
ity of the United States, acknowledging no Governor 
but Brigham Young. They had also been otherwise 
defiant, and the Government was compelled to send 
troops to humble them (1857). At first the Mor- 
mons prepared to resist ; but afterward wisely accepted 
offers of pardon. {See also Tyler'' s AdTriinistratwn^ 
Tojnc 8.) 

4. The " Dred Scott Decision."— The Supreme 
Court of the United States, in 1857, through Chief 
Justice Taney, declared that slave-owners might take 
tlieir slaves into any State in the Union without for- 
feiting authority over them. 

"Scott and his wife were slaves belonging to a 
surgeon in the United States army. They were taken 
into and resided in Illinois and at Fort Snelling, in 
territory where, by the ordinance of 1787, slavery 
was forever prohibited. Afterward, they were car- 
ried into Missouri, where they and their children 
were held as slaves. Some time later the husband 
was whipped and brought suit for damages in an 
action for assault and battery. He claimed freedom 
on the ground that, by the act of his master, he had 
been taken into free territory." The decision of the 
Court against them created intense excitement through- 
out the ^orth. 

5. John Brown's Raid.— October 16, 1859, Jonif 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 287 

Brown,* with a company of twenty-one men, be- 
lieving he would be justified in taking the law into 
his own hands, seized upon the United States 
Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and proclaimed 
freedom to all the slaves in that vicinity. United 
States troops arrested him and his band after some 
resistance, and he, with six of his associates, was 
tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. This act 
of Brown was regarded by the South as indicative 
of Northern sentiment, and the most intense ani- 
mosity was aroused. This was the forerunner of 
the Great Civil War. 

6. Japanese Visitors. — The summer of 1860 was 
signalized by the arrival of a magnificent embassy 
from the empire of Japan. It consisted of seventy- 
one persons, who were regarded with great interest 
and entertained as the guests of the nation. After 
delivering the treaty which they had brought from 
their government, and shrewdly examining the 
many inventions and improvements which they 
now saw for the first time, they returned to their 
own land with many specimens of American in- 
genuity and industry. 

7. Three Free States Admitted.— During Buchan- 
an's Administration — 

Minnesota was admitted as the thirty-second 
State, May 11, 1858. 

Oregon was admitted as the thirty-third State 
February 14, 1859. 

*John Brown and his foiir grown sons became prominent in 
Kansas in their armed opposition to the pro-slavery element. " His 
invasion of Virginia Avith so small a number of followers would 
seem to indicate his insanity at the time." 



288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Kansas was admitted as the thirty-tourth State 
January 29, 1861. 

8. Settlement of These States. — Minnesota was 
settled at Fort Suelling in 1819. It derived its 
name from the Minnesota river — an Indian word 
signifying " Cloudy Water." St. Paul was founded 
in 1846 by emigrants from the Eastern States. 

Oregon was settled at Fort Astoria in 1811 by 
the American Fur Company, of which John Jacob 
AsTOR* was a prominent member. It derived its 
name from the Spanish word — oregano — the name 
of a plant abundant on the coast. 

The exact date of the settlement of Kansas is 
unknown, but is supposed to have been about 1685. 
It derived its name from an Indian word meaning 
" Smoky Water." 

SECTION lY. 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION— THE GREAT CIVIL 
WAR. 

1861—1865. 
1. Election of 1860. — The Crisis. — Four candidates 
were nominated for the Presidency in 1860. The 
Republicans supported Abraham Lincoln; one 

® John Jacob Astor was born near Heidelberg, Germany. At 
the age of sixteen, he went to London to work for his brother, a 
maker of musical instruments. " He worked at that trade until 
the close of the American Kevolution, when he started for Balti- 
more with some musical instruments, which he proposed to sell on 
commission. During the passage he became acquainted with a 
fur trader, who revealed the profit to be made in furs ; and Astor, 
acting on this, exchanged his instruments for furs on his arrival, 
and thus began a business, whicii, before long, assumed colossal 
proportions. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 289 

wing of the Democracy voted for Stephen A, Dong- 
las — the other for John C. Breckinridge; tlie "Con- 
stitutional Unionists, ' ' a new party, whose motto was 
"The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement 
of the Laws," nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, 
Abraham Lincoln was elected, with Hannibal Hamlin 
as Yice-President. 




Abraham Lincoln. 

2. Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 
1809. "When he was seven years old the family 
moved to Indiana, and fourteen years after, to Illinois. 
A log cabin was his home, and toil and pi-ivation his 
lot in boyhood. He had but twelve months of school- 
ing, but his strenuous efforts to educate himself ended 
in his becoming one of the greatest of American states- 
men. Although as a lawyer he was at the head of 
his profession in his own State, he was little known 
in public until he became President. He was sev- 



290 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

era! times elected to the Legislature of Illinois, aiici 
was also elected to Congress, becoming one of the 
leaders of the Republican party in that body. lie 
had great patience, firmness, honesty, and magna- 
nimity. 

3. EflFect of Lincoln's Election. — The election of 
iincoln fanned to a blaze the slumbering sparks of 
feivil war. The Southern statesmen claimed that 
he had been elected by a party opposed to the in- 
terests of the South, and especially pledged to the 
overthrow of slavery. A State Convention was 
held at Charleston, South Carolina, on December 
20th, 1860, which declared that '•Hhe union before 
existing between South Carolina and other States, un- 
der the name of the United States of America loas dis- 
soked" By the 1st of February, 1861, six other 
States — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
Louisiana, and Texas — passed ordinances of seces- 
sion. The separated States formed a union under 
the title of The Confederate States op America. 
Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was chosen Presi- 
dent, and Alexander IL Stephens of Georgia, 
Vice-President. 

4. Jefferson Davis. — He was born in Kentucky 
in 1808, and was educated at the Military Acad- 
emy at West Point. He did gallant service in the 
Seminole and Mexican Wars, and was afterward 
United States Senator from Mississippi. He was 
Secretary of War during Pierce's Administration. 

5. Remote Causes of the Civil War. — The question 
of slavery — as the intelligent student will observe 
— was agitated from the time the Federal Consti- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 291 

tution was adopted till the war freed the slaves. 
It was the prime cause of the great coniiict. 

The sectional difference between the North and 
the South had its source in the different construc- 
tion put upon the Constitution by the people of 
the two sections, and in the difference of climate, 
which greatly modilied the character and habits of 
the people; also, while the agricultural pursuits 
and staple products of the South made slave labor 
profitable, the mechatiical pursuits and the more 
varied products of the North made it unprofitable.''^ 
These antagonisms — settled lirst by the Missouri 
Compromise of 1820; re-opened by the tariff of 
1828 ; calmed by Clay's Compromise tariff; intensi- 
fied by the annexation of Texas, and the consequent 
w^ar with Mexico ; irritated by the Wilmot Proviso ; 
lulled for a time by the Omnibus Compromise 
(1850); awakened anew by the "squatter sover- 
eignty" policy of 1853; made furious by the agi- 
tation in Kansas; run riot by the Dred Scott de- 
cision ; the attempted execution of the Fugitive 
Slave Law ; and the John Brown raid — had now 
reached a climax where the only remedy w^as "War. 

6. Mistaken Ideas of Both Sections. — Both the 
North and the South misunderstood each other. 
The people of the South believed that the Northern 
people were so engaged in pecuniary greed and so 

* There were also other causes of alienation. A feeling of 
jealousy and suspicion existed, arising from the little intercourse 
between the two extremes. The publication of sectional books — 
generally filled with ridicule and falsehood — whose popularity 
depended on the animosity between the two sections, did much to 
embitter the sectional hatred. 



292 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

weakened by habits of luxury, that they could send 
to the field mercenary soldiers only, whom the pat- 
riotic Southerners could easily beat. Cotton being 
the great staple of the South, they thouglit Eng- 
land and France were so dependent upon them for 
that article, that their government would he recog- 
nized and defended by those trans-atlantic powers. 
On the other hand, the people of the North did not 
believe that the South would dare to fight to up- 
hold slavery, since it had 4,000,000 slaves exposed 
to the chances of war. They thought the action 
of the Southerners was all bluster, and hence paid 
little heed to the threat of dissolving the Union. 
Both sadly learned their mistake only too late. 

7. Preparations for War. — The North, believing 
there would not be any war of much consequence, 
and fearing to precipitate matters, remained in- 
active; while, on the contrary, the South made 
vigorous preparations to carry out their expressed 
determination. United States forts, arsenals, mints, 
custom-houses, and ships, located in the Southern 
States, were seized. Companies and regiments 
were organized in all the towns and cities, and 
were drilled in the art of war. General P. G. T. 
Beauregard (bo'-ra-gard),^ an able tactician, was 
appointed commander-in-chief of the Confederate 
army. 

*General Beauregard, one of the most efficient generals of the 
South, was educated at West Point. He did gallant service in the 
Mexican war, first as captain and afterward as major. After tbat 
war he was engaged in the improvement of harbors and rivers, a»d 
the erection of defenses on the Gulf of Mexico. He also after- 
ward had charge of the construction ot the custom-house and other 
public works at New Orleans. At the opening of the Civil War 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 293 

8. The "Star of the West."— On January 9th, 
^1861,) the steamer Stai' oj the West, carrying troops 
and supplies to Fort Sumter, a United States fort 
in Charleston harbor, commanded by Major Ander- 
son, was tired upon and driven back. 

9. The Situation. — This decided action alarmed 
the North and roused it from the lethargy into 
which it had fallen. President Buchanan did 
nothing to avert tlie impending conflict. His Cabi- 
net largely sympathized with the Secessionists. 
The regular army was small, and widely scattered. 
The navy had been sent to distant ports. Mean- 
while, all was energy and activity in the seceded 
States. Officers in the United States army and navy 
were daily resigning and joining the Confederacy. 
There were, however, many Union sympathizers in 
the South, and they were greatly abhorred by their 
Southern neighbors. 

Lincoln being advised that an attempt would be 
made to assassinate him, traveled to Washington 
secretly and in disguise. He was inaugurated 
March 4th, 1861, guarded by loyal troops. 

The day after Lincoln's inauguration commis- 
sioners arrived from the Confederate Congress to 
open negotiations and to settle questions arising 
from secession. The Government refused to recog- 
nize the right of secession ; and throughout the 
whole conflict regarded the revolted States as a 
part of the Union, though in arms and unrepre- 
sented in Congress. 

he immediately entered the Confederate army as brigadier general, 
attaining during the war tho highest rank. 



29J: 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



EVENTS OF 1861. 



1. The Beginning. Capture of Fort Sumter. — 

Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, garrisoned by sev- 
enty-nine U. S. soldiers in command of Major Robert 




Anderson, Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Florida, 
which had been saved by the forethought and bravery 
of Lieut. Slemmer, and the two forts at Taylor and 
Jefferson, at the extreme south of Florida, were all 
that was left to the government in the seceded States, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



295 



On April 11 til, General Beauregard, who was in 
command of the Confederate troops at Charleston, 
having learned that supplies were being sent to Fort 




Sumter, summoned Major Anderson to surrender. 
This demand being refused, fire was opened on the 
fort the next day (April 12th) from all the Confed- 
erate forts and batteries. 



* The first shot of the Civil "War was fired at twenty minutes 
past four o'clock in the morning by Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia. 



296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

After a heavy bombardment of a day and a half, 
Maj. Anderson was obliged to evacuate on the 
14th — the fort having been set on fire by hot shot. 
The garrison was allowed the honors of war. No 
lives were lost on either side. 

2. Effects of Sumter's Fall.— The news of the cap- 
ture of Fort Sumter electrified the whole country. 
The South became a unit, and the ]N'orth, now fully 
aroused to the realities of the situation, prepared 
vigorously for war. On April 15th President Lin- 
coln issued a requisition for 75,000 troops. 300,000 
volunteers answered the call. The war spirit per- 
vaded every part of the country. Lincoln's procla- 
mation was followed two days after by one from 
Davis, ofltering " letters of marque " and reprisal to 
all persons who in private armed vessels would 
prey upon the commerce of the North. This was 
followed, April 19th, by another proclamation from 
Lincoln, declaring the ports of the seceded States 
in a state of blockade. 

3. First Blood of the War.— The first blood of 
the war was spilled in the streets of Baltimore, 
April 19th, when a regiment of Massachusetts 
militia, on its way to the defense of the threatened 
capital, was fired upon and several men were 
killed. 

4. Four Other States Secede.— Upon the fall of 
Sumter four more States passed ordinances of 
secession, namely: Virginia, April 17th; Arkan- 
sas, May 8th ; North Carolina, May 20th ; and 
Tennessee, June 8th. Thus making eleven States 
ip the Confederacy out of fifteen slave States. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 297 

Strong efforts were made to induce Missouri to leave 
tlie Union, but without success. Kentucky declared 
her intention of maintaining an "armed neutrality." 
Delaware and Maryland evinced no disposition to link 
their fortunes with the Southern cause. 




Confederate Flag — "Stars axd Bars." 

5. The Rival Flags.— The Confederate flag— 
the " Stars and Bars " — was conspicuously displayed 
everywhere in the South; the "Stars and Stripes," 
everywhere in the North. 

6. Harper's Ferry Seized.— The Confederates 
seized the U. S. Armory at Harper's Ferry and the 
Navy Yard at Norfolk, Ya. Richmond, Ya., be- 
came the Capital of the new republic. Neither the 
North nor the South thought tlie war would last 
more than ninety days; but how they were deceived. 



298 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



7. The Seceded States. — The eleven States that 
formed the Southern Confederacy were : 

South Carolma seceded December 26th, 1860. 
Mississippi seceded January 9th, 1861. 





Alabama seceded January 11th, 1861. 
Florida seceded January 11th, 1861. 
Georgia seceded January 19th, 1861. 
Louisiana seceded January 26th, 1861. 
Texas seceded February 1st, 1861. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



299 



Virginia seceded April ITtli, 18G1, 
Arkansas seceded May 8th, 1861. 
North Carolina seceded May 20th, 1861. 
Tennessee seceded June 8th, 18G1. 




8. Operations in Yirginia.— On May 24th, Ar- 
lington Heights and the city of Alexandria, opposite 
Washington, on the other side of the Potomac, were 
seized and occupied hy the Union forces, thus pro- 
tecting the Capital from danger of immediate attack 



300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Fortress Monroe, a strong fortification in southeastern 
Virginia, near the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, had 
been garrisoned by 15,000 Union men under the 
command of General B. F. Butler. On the lOtli of 
June these troops, while making an expedition against 
Big Bethel, fired into each other by mistake, and 
when they attacked the Confederate defenses, they 
were repulsed with heavy loss. 

9. West Virginia. — Soon after the secession of 
Virginia the people of the northwestern part of 
the State, who were Unionists, desired a separation 
from the other section. The General Government 
favored the movement, and the Southerners at- 
tempted to prevent it. It was, however, erected 
into a distinct State under the name of West Vir- 
ginia, and on June oOtli, 1863, it was admitted as 
the 35th State. 

10. Battle of Bull Run.— Bull Run, at Manassas 
Junction, on the railroad between Richmond and 
Washington, about thirty miles from the latter city, 
was the scene of the first great battle of the Civil 
War. Twenty thousand Confederate troops, under 
command of Beauregard, had collected at this point 
to defend Richmond, their capital. Gen, Joseph 
E. Johnston,* with 8,000 men, was at Winchester, 
fifty miles distant. The commander of the Union 
forces in and about Washington was Gen. Irwin 



•Gen. Joseph E. Johnston probably did more for *,he Confed- 
erate cause than any general, except Lee. He had acquired ex- 
tensive experience in the wars against the Florida Indians, and 
in the Mexican War, gaining promotion for his gallantry. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



301 



Harper's F^^dtoJ 


1 


t oTreaerick 




^'^'^^ ^ 



McDowell, who had some 40,000 vohmteers. On 
Sunday, July 21st, 
the Federal forces, 
under the general 
leadership of the 
c o m m a n d e r-i n- 
chief, Lieut. Gen. 
Scott, opened the 
attack,sanguine of 
victory. T h o u - 
sands of spectators 
from Washington 
and vicinity were 
within sight, in 
carriages and Manassas Junction and Vicinity, 1 861 . 
other vehicles, to witness — as they believed — a 
Union victory. At first the Confederates lost 
ground, when the reserve under the command 
of Gen. T. J. Jackson, afterward called "Stone- 
wall,"* came into action, and the aspect of the bat- 
tle was somewhat changed. The fight was now hotly 
contested by both sides. The Confederates were 
being worsted, when Johnston's command from 
Winchester, led by Gen. Kirby Smith, appeared, and 
attacking the Federal troops on the right flank, 
the tide of battle was turned. The Federal soldiers 
were thrown into confusion, and panic-stricken, 
scattered in hasty retreat back to Washington, ut- 



^"■'^'^ '° 



* In rallying the retreating Confederates, General Bee shouted : 
"See, there's Jackson standing like a atom-wall!" Hence the 



302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

terly routed. The total loss of the Confederates in 
killed, wounded, and missing was about 2,000; that 
of the Federals was 3,000 and a large number of can- 
non and muskets. 




Stonewall Jackson. 

11. Effect of the Battle of Bull Bun. — This 

disastrous defeat of the Federal army depressed the 

* Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson was born in Virginia in 
1824. He was a graduate of the class of 1846 of West Point, and 
was one of the fighters in the Mexican War. For a time he 
taught at the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington. On the 
outbreak of the Civil War, he was appointed brigadier-general in 
the Confederate army, of which he was one of the most distin- 
guished officers. He was successful, in many important engage- 
ments in 1862, defeating Union forces at Cedar Mountain, seizing 
Harper's Ferry, commanding one wing at Antietam, and being 
an important factor at Fredericksburg. After making the de- 
ciding move at Chancellorsville in May, 1863, he was shot, by 
mistake, by one of his own men. He won a victory for the Con- 
federate cause, but the loss of his military genius was a great 
price to pay for it. 



NATIONAL PEEIOD. 303 

North and encouraged the South. The depression of 
the North was followed by a firmer determination 
that the Union should not be destroyed. Both sec- 
tions were convinced that the war would be lona: 




George B. McClellan. 

and bloody. The North saw that her soldiers must 
be trained — that brave volunteers without military 

* George B. McClellan was born in Philadelphia in 1826, and 
graduated in the same class with Stonewall Jackson at West 
Point (1846). He also took active service in the Mexican War, 
and was sent afterward to Europe to study military methods from 
an expert standpoint. As a result of this study he wrote "Armies 
of Europe." In 1861 he was appointed Commander of the Army 
of the Potomac ; he succeeded Winfield Scott as commanding 
general, but was shortly after limited again to the "Army of the 
Potomac." On November 7th, 1863, he was placed on waiting 
orders. He resigned from the army in 1864, and became Lin- 
coln's opponent in the Presidential campaign of that year. In 
1878 he'was made Governor of New Jersey, which office he held 
four years. He died in 1885. 



304 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

discipline would not suffice to fight Americans such 
as the Southerners were. Gen. George B. McClel- 
LAN,* an able military organizer, was placed in 
command of the Army of the Potomac, and under 
his discipline the Union volunteers were drilled to 
do ro.ore effective service. This army numbered 
150,000 men. Congress soon voted 500,000 men 
and $500,000,000 to prosecute the war. 

12. Battle of Ball's Bluff.— On October 21st a de- 
tachment of 6,000 Union soldiers was defeated at 
the battle of Ball's Bluff, Virginia, by a Confeder- 
ate force of 1,700 men under General Evans. 
Colonel Baker, United States Senator from Oregon, 
was among the killed. 

13. The Blockade. — President Lincoln had de- 
clared the ports south of Maryland to be in a state 
of blockade. Vessels were stationed at all the 
points of entry, and kept such a vigilant watch 
that the South was nearly cut off from intercourse 
with the rest of the world. The Union Navy 
rapidly increased in number and strength. Power- 
ful gunboats were constructed which were the dread 
of the South. 

*The aged General Scott, who had been placed in command of 
the Union armies, soon after resigned, and McClellan became 
«ommander-in-chief. General McClellan had graduated at West 
Point with high honors. He distinguished himself in the Mexi- 
can War, being breveted first lieutenant and also captain. He 
was a skillful engineer, and in 1855 was appointed by the Govern- 
ment to visit the seat of the Crimean War. His report on the 
" Organization of European Armies and Operations in the Crimea," 
wa.s published on his return. He also wrote other works on mili- 
tary tactics. In 1864 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the 
Presidency. In 1878 he was elected Governor of Now Jersey. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 305 

The Confederates had no regular navy, but their 
daring privateers did thern good service. 

The naval operations during the first year of the 
war, were the capture by the Federals of Hatteras 
Inlet, North Carolina, and the defenses at Port 
Royal Harbor, South Carolina. 

14. Battles of Belmont and Wilson's Creek.— The 

Confederates strove hard to force Missouri out of 
the Union, but the Federals kept her in. The re- 
sult of this contention was that the State suffered 
from incursions of both armies. August 10th 5,000 
Federals under General Lyon attacked a Confeder- 
ate force of 8,000 men under Generals McCulloch 
and Price, at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, 
Missouri. The Federals were defeated and Gen. 
Lyon was killed. 

November 7th a force of Union troops attacked 
a detachment of Confederates stationed at Belmont, 
Mo., on the Mississippi. At first the Confederates 
were worsted, but being re-enforced from the Ken- 
tucky side of the river, the Union troops were re- 
pulsed with heavy loss. 

The Confederate Army was, in time, forced to 
abandon the State. 

15. Confederate Commissioners Captured. — The Con- 
federate Government sent two Commissioners — J. 
Slidell and J. M. Mason — to England and France 
to solicit recognition and aid. On their passage 
thither in November, they were intercepted by 
Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S.Navy, who took them 
from the British steamer Trent. The British au- 

20 



306 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

thorities resented the action and threatened to 
declare war against the Federals. The Federal. 
Government disavowed the course of Wilkes, and 
the Commissioners were permitted to proceed to 
their destination. The South fully expected that 
England and France would recognize their inde- 
pendence, but those powers never saw fit to do so, 
though their sympathies were with the Southern 
cause. 

16. Affairs at the Close of 1861.— The condition 
of the Federals at the close of the first year of the 
war was more promising than at the opening. 
The Confederates had generally been successful in 
the various encounters that took place. The minor 
battles of the year in which the Union forces were 
successful were: Philippi, Va., June 3 ; Boone- 
ville. Mo., June 17 ; Rich Mountain, Va., July 11 ; 
Carrick's Ford, Va., July 14 ; Carnifex Ferry, Va., 
September 10 ; Dranesville, Va., December 20. 

Business had revived and systematic preparations 
for the contest were made. The Federal Army 
had been increased to 660,000 men, trained for 
efit'ective service. Ample provision for carrying on 
the war had been voted by Congress, and affairs 
were managed with forethought and tact. 
' On the other hand, the Confederates, though 
hampered by the blockade, heroically endured 
many privations for their cause, and cherished a 
resolute determination to gain their independence. 
They exhibited wonderful firmness, fortitude, and 
availability, in consideration of their limited re- 
sources and the overwhelming odds against thena. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 307 



EVENTS OF 1862. 



1. Campaign of 1862.— The year's campaign, on 
the part of the North, had three main objects: 

(1) The opening of the Mississippi ; (2) the more 
thorough blockade of the Southern ports; and (3) 
the capture of Richmond. The Memphis and 
Chattanooga railroad, with a branch to Richmond 
and one to Charleston, was the only direct line 
from the Mississippi eastward that the Confederates 
had. To retain possession of this road, by which 
they obtained nearly all their supplies and men 
from beyond the Mississippi and above Vicksburg, 
they constructed a chain of forts from Columbus on 
the Mississippi to Bowling Green, Kentucky, and 
also north of the road. These forts were under 
the command of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston* 
with 60,000 men. Fort Henry on the Tennessee 
and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland were the 
most important points of defense. 

2. Battle of Mill Spring. — The first important 
movements of the year were in Kentucky. Early 
in January Col. Garfield! drove out a Confeder- 
ate force under Col. Humphrey Marshall, from the 
eastern part of the State; and on the 19th the 

•Albert Sidney Johnston was a graduate of West Point, and 
afterward served in the Black Hawk War. He also attained chief 
command of the Texan forces; and in the Mexican War, served as 
a volunteer. 

f James A. Garfield, who became President of the United 
States in 1881. 



308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Federals under Gkn. Geo. II. Thomas* gained a 
victory at Mill Spring, over Generals Crittenden 
and ZoLLicoFFER, the latter being killed in the 
action. 

3. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. — A fleet 
of gun-boats under Commodore A. H. FooTE,f and 
an army of 17,000 men, under Gen. Ulysses S. 
Grant, reduced Fort Henry, February 6th. | On 
the 14th, Grant, with 15,000 men, in conjunction 
with Foote's gun-boats, attacked Fort Donelson, 
but was repulsed with heavy loss. On the 15th 
10,000 Confederates made a sortie and attempted 
to force their way through the Union lines, intend- 
ing to escape to Nashville. They were driven back 

♦George Henry Thomas graduated at West Point in 1840: 
served in the Seminole and Mexican Wars ; and performed an im- 
portant part in the Civil War. His stand at Chickamauga (See 
Events of 1863, Topic 8) is accounted one of the most heroic eventf 
of the war. He died in 1870. 

tAndrew Hull Foote entered the Navy in 1822. In 1861 he 
was made flag officer of the Western naval fleet, and had charge 
of the construction of the gun-boats to be used. He died in 1863, 
when about to take command of the South Atlantic Squadron. Hs 
was a man of great moral and physical courage, and gained th» 
respect and admiration of the entire Navy. 

tOn February 8th, the Federals, under Gen. Ambrose E, 
BuKNSiDE and Commodore Goldsborough, entered Hatteras Inlet, 
and, after encountering a severe storm and a brave resistance, cap- 
tured Roanoke Island (memorable as the site of Sir Walter Ra. 
leigh's colony) and 3,000 men. Goldsborough's fleet in other ex- 
peditions to various points along the Atlantic coast, destroyed 
several Confederate vessels, and seized variable stores and ord- 
nance. March 14th, Burnside, supported b" gun-boats, took pos- 
eession of Newbern, N. C; and on the '2;5th or April they captured 
Beaufort (bu^-fai-t), and reduced Fcr<. W.<i.con, which defended the 
entrance to the harbor. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 309 

after hard fighting. Grant's army had in the mean- 
time been re-enforced, till he now had 27,000 sol- 
diers ; and on the 16th he was about to renew the 
assault, when Gen. S. B. Buckner, the commander 
of Fort Donelson, surrendered with 15,000 men. 
The whole Federal loss was 2,000 men, 400 of whom 
were killed; the Confederate loss in killed and 
wounded was about half that number. 

4. EflFect of These Captures. — The whole line of 
Confederate defenses was now abandoned ; Nash- 
ville and Columbus fell into Federal hands, and the 
Mississippi was free as far as Island No. 10, which 
was taken soon after. * 

5. Battle of Shiloh. — Shiloh meeting-honse was 
situated two miles from the Tennessee River, near 
Pittsburg Landing, in southern Tennessee. Here, 
on the 6th and 7th of April, was fought the blood- 
iest battle that had yet taken place. Thirty thou- 
sand Confederates, under Generals A. S. Johnston 
and Beauregard, attacked the encampment of Gen. 
Grant, taking it completely by surprise. The Con- 
federates drove the Union Army back down the 

•After abandoning Columbus, Ky., the Confederates took a 
strong position on Island Xo. 10, in the Mississippi, preventing the 
navigation of that river. The Federals, under Gen. Pope, on the 
14th of March, dislodged a body of Confederates from New Madrid, 
opposite the Island, on the Missouri side, and co-operated with 
Commodore Foote for the capture of the island and its garrison. 
After a bombardment of three weeks, the Confederates withdrew; 
but Pope's forces cut off their retreat, taking about 5,000 prisoners. 
Fort Pillow was soon after taken, which opened the way to Mem- 
phis, Tenn., which, after a severe naval engagement, surrendered 
on June 6th. 



310 HISTORY OF THE FNITEP STATES. 

river, badly beaten. Darkness prevented further 
pursuit, and ended the fight of the 6th. Grant 
received re- enforcements during the night, and the 
next morning renewed the fight and reversed the 
result of the day before, driving the Confederates 
from the field. The dashing Johnston was mor. 
tally wounded in this battle. The Confederates 
lost 11,000 men ; Federals, 15,000. 

6. Effect of this Battle. — This sanguinary contest^ 
sometimes called the battle of Pittsburg Landing, 
was of great advantage to the North. The Con- 
federates yielded up Corinth, Fort Pillow, and Mem- 
phis. The Memphis road was also lost to them. 

7. Battle of Pea Ridge. — In the beginning of the 
year Gen. Curtis entered Arkansas from Missouri, 
and took position at Pea Ridge, among the moun- 
tains. Here, on March 6th, he was attacked by an 
army of 20,000 Confederates and Indians, nnder 
McCulloch, McIntosh, and Pike. After a hard 
fought battle lasting two days the Federals were 
victorious. McCulloch and Mcintosh were both 
killed and their men obliged to retreat toward 
Texas. The Union loss was the most severe, and 
the battle was barren of results. 

8. Fall of New Orleans.— On April 24th Commo- 
dore D. G. Farragut'*' with his fleet forced his way 

* Commodore Farragut began his naval career at the early 
age of eleven, on board the ''Essex " in the War of 1812. He was 
the most illustrious naval officer of the Union io the Civil War. 
After the war, he was appointed to the command of a European 
squadron, and everywhere received tokens of high Tf^sj^nct from 
the foreign powers. He died at the Portsmouth nav^ vard, in 
1870. 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 311 

up the Mississippi from the Gulf, passed the Con- 
federate forts and other obstructions, and captured 
N"ew Orleans, April 28th. It was at this time 
poorly prepared for defense, except by the obstruc- 
tions just mentioned, as the Confederates had with- 
drawn most of their available force to Corinth and 
West Tennessee. Great numbers of steamers and 
ships and vast quantities of cotton were burned by 
order of the Governor of Louisiana, to prevent them 
from falling into the hands of the Union forces. 
The loss of New Orleans was a terrible blow to the 
Confederacy. 

9. The Merrimac and the Monitor. — On March 

8th an oddly shaped craft, in appearance like the 
roof of an immense building sunk to the eaves, 
slowly made its way among the Union shipping in 
Hampton Roads, Va. This was the Merrimac^ 
{Virginia,*) a Confederate iron-clad gun-boat. 
The frigate Congress and the sloop of war Cumber- 
land were near, and the Merrimac steered toward 
them. The Cumberland fired a whole broadside 
against the iron-clad, but the balls glanced off, do- 
ing no more damage than so many peas. The 
Merrimac thrust her iron beak clear through the 
hull of the Cumberland, making a large hole, into 
which the water rushed, and she sank with all ou 
board, her colors still flying. The Congress, seeing 
the fate of her companion, ran ashore, but this did 
not save her; the Merrimac r\dd\ed her with shot, 

*She was called the Virginia by the Confederates, and was 
blown up by them on the 11th of May, at which time Norfolk was 
•urrendered to the Union soldiers. 



S12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and her crew surrendered. Having done this mis- 
chief the Merrimac returned at night to N"orfolk, 
intending to destroy the rest of the Union fleet the 
next day. That night the Monitor,'^ a Union iron- 
clad, arrived, and the next morning, when the 
monster Merrimac made her appearance, she en- 
jcountered "the cheese-box on a raft," and the 
battle of the ironclads began. After four hours 
hard lighting, the Merrimac was obliged to retire 
considerably damaged, leaving the Monitor mistress 
of the field.f 

10. Siege and Capture of Yorktown. — At York- 
town, Virginia, the Confederates were strongly in- 
trenched — their works extending from the York 
River on the north to the James on the South. 
General McClellan, in command of the Army of 
the Potomac, commenced a siege of the place 
April 4th. During the month following, the Union 
forces made several unsuccessful assaults on the 

•"This ' Yankee cheese-box,' as it was nicknamed at the time, 
was tne invention of Captain Ericsson. It was a hull, with the 
deck a few inches above water, and in the center a curious round 
tower made to revolve slowly by steam power, thus turning the two 
guns it contained in every direction. The upper part of the hull, 
which was exposed to the Confederates' fire, projected several feet 
beyond the lower part, and was made of thick white oak, covered 
•with iron plating six inches on the sides and two inches on the 
deck." 

tThis engagement clearly showed the great superiority of iron- 
clads over wooden vessels, and led the Federal Government to 
build a number of Monitors with all despatch. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



313 



works. On the morning of May 4th, after exten- 

sive preparations 

for a iinal charge 

along the entire 

line, the' Federals 

awoke to find the 

Confederates had 

left in the night, 

and they entered 

the j)lace without 

opposition. 

On the evacua- 
tion of Yorktown, 
Norfolk was aband- 
oned by the Con- 
federates, the Navy 
Yard burned, and 
the famous Merri- 
macblownup. Fed- 
eral troops then 
took possession of Norfolk. 

11. Battle of Williamsburg. — After leaving York- 
town, the Confederates, hotly pursued by a division 
of the Union Army under Major General Winfield 
S. Hancock, were overtaken at "Williamsburg, 
twenty miles up the Peninsula, at which place ex- 
tensive fortifications had been erected, guarding the 
road to Eichmond. May 5th the Confederates were 
defeated, and continued their retreat to Richmond, 
closely pressed by General Hancock's troops to 
within seven miles of the Confederate capital. 




I^CENE OF THE CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA, MARY- 
LAND AND Pennsylvania, 1862. 



314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

12. Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. — There 
were at this time in Virginia three other Federal 
armies besides McClelLan's, under the respective 
commands of Generals Fremont, Banks and 
McDowell. It was the purpose of the Federals to 
combine McDowell's forces — 40,000 strong — with 
those of McClellan, to augment the vast army that 
threatened Richmond. To prevent this, General 
J. E. Johnston, Confederate commander-in-chief, 
directed "Stonewall" Jackson to attack the Fed- 
eral forces in the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson, bj 
rapid marches, drove Fremont's army back into 
West Virginia. Defeating Banks at Winchester, 
and forcing him to retreat to the Potomac, Jackson 
threatened Washington, but was hotly pursued 
by the combined forces of Fremont, Banks, and 
McDowell. At Cross Ke}s and Port Kepublic, 
June 8tli and 9th, battles were fought, in which the 
Confederates were defeated, but Jackson, with his 
army, escaped and finally joined the main army- 
near Richmond. 

13. Battle of Fair Oaks.— On May 31st a part of 
McClellan's army which had crossed the Chicka- 
hominy was furiously attacked by the Confederates 
under Johnston. This battle, called Fair Oaks, or 
Seven Pines, lasted part of two days, neither party^ 
being the gainer. Gen. Johnston having been 
severely wounded in this action. Gen. Robert E. 
Lee * was assigned (June 3rd) to command of the 
army in front of Richmond. Lee retained th» 
command until the close of the war. 

* See " Closing Conflicts," Topic 8, (Events of 1864-1865/ 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 315 

14. The Seven Days' Battles.— McClellan was pre- 
paring to advance on Richmond, when he heard 
that Jackson had appeared near Hanover Court 
House and threatened the Union rear. He was, 
therefore, compelled to change his base. Harrison's 
Landing on James River was decided on, and the 
movement in that direction immediately com- 
menced. On the 26th of June Lee attacked a part 
of McClellan's army at Mechanicsville, and was re- 
pulsed with loss. The Federal troops retired to 
Gaines's Mill, where they were again attacked, and 
defeated. Continuing the retreat, the Union Army 
crossed the Chickahominy to the south bank. The 
next day they were flanked at Savage's Station, but 
were saved from annihilation by superior general- 
ship. At Frazier's Farm on the 30th, the Confed- 
erates under Generals Longstreet and Hill at- 
tacked the retreating army, but could not break 
the line. At Malvern Hill, July 1st, the Army of 
the Potomac fought the last battle of the seven 
days' retreat, and drove Lee's army from the field, 
ending the pursuit. Thus was accomplished what 
is conceded by military tacticians to have been one 
of the most masterly movements on record : 
" change of base in the presence of the enemy." 

15. Effect of McClellan's Campaign. — Though Mo- 
Clellan's retreat from the advance on Richmond 
was skillfully conducted, yet the contemplated siege 
of the Confederate capital was baffled. Ten thou- 
sand prisoners had been taken by the Confederates, 
and immense quantities of military supplies cap- 
tured or destroyed. The North was much die- 



316 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



coiiraged, but responded to a requisition of Presi- 
dent Lincoln for 300,000 more men. 

16. Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run. — On 

July 11th Gen Halleck was appointed commander- 
in-chief of the Union Armies. All the forces in 
northern Virginia were placed under Pope. Lee 
saw an advantage; and, with "Stonewall" Jack- 
son, attacked a portion of Pope's army under Banks 
at Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9th. The Fede- 
rals were defeated. Jackson then destroyed the 
railroad between Pope's army and Washington; 
and at Manassas captured a vast quantity of army 
stores of all descriptions. On August 29th Jack- 
son's army combined with Lee's and defeated Pope'a 
forces in the bloody Second Battle of Bull Run. 
The Union troops were here utterly routed — Lee 
pursuing them for two days. 

17. Lee's Invasion of Maryland— Battle of Antie- 
tam. — At the battle of Chantilly, September 2nd, the 
pursuing Confederates gained a victory. At his 
own request Pope was relieved, and McClellan was 
again put in command of the Army of the Potomac. 
September 14th the Confederates were defeated at 
the battle of South Mountain, Md. On the same 
day, Jackson captured Harper's Ferry, taking 
12,000 prisoners, as many small arms, seventy-five 
pieces of artillery, and more than two hundred 
wagons. On the 17th the terrific battle of Antie- 
tam [An- tee' -tarn) was fought between the com- 
bined forces of Lee and Jackson aggregating about 
60,000 men, and the Union army 90,000 strong un- 
der McClellan. The tight lasted fourteen hours, 



NATIOXAL PERIOD. 



^17 



endino; (u a drawn battle. The Confederate loss 
was l'",000 men. Tlie Union loss was about the 



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Opekations in Virginia, 1S64 akd 1865. 

name. Lee retreated, and, on the night of the 18th. 
crossed the Potomac into Virginia. 

18. Emaneipation Proclamation. — On the 22nd of 
September, President Lincoln issued his celebrated 
" Emancipation Proclamation." It declared that 
" on the first day of January, 1863, all persons held 
as slaves within any State or designated part of a 
State, the people whereot shall be in rebellion 



Sl8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

against the United States, shall be then, thencefor- 
ward and forever free." {See also "-JEcents of 1863," 
Topic 2.) 

19. Confederate Invasion of Kentucky. — Deter- 
mined not to give up Kentncky peaceably, the 
Confederates invaded the State in two corps ; one 
under Gen. Kirby Smith; the other under Gen. 
Braxton Bragg. * August 30th Smith's array 
routed the Federals at Richmond — the latter losing 
heavily. Lexington and Frankfort were both 
taken. Cincinnati was saved from capture only by 
the extraordinary exertions of Gen. Lew, Wallace. 
Bragg's army advancing from Chattanooga cap- 
tured at Mumfordsville, September 17th, a Federal 
division of 4,500 men. lie then continued his 
march toward Louisville ; and would have taken 
that city had his rear not been closely pressed by 
General D. C. Buell, who, by forced marches from 
Tennessee, was rapidly overtaking him, and com- 
pelled him to turn back. Buell received re-enforce- 
ments from the North, swelling his army to 100,- 
000. The ' Confederates retreated to Perry ville, 
Ky., where, October 8th, Bragg was overtaken, 
and a severe battle was fought.f The Confeder- 

* General Bragg was educated at West Point, and served in 
the Mexican War, receiving special promotion for gallantry. On 
the death of Albert Sidney Johnston at Shiloh, he succeeded to the 
command. After the battle of Perryville he was relieved of the 
command, and placed under arrest by the Confederate authorities, 
but was almost immediately released, and restored to his former 
rank. He was a great favorite of the Confederate President. Af- 
ter the war he was appointed chief-engineer in the improvements 
in Mobile Bay. 

tin the darkness, P.ragg retreated and finally escaped with 
his plunder, which tilled a wagon train forty miles long. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. ^ 319 

ates then continued their retreat to East Tennessee, 
taking with them nearly 4,000 wagons laden with 
the spoils of the campaign. 

20. Battle of Fredericksburg.— The Federal Gov- 
ernment was dissatisfied with the slow movements 
of McClellan, and, soon after the battle of Antie- 
tam. General Burnside* was appointed to super- 
sede him. On December 13th Burnside with 100,- 
000 men stormed the Confederate position in the 
rear of Fredericksburg, Va. Lee's army, 80,000 
strong, were stronglj^ intrenched on the hills and 
bluii's back of the city. The carnage was terrible 
and ended only with the darkness of night. Col- 
umn after column of Federal troops charged the 
works, but were each time repulsed, being mowed 
down by thousands — losing over 12,000 in killed, 
wounded, and missing, while the total Confederate 
loss was one-third that number. 

21. Battles of luka and Corinth. — Many of Grant's 
troops having been sent north to assist Buell, the 
Confederates, under Generals Price and Van Dorn, 
took advantage of the opportunity, and endeavored 
to re-gain Corinth. Thinking that he could cap- 
ture Price and then get back to Corinth before 
Van Dorn could reach it, Grant ordered Roseerans 
to move upon luka. On September 19th, Rose- 
erans worsted Price at the latter place ; and on 
October 4th, he repulsed a fierce attack on Corinth 
made by the combined forces of Van Dorn and 
Price. 

•General Ambrose E. Burnside received a military education 
at West Point, and after the Civil War, was made Governor of 
Bhode Island. 



320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

22. Battle of Murfreesborough. — Gen. Bragg on 
his retirement from Kentucky collected his forces, 
35,000 strong, at Murfreesborough, Tenn. Here 
lie was attacked by General Rosecrans {rose' -kranz) 
with an army of 47,000 men. The battles which 
followed, December 31st, and January 1st and 2nd, 
1863, were fierce, and bravely fought. Several 
divisions of the Union army under Thomas and 
Hazen, respectively, did gallant service. The first 
battle (December 3l8t) was won by the Confeder- 
ates, but the last two days' fight resulted in the 
discomfiture of Bragg's army, which retreated 
southward. 

23. First Attempt to take Vicksburg. — Vicksburg 
was now the only strong point of the Confederates 
on the Mississippi •. and toward the close of this 
year (1862) Generals Grant and Sherman* under- 
took to conquer it. Grant made a depot for pro- 
visions and munitions of war at Holly Springs, 
Miss. His design was, however, foiled by General 
Van Dorn, who captured the depot at Holly Springs 
and destroyed the army supplies there, the value 
of which was more than $4,000,000. Sherman, un- 
aware of Grant's misfortune, proceeded to carry out 
his part of the plan, and, in December, landed on 
the Yazoo River and made an attack on the Confed- 
erate fortifications on Haines's Bluff, thirteen miles 
north of Vicksburg, but was repulsed with great 
loss. Grant and Sherman now became convinced 
that Vicksburg could not be taken by direct assault, 
and decided to abandon the undertaking for the time. 
{See also ''Events o/1863," To^ic 1.) 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 321 

William Tecumseli Sherman was born in Oliio, 
in 1820, and graduated from West Point at tlie age 
of twenty. After serring in the Seminole and Mexi- 
can Wars, lie resigned from the army to go into busi- 
ness. In 1853 he engaged in banking in San Fran- 
cisco and New York. Afterward he practised law 




William T. Sherman. . 

in Kansas, and in 1860 he became superintendent of 
the "Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and 
Military Academy" at Alexandria. While residing 
at St. Louis in 1861, he was appointed colonel in the 
regular army, commanding a division at Bull Run. 
Grant attributed the Union success at Sbiluh to the 
skill of Sherman. When Grant went to Washington 
as lieutenant-general Sherman was put in command in 
the West. He fought his way to Atlanta, which he 
took, and then made his famous "march to the sea," 
In 1869 he succeeded Grant as General of the army; 
in 1883 he retired, and died in 1891. 



322 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

24. "Greenbacks."' — The war was carried on by 
means of paper mone}- called " greenbacks." These 
were first issued in this year (1862). At this time 
all the banks in the United States had suspended 
specie payments. As the war went on gold began 
to command a premium ; that is, greenbacks began 
lo depreciate in value. In 1864 gold rose as high 
MS 280; that is, ^1 gold was worth $2.80 in green- 
backs. The Confederates also carried on the war 
by means of paper money, which, however, became 
almost worthless before the close of the war. 

25. The Sioux War. — During the latter part of 
this year (1862) the Sioux (soo) Indians perpetrated 
horrible massacres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Daco- 
tah. Hundreds of whites Avere killed, and many 
families driven from their homes. They were 
finally subdued b}^ Gen. Sibley, who pursued them 
for a month and captured 500 of them. Thirty- 
nine were hung on one scaffold in Minnesota, De- 
'3ember 20th. {See also Grant's Administration, 
Topic 22.) 

EVENTS OF 1863. 
1. The Fall of Vicksburg. * — In April Grant and 
Sherman determined again to attempt the conquest 
+f Vicksburg. The object was to open the Missis- 

» General Sherman, to occupy liis army till Grant could get 
his forces down from Memphis for this second attack, concerted 
with Admiral Porter a plan for capturing Arkansas Post, the key 
to the valley of the Arkansas River. The plan was carried out by 
Gen. McClernand, and Arkansas Post with its garrison of 5,000 
men was captured, January 11th. Several other posts were a\aQ 
taken at this time. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



323 




sippi, which the Confederates commanded atVicks- 
burg, Grand Gulf, and Port Hudson. After several 
attempts to get in 
the rear of Vicks- 
hurg and destroy 
the naval forces of 
the Confederates on 
Yazoo river, Grant 
on May 1st caused 
the Confederates 
to evacuate their 
strong position at 
Grand Gulf. Be- 
tween the 12th and 

17th of May the vicksburg and vicinity, ises. 

Union troops gained a succession of victories at liay- 
mond, Jackson, Champion Hills and Big Black liiver 
Bridge — at the two places last named defeating 
Gen. Pemberton, who had sallied from Vicksburg 
with 25,000 men to attack their rear. This force 
was driven back. Two assaults having failed it 
was resolved to reduce the city by siege. The 
Federal guns kept up an incessant bombardment. 
The garrison held out as long as possible, but their 
brave endurance was vain. Provisions became 
scarce; even the flesh of mules began to fail. At 
last, having no other resource, Pemberton, on July 
4th, was obliged to surrender his whole garrison, 
over 30,000 men, and a great quantity of war ma- 
terial. July 8th Port Hudson, with 6,200 men, 
surrendered to General Banks. The Mississippi 
was thus opened to the Gulf, and the Federals held 



824 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

undisputed sway of this great tlioroug^bfare. The 
capture of Vicksburg was a heavy blow to the 
Confederacy. 

2. The Colored Troops.— General Banks's army 
at Port Hudson consisted in part of colored sol- 
diers. More than 50,000 negroes enlisted in the 
Federal service during 1863, and twice that .number 
the next year. They were partly from the North- 
ern States, and partly freedmen emancipated under 
Lincoln's Proclamation, which took efi'ect January 
1st, 1863. {See ''Ecents of 1862," Topic 18.) The 
Emancipation Proclamation met with much oppo- 
sition in the North, and was distasteful to many in 
the Union army. Numerous officers resigned and 
thousands of privates deserted, claiming that they 
did not fight the South to free the negro. The 
Southern soldiers entertained the most intense 
hatred toward these colored troops, and proclaimed 
death to white officers who would command them. 

3. Battle of Cliancellorsville.— On the 2nd and 3rd 

of May General Hooker,* who had succeeded 
Burnside in command of the Army of the Poto- 
mac, engaged in battle with Lee and Jackson at 
Chancellorsville, Va., ten miles from Fredericks- 
burg. Hooker's army consisted of 120,000 men; 
the Confederates had about half that number. This 
was a great battle, and the Union army was thor- 
oughly beaten, their loss being 17,000 men ; that of 

•Joseph Hooker, a graduate of West Point, did his first ser- 
vice in the Seminole War. In the Mexican War he gained dis- 
tinction and promotion. He was noted for his personal bravery, 
and was called " Fighting Joe," 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 325 

the Confederates, 13,000.* In this battle the fa- 
mous Confederate general, " Stonewall " Jackson 
was accidentally shot by his own men.f His death 
was a severe loss to the Southern Army. He was 
a truly noble man — pure-minded, magnanimous, 
and of unflinching courage. 

4. Lee's Second Invasion of the North— Battle of 
Gettysburg. — On the 26th of June the victorious 
army invaded Maryland — marching through the 
State into Pennsylvania. The whole North be^ 
came alarmed. Gen. G. G. Meade, :j; who had suc- 
ceeded Hooker in command of the Union army, 
marched to intercept the bold invader; and at 
Gettysburg, Penn., July 1st, 2d, and 3d, the two 
armies engaged in terrible battle — the greatest and 
most important of the whole war. The fury of 
the conflict was indescribable. The field was lit- 

*General Stoneman's cavalry, co-operating with Hooker's 
movement, made a raid into Virginia, severing Confederate com- 
munication in every direction. A detachment of them, under 
Cblonel KiLPATRiCK, penetrated within two miles of Richmond, 
and reached the Union lines at Gloucester {(jloo^ -sler) , opposite 
Yorktown, in safety. 

tin the evening, after his successful onslaught upon the flank 
vf the Union line, while riding back to camp from a reconnoissance 
at the front, he was fired upon by his own men, who mistook his es- 
cort for Federal cavalry. 

X George Gordon Meade was a graduate of West Point, and 
served with distinction in the Seminole and Mexican Wars. For 
his gallant services in the latter, the citizens of Philadelphia pre- 
Bented him with a sword. He was in the greatest conflicts of the 
Civil War, and for his hard-won victory at Gettysburg he received 
the thanks of Congress. He was the recipient of many honors 
after the war. His death occurred in 1872, and the people of 
Philadelphia subacribed $100,000 for his family. 



326 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



erally heaped with slain. Both sides fought with 
iierce determination, but the Confederates were 
finally overcome. The loss was very heavy on 
both sides. Lee was forced to retrace his steps to 




Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, 3, 1863. 

Virginia. This great battle proved that the subju- 
gation of the seceded States was only a matter of 
time, but would require superior resources and 
overwhelming numbers. 

5. The Conscription Act.— In consequence of the 
of a conscription iict by Congress in March 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 327 

by which the President was authorized to recruit 
the army, if necessary, by a draft, a serious riot oc- 
curred in New York City on July 13th. Excited 
mobs burned two blocks of houses containing the 
offices of provost (prov'-ust) marshals, who were 
proceeding with the draft; also the Colored Half^ 
Orphan Asylum and other buildings. For three 
days a reign of terror prevailed. Thieves and 
malefactors of every grade joined the rioters, and 
the most fiendish outrages were perpetrated. More 
than 400 persons — mostly rioters — were killed, and 
over 12,000,000 worth of property destroyed. By 
the 16th of July, however, the disturbance was 
quelled. 

6. John Morgan's Raid. — In July Gen. John H. 
Morgan with 2,000 Confederates made a rapid raid 
through Kentucky into Indiana. The inhabitants 
of Indiana along his route turned out to defend 
themselves, but could not check the invaders. The 
raiders also traversed southern Ohio, helping them- 
selves to fresh horses and provisions, destroying 
property and burning bridges. They were at last 
overtaken and most of them captured, July 21st, 
by a Union force under Gen. Hobson, who had fol- 
lowed close in their rear all the way from Ken- 
tucky. Morgan, himself, with the remnant of his 
men, was taken on the 26th near New Lisbon, 
Ohio. He was confined in the penitentiary at Col- 
umbus ; but four months after, he escaped, and 
reached Richmond in safety. 

7. Attack on Charleston. — On April 7th, a naval 
attack was made on the fortifications of Charleston 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



harbor, by a strong force of iron-clads in command 
of Admiral Dupont ; but the attempt was a disas- 
trous failure. After this a land force under Gen. 
Q. A. GiLMORE was sent to co-operate with the 
fleet. Their combined forces, by regular siege ap- 
proaches and a terrible bombardment, captured 
Fort Wagner (September 7) and crumbled the thick 
walls of Fort Sumter (August 17-24). A destruc- 
tive bombardment had also been opened on the city 
of Charleston (distant about four miles from the 
Union batteries), which was mostly abandoned by 
its inhabitants. 

8. Battle of (hickamau^a.*— On September 19th 

the Confederates 
under Bragg and 
Longstreet attack- 
ed the Union forces 
under Rosecrans 
and Thomas, near 
Chickamauga 
Creek, Ga. The 
battle raged furi- 
ously that day and 
the next. A por- 
tion of the Union 
army was thrown 
into confusion and 
fled to Chattanoo- 
ga ; but General 

Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 20, isti.S. ThomaS " 1 i k C a 

lion at bay, repulsed the terrible assaults of 
the Confederates." His men, exhausted, fell 
* An Indian word meaning " River of Death." 




NATIONAL PERIOD. 



329 



bacii. Rosecrans, defeated and driven from the 
field, concentrated his forces at Chattanooga, where 
they were besieged for two months by Gen. Bragg. 
Their supplies were cut off" and they were threat- 
ened with starvation. 

9. Battle of Chattanooga. — Gen. Grant was now 




Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Nov. 23-25, 1S63. 

appointed to succeed Rosecrans, and he hastened 
to Chattanooga with 80,000 men to relieve the be- 
sieged army there. The Confederates under Bragg 
numbered about 60,000 and held positions of great 
strength, extending from the summit of Missionary 
Ridge to that of Lookout Mountain. In the mean- 
time Gen. Hooker had arrived with two corps from 



330 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the A.rmy of the Potomac, opened Tennessee river, 
and brought relief to the besieged. Gen. Sherman 
also arrived to re-enforce Grant; and on the night 
of November 28rd he occupied the northern end of 
Missionary Ridge. Hooker on the 24th took pos- 
session of Lookout Mountain. Descending the 
eastern slope next morning at break of day, Hooker 
swept across Chattanooga Valley ; Sherman made 
a vigorous advance upon Bragg, who thrust for- 
ward all his available troops to check him. Grant 
from an elevated position saw that the critical mo- 
ment had come, and directed Thomas to take the 
rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge. * The 
Federals won the day, and Bragg retreated south- 
ward, t The Confederate Government removed 
Bragg, giving his command to General J. E. John- 
ston. 

This was the last military movement ot the year. 

*The orders were, after taking the rifle pits, to halt and re- 
form ; " but the men forgot it all, carried the works at the base and 
then swept on up the ascent. Grant caught the inspiration, and 
ordered a grand charge along the whole front. Up they went, over 
rocks and chasms, all lines broken, the flags far ahead, each sur- 
rounded by a group of the bravest. Without firing a shot, and 
heedless of the tempest hurled upon them they surmounted the crest, 
captured the guns, and turned them on the retreating Confeder- 
ates. That night the Union camp fires, glistening along the heights 
about Chattanooga, proclaimed the success of this the most bril- 
liant of Grant's achievements and the most picturesque of all the 
battles of the war." 

t After this battle Sherman was sent to the relief of Knoxville, 
where Burnside had been besieged by a detachment of Bragg** 
army under Longtreet, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 331 

THE CLOSING CONFLICTS. 
1864—1865. 

1. (jtiafliJIade Lieutenant-General. — Muich 3d, 1864, 
Gerant was made Lieutenant-General, in command 
of all the Union armies. This high rank had been 
borne by only two men — George Washington and 
Winfield Scott. The various armies were now to 
act in concert; before, they had operated inde- 
pendently. It was now decided that the strength 
of the Confederates lay in the armies of Lee in 
Virginia and of Johnston in Georgia. Grant was 
to attack Lee; Sherman was to engage with John- 
ston; and both were to keep at work till the end 
was accomplished. 

2. Banks's Expedition. — Early in this year Banks 
made an expedition to the Red River region, and 
on March 13th captured Fort De Russey, in Louisi- 
ana. At Sabine {sah-een') Cross Roads, Louisiana, 
the Confederates routed a part of his army, April 
8th, but at Pleasant Hill, a few miles distant, re-en- 
forcements coming to his relief, he rallied his flying 
troops and repulsed the Confederates, April 9th. 
He then returned to New Orleans. His expedition 
was barren of good results, and he was soon re- 
lieved of the command. ( 

3. General Forrest's Raid. — So many troops had 
been sent to join Banks's Red River expedition 
that West Tennessee and Kentucky were left ex- 
posed to the Confederates. General Forrest cap- 
tured Union City, Tenn., March 24th ; occupied 
Hickman, Ky., and advanced upon Paducah, March 
25th, where, notwithstanding a bombardment of 



S32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the city by gun-boats at tbe river, and opposition 
by Federal soldiers occupying the fort in the vicin- 
ity, he obtained ample supplies for his men and 
horses, — the object of his entrance into the city. 
lie next went against Fort Pillow, Tenn., on the 
Mississippi, April 12th, which he captured by 
storm. His men, maddened by the sight of negro 
troops with which it was garrisoned, gave no quar- 
ter, and an indiscriminate slaughter followed. 

4. Battle of the Wilderness. — Grant, at the head 
of the Army of the Potomac 140,000 strong, en- 
gaged with the Confederate army of 60,000 under 
Lee, at a place called the Wilderness, near Chan- 
cellorsville, Va., May 5th-6th. This was a tangled 
thicket of pines and cedars. The battle was a hand 
to hand encounter with musketry — the dense woods 
preventing the use of artillery or cavalry. Neither 
party gained any advantage. 

5. Battle of Spottsylvania. — After the battle of 
the Wilderness Grant marched his army toward 
Spottsylvania Court House, Va., a few miles south- 
ward. He was headed off by Lee; and here from 
the 8th to the 12th of May — five days — a continuous 
battle was fought* resulting in no advantage to 
either army.f 

* During the terrible chnrges made on the Union line by the 
Confederates, a tree that stood between the two contending armies 
was literally hewn down by bullets, presenting the ap{)earance be- 
fore it fell of an inverted cone placed upon an upright one, or of 
the picture of an hour-glass. The tree was white oak, and from 
twelve to eighteen inches in diameter. 

t On the 11th of May — the day before the termination of this 
battle — Grant sent to Washington these resolute words: " I pro- 
pose to fight it out OD 'h'lf- line, if it takes all summer." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 333 

6. Battle of Cold Harbor.— After this, Grant at- 
tempted to tiaiiK: Lee's army, but Lee perceiving 
the design, intrenched his army at Cold Harbor 
(Va). Here, on June 3rd, a murderous battle took 
place. "Twenty minutes after the iirst shot was 
fired, fully ten thousand Union men were stretched 
writhing on the sod, or still and calm in death, 
while the Confederate loss was a little over one 
thousand." The battle was discontinued by the 
Federal soldiers' refusing to prolong the slaughter. 

7. The Alabama and the Kearsarge. — The Confed- 
erate privateer Alabama, an English-built vessel, 
had been roaming the seas, pillaging and burning 
U. S. merchant ships ; but in 1864 her career was 
terminated. She was commanded by Captain 
Semmes* and manned mostly by British seamen. 
She had captured sixty-six U. S. vessels. After a 
short contest, June 15th, she was sunk by the Kear- 
sarge (keer'-sarj), Capt. Winslow, off the coast of 
France. {See also ^' Grant's Administration " Topic 6.) 

8. Capture of Atlanta. — In May, Sherman, in ac- 
cordance with preconcerted arrangements, pro- 
ceeded to attempt the capture of Atlanta, Georgia. 
In a desperate battle at Dalton — May 13th, 14th — 
he forced the Confederates, under Johnston, to 
retreat. During the retreat — the Federals pursu- 
ing — battles were fought at Dallas, May 28th ; at 
Lost Mountain, June 15th, 16th, 17th; and at 
Kenesaw Mountain, June 18th and July 3d. The 

* Raphael Semmes — styled the " Paul Jones of the Civil 
War" — gained his first experience in the Mexican War, serving 
on both ship and shore. 



334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

advance of the Union army was thus delayed, and 
on July 10th the Confederates took refuge within 
their strong fortifications before Atlanta. John- 
ston, whose policy in thus retreating was loudly 
condemned by the Confederate Congress, was su- 
perseded by General Hood, who made three furious 
attacks upon the Union army before Atlanta (July 
20th, 22d, 28th), but was repulsed with much loss. 
Sherman now commenced a siege of the city. By 
skillful maneuvering he compelled Hood to evacu- 
ate, September 2nd. Thus the Confederates were 
losing their strongholds, one by one, and the pros- 
pects of the South began to wane rapidly. 

9. General Early's Raid. — Hoping to draw off 
Grant from the siege of Richmond, Lee sent Gen. 
Early to menace Washington. At Monocacy River 
Early defeated General Wallace and then appeared 
before Fort Stevens, one of the defenses of Wash- 
ington (July 10th). He was, however, forced to 
retreat across the Potomac, whence he sent a body 
of cavalry to burn Chambersburg, Pa. At Win- 
chester and Fisher's Hill Sheridan* defeated Early, 

* Philip H. Sheridan was born in New York of Irish parent- 
age in 1831. He graduated at West Point in 1853, and in 1863 
was given a cavalry command. He distinguished himself by his 
gallant fighting at Chickamauga and Chattanooga, and in 1864 
Grant gave him command of a cavalry corps. His campaign in 
the Shenandoah Valley and his turning defeat into victory by his 
famous ride from Winchester to renew the lost battle of Cedar 
Creek, gave him a high place among American generals. After 
the Civil War he was stationed in New Orleans in military com- 
mand, and later was transferred to the field of opei'ations against 
the hostile Indians in the far West. In 1869 he became lieu- 
tenant-general, and in 1883 succeeded to Sherman as general-in- 
chief. He died in 1888. J 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 835 

destroying half his army. Being reinforced soon 
after, Early returned during Sheridan's temporary 
absence, surprised his army at Cedar Creek (October 
19th) and drove it in confusion. At this critical 
moment, Sheridan, who had heard the cannonading 
during his absence at Winchester — thirteen miles 




Philip H. Sheridan. 

away — arrived on the field in hot haste. Eiding 
down the lines he shouted : ' ' Turn, boys, turn ; 
we're going back." His flying troops rallied with 
his presence and drove back the Confederates with 
great loss. Sheridan thus practically destroyed Early's 
army and closed the Valley of the ShenaVidoah to the 
Confederates against any further attempts to threaten 
Washington. 

10. Entrance of Mobile Bay. — On August 5th, 
1864, Admiral Farragut, in command of a powerful 
squadron, bore down upon the defenses to Mobile 
Bay — Forts Morgan and Gaines. The ba}'- itself 



d^t' HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was def(inded by a Confederate fleet, among which 
was the iron-clad ram Tennessee. Farragut's fleet 
in an honr fought their way past the forts, and en- 
gaged the Confederate fleet beyond. After a des- 
perate resistance, tlie Tennessee was taken, and the 
other vessels either captured or put to flight. The 
i'orts were soon after reduced, and the harbor closed 
against blockade runners. 

The immediate defenses and the city of Mobile 
were taken by the Federals under Gen. E. R. S. 
Canby, in the spring of 1865. 

11. Nevada Admitted to the Uniou. — October 31st 
(1864) Nevada was admitted as the thirty-sixth 
State. Its name is Spanish, signifying "snow- 
covered." It wa^ settled in 1848, at Carson City. 
It is rich in minerals, and vahiable mines have been 
opened, yielding the precious metals. 

12. Sherman's March to the Sea. — After burning 
the city of Atlanta Sherman started (November 
16th) with 60,000 men on his "march to the sea." 
On his route he destroyed the Georgia Central and 
Augusta railroads — his troops foraging on the 
country as they passed. December 13th he took 
Fort McAllister, Ga., and afterwards captured Sa- 
vannah.* His army in five weeks had marched 
300 miles to the ocean, desolating the country 
throughout his route. 

13. Foi't Fisher Taken. — This fort commanded 
the entrance to the harbor at Wilmington, N. C, — 

•Just before Christinas, Sherman sent the following dispatch 
to President Lincoln : " I beg to present you, as a Christmas gift, 
the city of Savannah, with 150 guns and plenty of ammunitiou, 
and also about 25,000 bales of cotton." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 337 

the last sea-port held by the Confederates. In 
December (1864) a powerful fleet under Admiral 
Porter,* and land forces under Gen. Butler under- 
took its capture. After a heavy bombardment by 
the fleet without serious injury to the fort, and a 
partial landing of the troops, it was decided im- 
practicable to attempt its capture by assault, and 
the army and navy withdrew. In January General 
Terry, with the assistance of the fleet, undertook 
its capture, and on the 15th of that month (1865), 
Fort Fisher was taken by storm. 

14. The Postal Money Order System. — In Novem- 
ber, 1864, Congress passed an act establishing the 
Postal Money Order System in the United States. 
The design of the measure was to secure a safe and 
convenient method of transferring small sums of 
money through the mails. " The money order is 
divided into two parts — the oi^der proper and the 
advice. From the order, which is received and 
transmitted by the purchaser, the name of the 
payee is omitted. In the advice, which is sent by 
the post-master of the issuing oflfice to the post- 
master of the paying ofiice, the name of the payee 
is inserted. The advice and the order receive the 
same stamp and number, and being transmitted sep- 

* David Dixon Porter, when but fourteen years of age, entered 
the service of Mexico in her war with Spain. After the close of 
that war he entered tlie United States Navy, serving in the Medi- 
terranean squadron. Regained fresh laurels in the Mexican War. 
After the Civil War — having been made Vice-Admiral — he had 
charge of the naval school at Annapolis. In 1870, on the death of 
Farragut, he became Admiral of the Navy of the United States. 

22 



838 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

arately, constitute an almost perfect check against 
loss, robbery, and fraud." The largest sum that 
may be transmitted in one order is fifty dollars, 
though larger amounts may be sent in separate or- 
ders. 

1 5. Liucoln Re-elected. — At the Presidential elec- 
tion in the autumn of 1864 two candidates were 
presented — President Lincoln for a second term by 
the Republicans, and Gen. Geo. B. McClellan by 
the Democrats. Lincoln was re elected by a large 
majority, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, as 
Vice-President. The eleven seceded States took 
no part in the election. 

16. Battle of Nashville.— After evacuating At- 
lanta, Hood proceeded to Tennessee, and at Nash- 
ville (December 15th and 16th) attacked the Fed- 
erals under Thomas. In a terrible two days' battle 
the Confederates were demoralized and forced to 
retreat across the Tennessee. The rash Hood was 
now relieved of his command, and the more effi- 
cient Johnston re-instated. 

17. Fall of Petersburg and Richmond* —The End.— 
Sherman, after raiding through Georgia, passed 
through South Carolina and North Carolina, deso- 
lating the country as he marched, and fighting 
severe battles with the armies of Bragg and John- 

*In the spring of 1864, Gen. B. F. Butler, from Fortress Mon- 
roe, landed a strong force on the south side of the James River, at 
the mouth of the Appomattox, threatening at once Petersburg and 
Richmond. He was prevented from taking Petersburg by a force 
under Beauregard, on its way from Carolina to join Lee; and after 
a good deal of hard figliting he intrenched himself strongly, and 
was afterward joined by Grant's army. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 339 

ston. " Grant's plans to capture Petersburg and 
Richmond were now perfected.* On April 2nd, 
1865, an attack was made along the whole line in 
front of Petersburg, and was everywhere success- 
ful. On the afternoon of that day (Sunday) Jef- 
ferson Davis, while at church, received a telegram 
from Lee to the effect that his army had been 
driven from its intrenchments, and that both Peters- 
burg and Richmond must be abandoned without 
delay. The evacuation was hastily accomplished 
that same night. On the next day Grant moved 
into Petersburg, and a few hours afterward General 
Weitzel {wite'-zel) took possession of Richmond. 
The coveted goal of the Army of the Potomac for 
four long years was now attained." 

Lee, with the remnant of his brave but unfortu- 
nate army, attempted to escape, but, hemmed about 
on all sides by the overwhelming Union army, he 
accepted the generous terms of surrender proposed 
by Grant, and on April 9th, 1865,f the Army of 
Virginia laid down their arms, "and turned home- 
ward, no longer Confederate soldiers, but American 

*Expeditions were sent out to cut the railroads bj which 
Petersburg received supplies, and assaults were made on the Con- 
federate lines on both sides of the .James. July 30th, 1864, a mine 
was exploded under one of the forts in the defences of the city, de- 
stroying 200 men; but nothing was gained by this, as the Confed- 
erates repulsed the assault made through the breach, with terrible 
loss to the Union army. 

tOn April 7th Grant sent a note to Lee, urging him to surren- 
der to save the useless shedding of blood. On the next day Lee 
answered by saying that he thought neither the time nor the emer- 
gency liad arrived that made necessary the surrender of the Army 
vA Northern Virginia. 



340 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



citizens." The Great Civil "War was Ended. The 
other Confederate armies, at otlier points, surren- 
dered soon after. Jefferson Davis fled southward, 
hoping to escape, but was captured near Irwinsville, 
Georgia, May lltli, and imprisoned in Fort Monroe. 
After two years' confinement, he was liberated on 




Robert E. Lee. 

bail, and his cause, after remaining untried for a yeai 
and a half, was finally dismissed. 

18. Robert E. Lee, a son of " Liglit-horse Harry 
Lee," of Eevolutionary fame, was born in Virginia 
in 1807, and graduated at West Point in 1S29. He 
was Scott's chief engineer in the Mexicaj. War, where 
he rendered distinguished service. He was for a time 
commandant at West Point. In April, 1861, he en- 
tered the Confederate army as general, and thus w^as 
able to manifest his great military genius, both in 
organization and in action, and in strategy as well. 
J or three years he baffled every attempt to take Rich- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 841 

mond, which fell only with the Confederate Gov- 
ernment. His deep piety, truth, sincerity and 
honesty won the hearts of all. At the time of his 
death (October 12th, 1870,) he was President of 
Washington and Lee University, in Virginia. 



RECAPITULATION". 

1. Battles Won by the Confederates. * — In the 

great Civil War the Confederates were successful 
in the following: 

(1). Fort Sumter, S.C...... April 14, 1861. 

(2). Big Bethel.Va., , June 10, " 

(3). Bull Run, Va., July 21, " 

(4). Wilson's Creek, Mo., .August 10, " 

(5). Ball's Bluff; Va., October 21, " 

(6). Belmont, Mo., November 7, " 

(7). Winchester, Va., June 7, 1862. 

(8). Cross Ke3's, Va., June 8, " 

(9). Port Republic, Va., June 9, " 

(JO). Gaines's Mill,Va., June 27, " 

(11). Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9, " 

(21). Second BnU Run,Va., August 29, " 

(13). Richmond, Ky August 30, " 

(14). Chantilly, Va., August 31, " 

(15). Harper's Ferry, Va., September 15, " 

(16). Mumfordsville, Ky., September 17, " 

(17). Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, " 

(18). Haines's Bluff, Va., December 29, " 

(19). Chancellorsville, Va., May 2-3, 1863. 

(20). Chickamauga, Ga., September 19-20, *" 

(21). Fort Pillow, Tenn.., April 12,1864. 

(22). Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 28, " 

*The principal battles only, which are mentioned in this work, 
are here tabulated. 



342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(23). Cold Harbor, Va June 3, 1804. 

(24). Great Kenesaw Mountain, Ga July 3, " 

(25). Monocacy River, Md July 9, " 

2. Battles Won by the Federals.— In the Great 
Civil War the Federals were successful in the fol- 
lowing : 

{V. Philippi, Va., June 3, 1861. 

(2). Booneville, Mo., June 17, " 

(3). Rich Mountain, Va., July 11, " 

(4). Carrick's Ford, Va., Jnly 14, " 

(5). Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10, " 

(6). Dranesville, Va., December 20, " - 

(7). Mill Spring, Ky., January 19,1862. 

(8). Fort Henry, Tenn., Februarys, " 

(9). Fort Donelson, Tenn., February 16, " 

(10). Pea Ridge, Ark., March 6, " 

(11). Merrimac and Monitor,Ya,., March 9, " 

(12). Shiloh, Tenn., April 6-7, " 

(13). New Orleans, La., April 28, " 

(14). Williamsburg, Va., May 5, " 

(15). Mechanicsville,Va, June 26, " 

(16). Malvern Hill, Va., July 1, " 

(17). South Mount.un, Md., September 14, " 

(18). Murfrecsboro, Tenn., December 31, " 

(19). Battles before Vicksburg, May 12-17, 1863. 

(20). Vicksburg, July 4, " 

(21). Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-3, " 

(22). Chattanooga, Tenn., November 2.3-24, " 

(23). Pleasant Hill, La., April 9,1864. 

(24). Dalton, Ga., May 13, " 

(25). Dallas, Ga., May 28, " 

(26). Alabama and Kearsarcje, June 15, " 

(27). Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15-17, " 

(284. Forts Morgan and Gaines, Ala., August 5, " 

(29). Atlanta,Ga., September 2, " 

(30). Cedar Creek, Va., October 19, " 

(31). Fort McAllister, Ga., December 13, " 

(32). Nashville, Tenn., December 15-16 " 

(33). Fort P'i.sher, N. C, January 15, " 

(34). Petersburg and Richmond, Va., April 2-3, 186^ 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 343 

3. Indecisive Battles of the' War. — In the great 
Civil War, the battles in which neither party was 
victorions, v^'cre the following: 

(1). F:iir Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. 

(2). Savage Station, Va., June 29, " 

(3). Frazier's Farm, Va., June 30, " 

(4). Antietam, Md., September 17, " 

(5). Perryville, Ky., Octobers, " 

(6). Wilderness, Va., May 5-6, 1864. 

(7). Spottsylvania,Va., May 8-12, " 



RECAPITULATION". 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTIONS 
III AND IV. 

(national period.) 

1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated twelfth Presi- 

dent, March 5th. 

1850. John C. Calhoun died at Washington, March 

31st. 
1850. President Taylor died, July 9th. 
1850. Millard Fillmore, Vice-President, became 

thirteenth President, July 9th. 
1850. California admitted as the thirty-tirst State, 

September 9th. 

1850. The Omnibus Bill passed by Congress, Sep- 

tember 18th. 

1851. Lopez and his filibustering companions exe- 

cuted at Havana. 

1852. Henry Clay died at Washington, June 28th. 
1852. Louis Kossuth made a tour of United States. 
1852. Daniel Webster died at Marshfield, Mass., 

October 24th. 



344 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated fourteenth Pres- 
ident, March ^th. 

1853. The Crystal Palace opened at New York, 
July 14th. 

1853. The "Gadsden Purchase" effected. 

1853. The Martin Koszta affair settled. 

1853. " Know-Nothing " Party organized. 

1853, Arctic Expedition sent in search ot Sir John 

Franklin. 

1854. Treaty of Commerce made with Japan, 

March. 

1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. 

1857. James Buchanan inaugurated fifteenth Pres- 
ident, March 4. 

1857. Mormons gave trouble, but were subdued. 

1857. The"Dred Scott" decision made by Judge 

Taney. 

1858. Minnesota admitted as the thirty-second 

State, May 11th. 

1859. The John Brown Raid excited the country, 

October 16th. 

1859. Oregon admitted as the thirty-third State, 

February 14th. 

1860. Walker's Filibustering expeditions broken 

up and himself shot. 

1860. Japanese Embassy visited the United States 
(summer). 

1860. Abraham Lincoln elected sixteenth Presi- 
dent. 

1860. South Carolina in State Convention passed 

ordinance of secession, December 20th. 

1861, Steamer " Star of the West " fired upon, Jan- 

uary 9th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 345 

1861. Mississippi passed ordinance of secession, 
January 9th. 

1861. Alabama and Florida passed ordinances of 
secession, January 11th. 

1861. Georgia passed ordinance of secession, Janu- 
ary 19th. 

1861. Louisiana passed ordinance of secession, Jan- 
uary 26th. 

1861. Kansas admitted as the 34th State, January 
29th. 

1861. Texas passed ordinance of secession, Febru- 
ary 1st. 

1861. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated, March 4th. 

1861. Fort Sumter evacuated by Maj. Anderson, 
April 14th. 

1861. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers, April 
15th. 

1861. Virginia passed ordinance of secession, April 
17th. 

1861. First blood of the Civil War shed at Balti- 
more, April 19th. 

1861. Arkansas passed ordinance of secession. May 
8th. 

1861. North Carolina passed ordinance of secession, 
May 20th. 

1861. Tennessee passed ordinance of secession, June 
8th. 

1861. Philippi, Va., June 3rd — Federals victorious. 

1861. Big Bethel, Va,, June 10th — Confederates vic- 
torious. 

1861. Booneville, Mo., June 17th — Federals victo- 
rious. 



346 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1861. Rich Mountain, Va., July 11th —Federals 
victorious. 

1861. Carrick's Ford, Va., July 14th— Federals vic- 
torious. 

1861. Bull Run, Va., July 21st— Confederates vic- 
torious. 

1861. Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10th— Confed- 
erates victorious. 

1861. Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10th— Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1861. Ball's Bluft", Va., October 21st— Confederates 
victorious. 

1861. Confederate Commissioners taken from the 
TV'e??^, November. 

1861. Belmont, Mo., November 7th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1861. Dranesville, Va., December 20th— Federal 

victorious. 

1862. Mill Spring, Ky., January 19th— Federals 

victorious. 

1862. Fort Henry captured by the Federals, Feb- 
ruary 6th. 

1862. Fort Donelson captured by the Federals, 
February 16th. 

1862. Pea Ridge, Mo., March 6th and 7th— Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1862. The Merrimac destroyed the Union ships, 
Oumherlaiui and Congress, March 8th. 

1862. The Monitor triumphs over tlie Merrimac, 
March 9th. 

1862. Shiloh, Tenn., April 6th-7th— Federals vie 
torious. 



NATIONAL PEhxOD. 347 

1862. New Orleans captured by the Federals, April 
24th. 

1862. Yorktowii taken by the Federals, May 4th.. 

1862. Williamsburg, Va., May 5th— Federals vic- 
torious. 

1862. Fair Oaks, Va., May 31st— neither army 
victorious. 

1862. Cross Keys, Va., June 8th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Port Republic, Va., June 9th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Mechanicsville, Va., June 26th— Federals 
victorious. 

1862. Gaines's Mill, Va., June 27th— Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Savage Station, Va., June 29th — neither 
army victorious. 

1862. Ifrazier's Farm, Va., June 30th— neither 
army victorious. 

1862 Malvern, Va., July 1st — Federals victorious. 

1862. Cedar Mountain, Va., August 6th— Confed- 
erates victorious. 

18S2. Second Bull Run, Va., August 29th— Con- 
federates victorious. 

1862. Chantilly, Va., September 2nd — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. South Mountain, Md., September 14th— Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1862. Harper's Ferry captured by the Confederates, 
September 14th. 

1862. Antietam, Md., September 17th — neither 
army victorious 



848 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1862. Emancipation Proclamation issued, Septem< 
ber 22ud. 

1862. Richmond, Ky., August 30th — Confederates 
victorious. 

1862. Mumfordsville, Ky., September 17th — Con^ 
federates victorious. 

1862. luka and Corinth, September 19th and Octo- 
ber 4th — Confederates victorious. 

1862. Perry ville, Ky., October 8th — neither army 
victorious. 

1862. Fredericksburg, Va., December 13th — Con- 
federates victorious. 

1862. Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31st— Fed- 
erals victorious. 

1862. Haines's Bluff, Miss., December — Confeder- 
ates victorious. 

1862. " Greenbacks " first issued. 

1862. Sioux Indians defeated. 

1863. Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, 

January 1st. 
1863. Confederates evacuated Grand Gulf, Miss., 

May 1st. 
1863. Confederates defeated in battles before VickS' 

burg, May 12th and 17th. 
1863. Chancellorsville, Va., May 2nd and 3rd— Con. 

federates victorious. 
1863. Lee invaded Maryland, June 26th. 
1863. West Virginia admitted as the 35th State, 

June 30th. 
1863. Gettysburg, Pa., July 2nd and 3rd— Federals 

victorious. 
1863. Vicksburg taken by Grant, July 4th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 349 

t863. Port Hudson taken by the Federals, July 8th. 

1863. Conscription Riot in New York City, July 
13th and 16th. 

1863. Morgan raided through Kentucky into In- 
diana and Ohio, July. 

1863. Fort Sumter reduced to ruins, August. 

1863. Charleston bombarded — Fort Wagner taken, 
September 7th. 

1863. Chickamauga, September 19th and 20th — 
Confederates victorious. 

1863. Chattanooga, Tenn., Nov. 23d and 24th— Fed- 

erals victorious. 

1864. Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 3d. 
1864. Fort Deliussy, La., captured by the Federals, 

March 13th. 

1864. Union City, Tenn., captured by Forrest, 
March 24th. 

1864. Hickman, Ky., occupied by Forrest, March 
24th. 

1864. Forrest raided Paducah, Ky., March 25th. 

1864. Sabine Cross Roads, La., April 8th — Confed- 
erates victorious. 

1864. Pleasant Hill, La., April 9th— Federals vic- 
torious. 

1864. Fort Pillow stormed and taken by Forrest, 
April 12th. 

1864. The Wilderness, Va., May 5th and 6th— 
neither array victorious. 

1864. Spottsylvania, Va., May 8th and 12th— nei- 
ther army victorious. 

1864. Dulton, Ga., May 13th and 14th— Federals 
victorious. 



350 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1864. Dallas, Ga., May 28th— Federals victorious 

1864. Cold Harbor, Va., June 3rd — Confederates 
victorious. 

1864, The Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge, June 
15 th. 

1864. Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15th and 17th — 
Federals victorious. 

1864. Great Kenesau Mountain, Ga., July 3d — ■ 
Confederates victorious. 

1864. Before Atlanta, Ga., July 20th, 22d and 
28th — Federals victorious. 

1864. Mine exploded in front of Petersburg, Va., 
July 30th. 

1864. Farragut entered Mobile Bay and defeated 
Confederate fleet, August 5th. 

1864. Atlanta captured by the Federals, September 
2nd — Confederates evacuate. 

1864. Winchester and Fisher's Hill, Va., Septem- 
ber 19th and 22d — Confederates victorious. 

1864. Cedar Creek, Va., October 19th— Federals 
victorious. 

1864. Nevada admitted as the thirty-sixth State, 
October 31st. 

1864. Postal Money Order System established, No- 
vember 1st. 

1864. Sherman began his " March to the sea," No- 
vember 16th. 

1864. Lincoln re-elected, November. 

1864. Sherman took Fort McAllister, Ga., Decem- 
ber 16th. 

1864. Savannah, Ga., taken by Sherman, Decem- 
ber. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 351 

1864. Nashville, Tenn., December 15th and 16th— 

Federals victorious. 

1865. Fort Fisher taken, January 15th. 

1865. Federals successful in battles before Rich- 
mond, April 1st. 

1865. Petersburg and Richmond evacuated April 
2nd and 3rd. 

1865. Lee's army surrendered to Grant, April 9th — 
War Ended. 

1865. The other Confederate armies surrendered, 
April — May. 

1865. Jefferson Davis captured, May 11th. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS 

1. Name, in chronological order, the events from the inaugura- 

tion of Taylor to the election of Lincoln. {See Chronological 
Table.) 

2. Name, in order, the events of the Civil War from the inaugu- 

ration of Lincoln to the capture of New Orleans. {See Table.) 

3. Name, in order, the events from the capture of New Orleans to 

the admission of West Virginia. {See Table.) 

4. Name, in order, the events from the admission of West Vir- 

ginia to the close of the Civil War. {See Table.) 

5. What trees are celebrated in our history ? How many attacks 

have been made on Quebec? How many expeditions have 
been made into Canada? How many times has FortTicon- 
deroga been taken? 

6. What were the principles of the Federals? — Of the Republic- 

ans, or Anti-Federals? — Of the Whigs?— Of the Democrats ? 
Of the Free-So i lers ? — Of the Know-Nothings, or Ameri- 
cans? — Of the New Republicans? From what party did 
the latter spring? 

7. Name the Generals who were, severally, placed in command 

of the Union Armies. 



352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

8. What naval battles were fought during the Civil War? 

9. Why was "Stonewall " Jackson so called? 
10. What was the first battle of iron ships? 

U. When was slavery abolished in the United States? 

12. Who fired the first gun in the Civil War? 

13. What were the provisions of the Omnibus Bill? 

14. What was the " tripartite treaty ? " 

15. What was the " Martin Koszta affair?" 

16. What was the " Yankee Cheesebox ? " 

17. What name signifies the " River of Death?" 

18. In what battle was a tree hewn down by bullets? 

19. Who said, " I propose to fight it out on this line, if it takes all 

summer?" 

20. What Christmas present did Sherman present to Lincoln? 

21. What great man was a son of " Light Horse Harry Lee?" 

22. By what other name was the iron-clad Merrimae known? 

23. What was the Emancipation Proclamation? 

24. Explain the Postal Money Order System. 



NATIONAL PERIOD 



353 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTIONS III AND IV. 



XII 



EVENTS 



FROM 



1848 



TO 



1865. 



1. Taylor and Fillmore' 
Administration. 



2. Pierce's 
Administration. 



3. Buchanan's 
Administration. 



4. LINCOLN'S 



ADMINISTRATION. 



Death of Taylor, 
Admission of California, 
The Omnibus Bill, 
Cuban Filibusters, 
Louis Kossuth. 

The Gadsden Purchase;, 
Martin Koszta Affair, 
The Crystal Palace, 
Treaty with Japan, 
Arctic Explorations, 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
Walker's Expedition. 

Trouble with the Mormons, 
Dred Scott Decision, 
John Brown's Raid, 
Japanese Visitors, 
States Admitted, 
Settlement of these States. 

Eflfect of his Election, 

Causes of the Civil War, 

Mistaken Ideas, 

Preparations for War, 

The " Star of the West," 

The Situation, 

Fall of Fort Sumter, 

The Seceded States, 

West Virginia, 

The Blockade, 

Emancipation Proclamation, 

Greenbacks, 

The Sioux War (1862), 

The Colored Troops, 

The Conscription Act, 

Nevada Admitted, 

Postal Money Order System 



In Virginia, 
In Missouri, 
In South Carolina, 
In North Carolina, 
In Mississippi. 
In Maryland, 
In Georgia, 
In Arkansas, 
In Tennessee, 
In Kentucky, 
In Louisiana, 
In Alabama, 
In Pennsylvani*, 
Naval Battles. 



23 



354 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 



SECTION V. 

FROM THE CLOSE OF THE CIVIL WAR TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 

1865—1897. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1865—1869. 
1. Assassination of President Lincoln. — On the 

night of April 14th, 1865, wliile sitting in a private 
box of a theatre in Washington, President Lincoln 
was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, who 
sprang to the box occupied by the President and 
shot him in the head. Booth then escaped by a 
back way and fled. lie was afterward found, and, 
refusing to give himself up, was killed. His ac- 
complices were said to have been Harrold, Payne, 
Atzerott, Arnold, Mudd, McLaughlin, and Mrs. 
Surratt ; the first three and Mrs. Surratt were 
tried, convicted, and hanged ; the others were con- 
demned to imprisonment for life on the Dry Tor- 
tugas Islands (south of Florida), but were after- 
ward liberated. 

Attempts were also made to assassinate William 
H. Seward,* Secretary of State, but they failed, 
though he was severely stabbed. 

* William Henry Seward, after graduating at Union College, 
commenced the practice of law. Taking an active part in politics, 
he was elected to the (New York) State Senate before he was thirty. 
He was afterward successively Governor of New York, Senator in 
Congress, and Secretary of State. In the latter position, he was 
distinguished for keen, far-seeing judgment, and prompt, decisive 
action. He was a man of great fortitude, perseverance, and cour- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 355 

The tragic fate of Lincoln caused the profoundest 
grief all over the North, and was deeply regretted in 
the South. Many houses were draped in black and 
many citizens wore the badge of mourning. 

2. Lincolu's Successor. — The melancholy death 
of Lincoln did not in the least disorganize the Gov- 




Andrew Johnson. 

ernment; within three hours thereafter (April 15th) 
Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, quietly assumed 
the duties of the Presidency. 

Andrew Johnson was a Southern Democrat, born 
in North Carolina in 1808. He was a self-made man, 
a tailor by trade, and he learned to read and write 
when seventeen years old. At the age of twenty he 
settled in Greenville, Tennessee, where he soon rose 

age. The declining years of his life were spent in a trip around 
the world, which was followed by the publication of a book of his 
travels. He died in 1872. 



356 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to eminence. He went to Congress in 1S43, and ten 
years later was Governor of Tennessee. In 1S57 be 
became United States Senator, and was, in 1861, tbe 
only Soutbern Senator wbo refused to resign wben tbe 
otbers witlidrew from Congress. Tbis brongbt bim 
into favor witb tbe Kepublicans, and resulted in bis 
being made Vice-President. He returned to Tennes- 
see after tbe end of bis Presidency, and was sent to 
tbe State Senate sbortly before bis deatb in 1875. 

3. Tost of the Civil War.— The Nortb had about 
1,500,000 soldiers to take part in effective service; 
the South, about 600,000. Each side lost about 
300,000 men, who fell in battle and perished from 
disease or from their wounds. Adding to this num- 
ber 400,000 crippled and disabled for life by sick- 
ness, gives a grand total of 1,000,000 men destroyed 
on both sides, during tbe four years of civil strife. 

The national debt at tbe close of the war was 
about ^2,500,000,000.* The sum of $200,000,000 
was paid in bounties, and $100,000,000 was given 
to soldiers' widows or other heirs. If to this be 
added the sums paid by States, counties, cities, and 
towns, for raising local levies, we make tbe whole 
amount of money paid out for the war more than 
$4,000,000,000. This vast debt has been gradually 
diminishing, and the enormous resources of tbe 
country will eventually pay it off. 

* When the Government needs money in any emergency, as 
in time of war, it borrows it from the people, issuing, as security, 
bonds bearing interest, payable in gold at stated times. The 
amount thus borrowed constitutes the National Debt. The net 
amount of the National Debt, April 1, 1904, was $1,870,540,869.44. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 357 

The Confederate War debt was never paid, as 
that Government was overthrown. 

4. The Soldiers Turn Citizens.— After the armies 
were disbanded the soldiers of both sections, having 
bravely done their terrible work, returned to the 
people from whom they came and gladly resumed 
the vocations of peace. The statesmen of Europe 
had predicted that riots and other evils would arise 
"when so many soldiers, familiar with scenes of 
violence and blood, were freed from military re- 
straint." This, however, did not prove so. Within 
eighteen months all the vast armies of both sec- 
tions were disbanded and transported to their 
homes. 

5. Benevolence Abroad.: — The horrors of the civil 
contest were much abated in the Federal Army by 
\he humane and benevolent acts of the Sanitary 
AND Christian Commissions furnished by the I^orth. 
Their object was to provide comfort for the sick 
land wounded, and to distribute reading matter, re- 
ligious and secular, among the soldiers. They fur- 
nished also many delicacies and needed articles not 
provided by the army. " Homes," " Lodges," and 
"Feeding Stations" for the homeless and hungry 
were established. Also homes for soldiers' wives 
and children who were, from any cause, in destitute 
circumstances. $4,500,000 were raised and ex- 
pended for benevolent work in camp, field and hos- 
pital. 

The Southern people were not behind the North- 
ern in their care and tenderness; but witli their 
limited means they were unable to accomplish as 



358 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

much in this respect as the wealthy and more popu- 
lous North. They did all in their power, however, 
to mitigate the horrors of the war. 

6. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill.— In March, 1865. 
Congress passed an act known as the Freedmen's 
Bureau Bill. The bill had for its object the su[)er 
vision and relief of freedmen (colored people) 
declared free by Lincoln's proclamation, and loyal 
refugees. A second bill amending and continuing 
in force the first, though vetoed by the President, 
was passed in July, 1866. 

7. Amnesty Proclamation. — Under an amnesty 
proclamation issued by the President, May 29th, 
1865, pardon was offered to all who had taken part 
in the secession movement, except those embraced 
in certain specified classes, on condition of their 
taking an oath of allegiance to the United States; 
and, on application, it was afterward extended to 
many individuals belonging to the classes excepted. 
On the 4th of July, 1868, full pardon and amnesty 
were granted by the President unconditionally to 
all who were not at that time under indictment for 
treason; and on the 25th of December, 1868, they 
were extended to all without exception. 

8. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. — 

This amendment abolishing slavery was ratified by 
the States; and on December 18th, 1865, it was 
duly adopted as a part of the Constitution. 

9. The Civil Rights Bill. —The Civil Rights Bill, 
adopted for the protection of the freedmen, was 
passed by Congress, April 9th. 1866, over President 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 359 

Johnson's veto. It gives equal rights to all, re- 
gardless of race or color. 

10. The Fenians.— In June, 1866, the Fenians, a 
secret society of Irishmen, who were banded to- 
gether for the purpose of wresting Ireland from 
British rule and establishing its independence, in- 
vaded Canada, crossing the frontier from Buffalo 
and Vermont. After some skirmishing they were 
driven back. President Johnson issued a procla- 
mation warning all against the enterprise as a 
violation of neutrality ; and the vigorous measures 
of General Meade, who was sent to the frontier 
with a force, put a stop to the movement. 

11. The Atlantic Telegraphic Cable. — In 1858 an 
enterprising company of capitalists laid a tele- 
graphic cable in the Atlantic Ocean extending from 
Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valentia {oa-len'- 
she-a) Bay, Ireland — a distance of 1640 miles. This 
cable ceased to work, however, on the very day it 
was completed. Cyrus W, Field,* to whom the 
success of the enterprise is due, revived the com- 
pany, and a new cable was made. In July, 1865, 
the Great Eastern commenced laying this cable, but 

* Cyrus W. Field received but a common school education. 
By industry and enterprise lie arose from a clerkship to the he. d 
of a large mercantile establishment in New York. After traveling 
in South America, he aided to establish a telegraph line across 
Newfoundland. While engaged in this work he conceived the 
idea of extending a line across the ocean. Since the completion of 
his Atlantic Cables, Mr. Field endeavored to organize a company 
to lay a submarine eabfe across the Pacific, from San Francisco 
to Japan, but did not succeed in his undertaking. 



360 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in mid-ocean it parted and sank to the bottom. 
The severed cable was grappled and raised, the 
broken ends joined, and the cable was finally laid. 
This not proving sufficient for the transmission of 
all the messages across the Atlantic, Mr. Field 
raised a new compati}' with a capital of $3,000,000, 
and made a third cable. This was successfully laid, 
June, 1866. 

There are to-day a number of telegraphic cables in 
operation across the Atlantic, connecting with other 
cables, which enable ns to communicate with nations 
in nearly all parts of the world. 

12. Nebraska Adiiiitted. — Nebraska was admitted 
as the 37th State, on March 1st, 1867. The name 
signifies "water-valley." It was formerly a part of 
Kansas, and was settled about the same time. 

13. Tenure-of-Offlce Bill.— In March, 1867, a bill 
to regulate tiie tenure of certain civil offices was 
passed over the President's veto. By this bill it 
declared that persons holding, or appointed to, any 
civil office, b}' and with tlie advice and consent of 
the Senate, shall be entitled to hold such office until 
a successor shall have been, in like manner, ap- 
pointed and diily qualified. This is known as the 
Tenure- of -Office Bill. 

14. Purchase of Alaska.— In April, 1867, the Uni- 
ted States purchased from the Russian Government 
an extensive region forming the northwestern part 
of North America, called Russian America, but 
now styled Alaska. [See Map of Territorial Growth.) 
It is a large peninsula, consisting of nearly 500,000 
square miles, and is chiefly valuable for its harbori? 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 361 

on the Pacific coast, its furs, its fisheries, and its min- 
erals. The sum of $7,200,000 was paid for it. 
With this Territory the whole area of the United 
States at that time was 3,604,000 square miles, 

15. Mexico and France. — During the Civil War 
Napoleon III., emperor of France, desiring to ob- 
tain a foothold in America, took advantage of the 
opportunity and sent an army to aid the Imperial- 
ists of Mexico in subduing the Liberals, who were 
struggling for liberty. The Liberals were defeated, 
and Maximilian, archduke of Austria, was chosen 
emperor. This course on the part of France being 
an infringement of the " Monroe Doctrine,"* the 
United States Government protested against the 
measure, but while absorbed in the civil contest, 
was unable to enforce the principle. When our 
Government was relieved from the pressure of in- 
>ernal war, it turned its attention to the Mexicans 
liopelessly striving for freedom. The United States 
denianded of Napoleon the recall of the French 
troops from Mexican territory. Deprived of for- 
eign aid, Maximilian was defeated; and, falling 
into the hands of tlie Liberals, he was shot June 
19th, 1867. This ended the dream of French do- 
minion on this continent. 

16. Impeachment Trial of President Johnson. — 

Owing to dift'erences in political views, the conflict 
between the President and Congress became more 
and more violent. In 1867 Congress passed, over 
the President's veto, a reconstructicm act defining 
^he conditions upon which seceded States might 

•See Topic 9, " Monroe's Administration," 



362 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

return to the Union, and placing them un.er mil- 
itary government until these conditions were com- 
plied with. 

The difficulties were aggravated hy the attempt 
of the President in February, 1868, to remove Mr. 
Stanton, the Secretary of War, from his position. 
The majority in Congress deemed this a violation 
of the Tenure-of-Office-Bill, passed shortly before, 
which made the consent of the Senate necessary to 
such removals. Great political excitement pre- 
vailed throughout the country; and on the 24th 
of February, 1868, the House of Representatives 
resolved to impeach the President of" high crimes 
and misdemeanors." He was accordingly tried by 
the Senate sitting as a Court of Impeachment, the 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court acting as Pres- 
ident. After a tedious trial he was acquitted, May 
23d, 1868. 

17. Seceded States Readmitted.— On June 24th, 
1868, after a long and bitter struggle between Con- 
gress and the President, regarding the reconstruc- 
tion policy, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Arkansas were 
re-admitted, their Senators and Representatives 
having been absent from their seats in Congress 
over seven years. Tennessee was re-admitted a 
short time before. Before the close of the year, the 
rest of the seceded States came back ; " and, as be- 
fore the war, the motto, E Pluribus Unum, appro- 
priately inscribed the American banner and shield." 

18. Fourteenth Amendment.— This addition to the 
Constitution was adopted July 28th, 1868. By its 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 363 

provisions equal civil rights to all, regardless of 
race or color, are guaranteed, and representation in 
each State is based oni the number of legal voters. 

19. Indian War. — The Indians of the Southwest 
had been carrying on a depredating warfare since 
1865. General Sherman, commanding the Depart- 
ment of the West, sent a force to suppress them. 
In 1868 Black Kettle and a large body of his 
warriors were surprised and slain by a charge of 
Custer's cavalry, and hostilities ceased. 

20. Treaty With China.— In 1868 an important 
treaty with the "Celestial Empire" was ratified by 
the United States, by which liberty of conscience 
is guaranteed to citizens of the United States in 
China, and permission to attend all public educa- 
tional institutions, without being subjected to any 
religious or political test, is extencyi w Chi..'=>se 
residents in the United States. 

GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION 

1869—1877. 
1. Election and Inauguration. — In the autumn of 
1868 General U. S. Grant, of Illinois, was nomina- 
ted for the Presidency by the Republicans, with 
Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, for Vice President; 
Horatio Seymour, of New York, with Gen. Francis 
P. Blair, Jr., of Missouri, was nominated by the 
Democrats. Grant and Colfax were elected,* and 
on the 4th of March, 1869, they were duly inaugu- 
rated. 

*Three States did not vote, viz : Mississippi, Texas and Vir- 
ginia. 



364 



HISTORY OF i'HE UNITED STATES. 



2. Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio in 1822, 
and while a youth followed for a time his father's 
trade — that of a tanner. At the age of seventeen he 
secured an appointment to West Point, where he 
graduated in 1843. A short time after, the Mexican 
War broke out, in which he conducted himself with 




TJlvsses S. Grant. 



gallantry, receiving special mention and promotion. 
After the war he resigned and engaged in business, 
but was not very successful. In the Civil War, 
which he entered as Colonel of an Illinois regiment, 
he was one of the most conspicuous figures, winning 
many great battles, and finally closing the struggle by 
compelling the surrender of Lee's army. After the 
conclusion of his Presidency he traveled around the 
world, and everywhere received great honors. By 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 365 

the failure of his bankers, to whom he entrusted the 
management of his business affairs, he lost the mod- 
est fortune which he had accumulated in the service 
of the Government, and was compelled to sell the 
swords which had been presented to him, as well as 
many other important souvenirs of the war. These 
are now preserved in the Smithsonian Institution. 
Before his death he completed his Memoirs, which 
possess great merit, though written during the long 
and painful malady which, in 1885, ended in death. 

3. The Pacific Railroad.— The Pucilic Kaihoud, 
3,000 miles long (with Jts connections), and extend- 
ing from Boston to San Francisco, was completed 
and opened on the 10th of May, 1869.* It thus 
connects the Atlantic with the Pacific, and the 
traveler can cross the continent in one week. 
Thousands of p'cneers have gone from the popu- 
lous East to the Western wilds to develop fresh 
sources of industry and wealth. Communication 
is thus held with the great Empire of China, from 
which silks, teas, and spices are obtained. "Amer- 
ican ingenuity has made a route to India — the 
great desire of olden navigators." 

4. Fifteenth Amendment. — This was formally an- 
nounced as a part of the Constitution, March 30th, 
1870. It gives the right of sufirage to all, irre- 
spective of " race, color, or previous condition of 
servitude." 

5. The Census of 1870. f — The lirst census of the 

* The Pacific Railroad, proper, is but 1,900 miles long — extend- 
ing from San Francisco, California, to Omaha, Nebraska. 

t A census is an enumeration of inhabitants, their ages, wealth, 
etc., authorized by Government, and taken every ten years. 



366 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




NATIONAL PERIOD. 367 

United States v-as taken in 1790. The population 
of the country was then nearly 4,000,000. In 1870 
the ninth census was completed. " It was a work 
of vast importauce, and the results presented were 
of the most encouraging character. Notwithstand- 
ing the ravages of war, the last decade had been a 
period of wonderful growth and progress. During 
that time the population had increased from 31,- 
443,000 to 38,587,000 souls.* The national debt, 
though enormous, had fallen olf. The products of 
the country had grown to a vast aggregate; even 
the cotton crop of the South was regaining much 
of its former importance. American manufacturers 
were competing with those of England in the mar- 
kets of the world. The Union \iw embraced 
thirty-seven States and eleven Territories — includ- 
ing the Indian Territory and Alaska. From the 
narrow limits of the thirteen original colonies, with 
their 421,000 square miles of territory, the national 
domain had spread to the vast area of 3,604,000 
square miles, — equal to nearly 2,000,000,000 acres. 
Few things, indeed, have been more marvelous 
than the territorial growth of the United States. 
The purchase of Louisiana more than doubled the 
geographical area of the nation ; the several Mexi- 
can acquisitions were only second in importance; 
while the recent Russian oession alone was greater 
in extent than the original thirteen States." (See 
Map showing the Territorial growth oj the United 
States.) 

*The last census — that of 1900 — shows a population of over 
76,000.000. See page 437. 



368 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. The Alabama Difficulty.— During the Civil War 
the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers — fitted 
out in England and manned mostly by English 
sailors — committed serious depredations on the 
commerce of the Union. {See also "■Closing Con- 
flicts," Topic!.) The refusal of the British Govern- 
ment to pay the damages thus done, produced much 
bitter feeling and even threatened war. The diffi- 
culty was finally (1872) amicably adjusted, England 
awarding damages to the amount of $16,250,000. 
War was thus happily averted by peaceful arbitra- 
tion. 

7. San Domingo. — In 1871 the Kepublic of San 
Domingo, comprising a large part of the island of 
Hayti (hay'-tee),^ West Indies, applied for admission 
to the United States. A commission sent by Presi- 
dent Grant visited the island, examined into its 
affairs, and gave a favorable report. The question 
of annexation was debated in Congress, but it met 
with such violent opposition that the application 
w^as rejected. 

8. Great Fire in Chicago. — On Sunday, October 
8th, 1871, a fire was discovered in a small stable on 
the west side of Chicago, and, nnder a very high 
wind from the southwest it spread very rapidly 
northwardly and eastwardly. In less than thirty- 
six hours it swept over 2,125 acres, destroying most 
of the busniess portion of the city, and much ofj 
the residence portion also. There were burned 
1,600 stores, 28 hotels, 60 churches and about 14,800 
other buildings. The value of property destroyed 
was: Buildings, $53,000,000; stocks and machinery, 

*Ils lormer name was Hispaniola (ees-pan-yo'-lah). 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 369 

$84,000,000; liousehold goods and effects, $58,000- 
000; total, $195,000,000. There were about 250 
lives lost and 98,000 people were rendered homeless. 
{See also '■'■ Jackson'^s Administration^'''^ Topic 8.) 

9. Grant Re-elected. — In the Presidential cam- 
paign of 1872 the Liberal Kepublicans nominated 




Horace Greeley. 

Horace Greeley, of New York, who was endorsed 
by the Democrats also. The Republicans renomi- 
nated Grant, who was elected, with Henry Wilson 
as Vice-President. 

Horace Greeley was born in New Hampshire in 
1811. When a child he was remarkably precocious. 
He could read when only two years old, ' ' and at the 
age of seven had read all the books upon which he 
could lay his hands within a radius of seven miles from 
his father's farm-house." He was apprenticed to a 
printer, and in 1830 worked in a newspaper office in 



370 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Vermont, but wages being low, he went to New 
York, having, when he arrived, but ten dollars and a 
bundle of clothing. After several failures at jour- 
nalism, he established the "New York Tribune," 
which he continued to edit until his death, and which 
in his hands became a powerful organ. He liad been 
a Whig and then became a Republican. He always 
earnestly advocated a protective policy. Greeley died 
November 29th, 1872. His death was largely due to 
the excitement and anxiety attendant upon the Presi- 
dential campaign he had just passed tlu'ough. 

10. Great Fire in Boston. — On November 9th, 
1872, a very destructive fire occurred in Boston. It 
w^as not checked till the following day. Sixty-five 
acres in the very heart of the business portion of 
the city were burned over. There were 776 build- 
ings destroyed and fourteen lives lost. Loss on 
buildings was estimated at $13,590,000; on con- 
tents, $60,000,000 ; total, $73,590,000. {See ''Jack- 
son's Administration,'' Topic 8.) 

11. The Credit Mobllier of America. — This was a 
joint stock company, organized in 1863 for the 
purpose of facilitating the construction ot public 
works. In 1867 another company, which had un- 
dertaken to build the Pacific Railroad, purchased 
the charter of the Credit Mobilier (cray'-de mo-beel- 
yare'), and the capital was increased to $3,750,000. 
"Owing to the profitableness of the work in which 
the company was engaged, the stock rose rapidly 
in value and enormous dividends were paid to the 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 371 

shareholders. In 1872 a lawsuit in Pennsylvania 
developed the startling fact that much of the stock 
of the Credit Mobilier was owned by members of 
Congress. A suspicion that those members had 
voted corruptly in the legislation affecting the Pa- 
cific Railroad at o'lce seized the public mind and 
led to a Congressional investigation in which many 
scandalous transactions were brought to light, and 
the faith of the people in the integrity of their 
servants greatly shaken." 

12. Visit of the Grand Duke Alexis.— Alexis, Grand 
Duke of Russia, visited the United States in 1872, 
and was grandly entertained. lie was much es- 
teemed by all that came in contact with him. He 
expressed his liking for our people and institutions. 

13. The North-western Boundary Settled. — By the 
terms of the treaty of 1846* it was stipulated that 
the North-western boundary line, running west- 
M^a-rd along the forty-ninth paj-allel of latitude, 
should extend to the middle of the channel which 
separates the continent from Vancouver's Island, 
and thence soutlierly through the middle of said 
channel and of Fuca's Straits to the Pacific. But 
a dispute arose as to " the middle of said channel," 
for there were several channels. The British gov- 
ernment claimed the Straits of Rosario to be the 
true line intended by the treaty, while the United 
States would have the Canal de llaro. The mat- 
ter thus stood till October, 1872, when it was refer- 
red for settlement to the arbitration of William I., 
Emperor of Germany. That monarch heard the 

•See " Polk's Administration," Topic 16. 



372 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

cause, decided in fuvor of the United States, and the 
Canal de Haro became the international boundary. 

14. The Modoc War.— In the spring of 1872 the 
Modoc Indians, occupying the southern shores of 
Lake Klamath, Oregon, were ordered by the Gov- 
ernment to remove to a new reservation. These 
Indians, who had been greatly mistreated by for- 
mer United States agents, refused to go; and in 
the following November a body of troops was sent 
to force them into compliance. The Modocs re- 
sisted, kept up the war during the winter, and then 
retreated into an almost inaccessible volcanic re- 
gion called the "lava-beds." Here in the spring of 
1873 the Indians were surrounded, but not subdued. 
A conference was held between them and a Peace 
Commission. The treacherous Modocs, whose chief 
was Captain Jack, rose upon the members of the 
commission and murdered Gen. Canby and Dr. 
Thomas in cold blood. The Modocs were then be- 
sieged in their strongholds. On June 1st, 1873, 
they were compelled to surrender. Captain Jack 
and several other chiefs were tried by court-martial 
and hanged in October. 

15. The Great Financial Panic of 1873.— In the 
autumn of 1873 occurred one of the most disastrous 
financial panics known in the history of the United 
States. The alarm was given by the failure of the 
great banking-house of Jay Cooke & Company of 
Philadelphia. Other failures followed in rapid suc- 
cession. Business everywhere was paralyzed, and 
many months elapsed before confidence was suf- 
ficiently restored to enable merchants and bankers 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 373 

to resume the usual transactions of trade. The 
causes of this monetary panic were a wild spirit of 
speculation, and fluctuation in the volume and 
value of the national currency.* {See " Van Bu- 
ren's Administration " Topic 4:; also note to Topic 1, 
^'Buchanan's Administration.") 

16. The Year of Epidemics.— The year 1873 was 
remarkable for the prevalence of Cholera, Small 
Pox, Epizootic (ep-e-zo-ot'-ic) Distemper, and Yellow 
Fever, which swept thousands into eternity. The 
Epizootic distemper atiected horses principally. 

17. Troubles with Spain. — The steamer Virginius, 
a vessel owned by citizens of the United States, 
conveying filibusters to aid the Cubans, was cap- 
tured by the Spanish authorities in the fall of 1873, 
and all her crew except eighteen, were shot in 
Cuba. The Spaniards entertained some ill-feeling 
toward the United States because of this apparent 
interference in the affairs of the island, but the 
course of the filibusters was disavowed, and Spain 
was satisfied. 

18. Troubles iu Louisiana. — During the years 1873 
and 1874 difficulties prevailed in Louisiana* which 
threatened the peace of the country. There were 
two rival governors — William P. Kellogg, Kepub- 
lican, and John McEnery, Democrat; and rival 
legislatures were elected. For a while the State 
was in a condition bordering on anarchy. A large 
party opposed to the administration of Kellogg, 
whom the Federal Government sustained, rose lu 
arms and took possession of the State House. Ke'l- 

* Tliis great monetary disturbance checked for a. time the 
progress of I'/ie Northern Pacific Railroad, begun in 1870, 



874 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

logg appealed to the President for help. The op- 
posing party were ordered to disperse, and United 
States troops were sent to New Orleans to enforce 
the order. {See '^Hayes's Administration," Topic 4, 
for account of farther troubles in this State.) 

19. King Kalakaua's Visit.— The year 1875 was 
distinguished by a visit to the United States of 
Kalakaua {kah-lah-kah'-oo-ah), king of the Sand- 
wich Islands, Pacific Ocean, lie came to learn 
something of our Government, national character, 
public institutions, etc. He was hospitably enter- 
tained, and returned home well pleased and bene- 
fited. 

20. Colorado Admitted. — Colorado — the " Centen- 
nial State'' — was admitted as the thirty-eighth 
State, August 1st, 1876. Its name is of Spanish 
origin — of doubtful meaning. It was settled in 
1852 by some gold miners. It has since rapidly 
increased in population and importance. 

21. Demise of Some Eminent Men. — Grant's Ad- 
ministration was noted also for the number of pub- 
lic men who died. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary 
of War under Lincoln, died in 1869. Gen. Robert 
E. Lee, President of Washington and Lee Univer- 
sity, Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, and Admiral Farragut 
passed away in 1870. William H. Seward, Prof. 
Morse, Horace Greeley, and Gen. Meade were 
called from their earthly labors in 1872. Chief 
Justice Chase died in 1873; and in 1874, Senator 
Charles Sumner expired. Ex-President Andrew 
Johnson, John C. Breckinridge, and Vice-President 
Henry Wilson died in 1875. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



375 



22. The Custer Slaughter. — During the last year 
of President Grant's Administration the country was 
disturbed by a war with the Sioux Indians. Being 
dissatisfied with a previous treaty, tliese Indians de- 
layed ^to occupy the reservation wliich had been set 
apart for them ; and taking advantage of the discov- 
ery of gold among the Black Hills — territory partly 




George A. Custer.* 



situated within the reservation, and which had been 
invaded by gold hunters — the Sioux likewise disre- 
garded the limits of the reserved district, and roamed 
at large through Wyoming and Montana Territories, 

* George A. Custer was born in Ohio in 1839, and graduated 
at West Point in 1861. He did gallant service in the Civil War, 
particularly in the Shenandoah Valley, and in the pursuit of 
Lee's army which ended in his surrender at Appomattox. In 
1863 he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and in 1865 
was brevetted brigadier-general of the regular army. 



376 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

burning houses, stealing horses, and murdering who- 
ever opposed them. 

In 1876 the Government undertook to drive them 
upon their reservation. A large force of soldiers, 
under Generals Terry and Crook, was sent against 
them, and found the Sioux, led by their noted chief, 
Sitting Bull, near the Big Horn Mountains and Eiver, 
in the region of the Upper Yellowstone. In July, 
General George A. Custer, with a detachment of 250 
cavalry, without waiting for support, charged into the 
Indian encampment. The Sioux numbered 2,000, 
and Custer's little band, after a desperate resistance, 
was overpowered by superior force. Of the details 
of the struggle very little is known. Every man in 
the detachment, including Custer himself, was killed 
— not a man survived to tell the tale. Custer and 
his men were horribly mutilated. Information of the 
slaughter was afterward received from friendly In- 
dians, who learned the particulars from Sioux warriors. 

In November of the same year the Sioux were 
defeated at a pass in the Big Horn Mountains ; but 
Sitting Bull and his tribe succeeded in escaping to 
British America. The remaining bands of hostile 
Indians were afterward subdued. {See also '-''Events 
0/1862," To^nc^^.) 

The story of the Custer slaughter recalls to mind 
the account of Major Dade's massacre during the 
Seminole war in Florida, in 1835, related in the his- 
tory of the Seminoles. {Topic 9, Jackson^ s Admin- 
istration.) 

23. Centennial Exhibition. — 1876, the great 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 377 

Centennial — the hundredth 3'ear of our existence 
as an independent nation — was celebrated at Phihi- 
delphia by the grandest Exposition the world ever 
saw. Specimens of about all the country had pro- 
duced, invented, or manufactured during the past 
hundred years were there exhibited. Thousands of 
things, curious, unique and wonderful were to be 
seen. Representatives from almost every nation 
and country of the earth were there to witness the 
gigantic progress our Republic had made during 
that time, and also to place on exhibition produc- 
tions of their own skill and ingenuity. The im- 
mense buildings to accommodate the Centennial 
Exhibition were in course of erection two years 
before the opening of the "great show." The 
Exposition opened on the 10th of May and closed 
on the 10th of November — a period of six months. 
Visitors from all parts of the Union and of the world 
thronged the Exhibition Buildings and Grounds. 
The average daily attendance was 100,000 persons. 
On the 4th of July — the greatest day — upward 
of 275,000 people assembled to hear the reading of 
the Declaration of Independence from the original 
document, and to hear the oration of Hon. William 
M. EvARTS, the orator of the day. 

24. Visit of Dom Pedro.— The year 1876 is also 
signalized by the visit to this country of Dom Pedro, 
Emperor of Brazil, South America. He visited all 
the places of note, attended the Great Centennial, 
studied our Government, and made a favorable im- 
pression. He returned to his empire highly gratified 
with his visit. 



878 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES- 

HA YES'S A DMINISTRA TION. 

1877—1881. 

1. Presidential Election of 1876. — The l>emocrat8 
nominated Samuel J. Tilden, of Kew York, and 
Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, The Repubh- 
cans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and 
William A. Wheeler, of New York. A third — the 
Independent Greenback — party also appeared, and 
presented as candidates Peter Cooper, of New 
York, and Samuel F. Gary, of Ohio. 

The canvass was an exciting one, each party striv- 
ing hard to win. Owing to some irregularities in 
Louisiana, South Garolina, and Florida, the election 
was contested, and during the suspense of inves- 
tigation the whole country was excited. 

2. The Electoral Tribunal. — To adjust the election 
difficulties, it was finally decided to leave the select- 
ion of a J^resident to the arbitration of an Electoral 
Tribunal, consisting of five members of the Senate, 
three of whom to be Republicans, and two. Demo- 
crats; five members of the House, three to be 
Democrats, and two. Republicans, and four Judges 
of the Supreme Gourt, who were to select a fifth as 
referee, thus making fifteen in the Tribunal. 

After examining the election returns from all 
the States, the Tribunal, in February, 1877, decided 
in favor of Hayes and Wheeler, who were accord- 
ingly inaugurated, March 5th, 1877.* 

*The 4th of March is the customary time of inauguration; 
but »vhen this date falls upon Sunday, the President is inaugurated 
on the 5th. It thus happened with Hayes's inauguration ; with 
Washington's (second term); with Monroe's (second term); and 
with Taylor's (1849) ; and the same will again oQCur in 1905. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 379 

Two political questions principally agitated the 
country in this campaign : First, the Southern policy 
of the Government; one side claiming that negroes 
and Eepublicans in the South were prevented by 
force and intimidation from voting, and that it was 
necessary to have the presence of United States troops 




Rutherford B. PIayes. 

to preserve their rights and enforce the laws. The 
other side held that the use of troops was unconstitu- 
tional, the intimidation imaginary, and the presence 
of soldiers insulting to the States. The second ques- 
tion was of Civil Service Reform. {See jyage 380) 

3. Rutherford B. Hayes.— President Hayes was 
born in Ohio in 1822. lie led his class at Kenyon 
College, graduated at Cambridge Law School, and 
acquired a fine legal practice at the bar of Cincinnati. 
In that city he held his first official position, that of 
city solicitor, in 1858. During the war, he served as 



380 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

majcir uiiCier Rosecrans in West Virginia, and con- 
tinued in that field during the campaigns of 1862-3, 
gaining the brevet rank of major-general by his 
bravery. In the fall of 1864 he was elected to Con- 
gress from Cincinnati; and was re-elected in 1866, 
but resigned a year later to accept the nomination 
for Governor. In that canvass he defeated his op- 
ponent ; and two years later, he won the office 
again. In 1872 he was again a candidate for Con- 
gress, but was defeated. In 1875 he was nomi- 
nated for governor for the third time; and his suc- 
cess resulted in his candidacy, upon the Republican 
ticket, for the Presidency. 

4. More Trouble in Louisiana. — In 1876-7 political 
troubles again afflicted Louisiana. Packard, Repub- 
lican, and NicnoLLS, Democrat, both claimed the 
governorship — the former being sustained by the 
General Government, the latter by the people. The 
Nicholls government was finally triumphant, and 
peace and good order were restored. {See also 
Topic 18, ^^ Grant's Administration.'") 

5. Troubles in South Carolina. — In this year (1877) 
similar troubles existed in South Carolina — Hamp- 
ton, Democrat, and Chamberlain, Republican, con- 
tending for gubernatorial honors and responsibility. 
The former was the choice of the people, but the 
latter was sustained, for a while, by the opposing 
party in power. Hampton's authority was finally 
recognized, and good government was triumphant. 

6. €ivil Service Reform. — President Andrew Jack- 
son inaugurated the custom — since prevalent — of 
removing from ottice political opponents and in- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 381 

stalling men of congenial politics. This course has 
not always secured public officers adapted to the 
work required of them, and has also led to corrup- 
tion, since many appointments have been made as 
payment for political services. President Hayes 
was pledged to regulate both his appointments and 
dismissals by questions of personal worth. 

7. Railroad " Strikers."— The latter part of July 
(1877) was noted for numerous '-'■ strikes " of railroad 
employes. In various portions of Pennsylvania, 
especially at Pittsburgh, they revolted en masse, 
joined by roughs, rioters, and other disorderly per- 
sons, and destroyed millions of dollars worth of 
property — chiefly railroad property. The militia 
was called out to quell them; and after considera- 
ble bloodshed order was restored. 

Similar occurrences took place in other large 
cities of the country, — at New York, St. Louis, 
Philadelphia, Chicago, and Baltimore, — and mil- 
lions of railroad property were destroyed, and many 
lives lost. The rioters were finally put down by 
the militia. It is due the strikers to state that the 
destruction of property was mainly perpetrated by 
the roughs and like bad characters, who joined the 
strikers for the purpose of robbery. 

The cause of these disturbances was the reduc- 
tion of wages made by railroad companies, induced 
by a reduction of freight rates — the result of com- 
petition among the difl^erent roads. 

8. War with Indians of Idaho. — In the spring of 
this year (1877) a war broke out with the Nez 
Perces Indians of Idaho. In 1854 the Government 



382 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

purchased a part of their territory, large reserva- 
tions being made in portions of Idaho and Oregon; 
but some of the chiefs refused to ratify the compact 
and remained at large. The Indians committing 
their usual depredations, Gen. Howard was sent 
against them with a small force. The Indians, led 
by their noted chieftain, Joseph, eluded the United 
States troops by Heeing in various directions, thus 
avoiding battle. For several months the pursuit 
was continued without overtaking them. In the 
fall Gen. Howard, joined by Col. Miles, drove them 
across the Missouri River and surrounded them near 
Bear Paw Mountains. Here, on October 4th, they 
were attacked by the forces of Col. Miles, A hard 
battle was fought and the Indians were nearly all 
killed or taken prisoners, a few only escaping, 

9. The Murphy Temperance Movement. — The win- 
ter of 1877-78 was signalized by a great temperance 
wave that moved over the country, doing much 
good. This reformatory movement was started by 
Francis Murphy, a reclaimed inebriate. "Murphy 
Meetings" were held in almost every city and vil- 
lage. Thousands of men — moderate drinkers and 
inebriates — were induced to wear the " blue badge," 
the emblem of soberness. Temperance orators 
spread the cause everywhere ; the greatest enthu- 
siasm prevailed ; men addicted to the immoderate 
use of intoxicating liquors would at these meetings 
tell of their personal experience with strong drink, 
and of its blighting effects. The results of this 
movement (though not a permanent organization) 
were of much benefit to thousands of people. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 6o6 

10. The Blaud Silver Bill.— In 1873 Congress 
demonetized silver, and made gold the sole standard 
of our currency. Opj^ositiou to this measure gradu- 
ally arose, and in December, 1877, a bill was intro- 
duced in Congress making silver a legal tender in 
payment of all debts. This measure, after having 
been amended, was passed February 2 1st, 1878. 

11. Death of William Cullen Bryant.— On the 

12th of June, 1878, at the ^^^ 

advanced age of eighty- p; 
four, died William Cul- f 
LEN Bryant, America's | 
greatest poet and journal- 
ist. ' ' For more than sixty f 
years his name had been 
known and honored wher- 
ever the English language 
is spoken. His life had 
been an inspiration, and 
the brightest light of Amer- 
ican literature was extin- 
guished in his death." William Cullen Bryant. 

12. The Yellow Fever Epidemic.— During the 

summer and fall of this year (1878) the Yellow Fever 
raged terribly through the South, especially in the 
cities of New Orleans, Memphis, Mobile, Savannah, 
and others, and extended even to some of the North- 
ern cities. Strict quarantine regulations and systems 
of disinfection were established in nearly all the cities. 
Money and supplies were sent to the South from all 
parts of the country. Business was ahnost wholly 




384 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

suspended in the stricken places, and trade of all 
kinds was exceedingly dull. Thousands of refu- 
gees sought safety in Higlit from their homes. Fully 
14,000 persons fell victims to the devastating plague, 
the virulence of which ceased only on the appear- 
ance of heavy frosts. 

Again, in the summer of 1879, the city of Mem- 
phis was sorely afflicted with the same dreadful 
malady. Thousands of her citizens sought safety 
in flight to other regions, returning only when frost 
destroyed the fever germ. {See also " Washington's 
Administration" Topic 6.) 

13. Gen. Grant's Tour.— In May, 1877, Gen. U. S. 
Grant, ex-President, started with his escort from 
Philadelphia on a tour around the world. He vis- 
ited all the principal countries, and was grandly 
entertained wherever he went, as a guest and repre- 
sentative from a great and free Republic. Through 
him the United States received the greatest honors 
and respect from all the nations of the earth. Re- 
turning in September, 1879 — after an absence of 
more than two years — he landed at San Francisco, 
California, where his arrival was celebrated by a 
grand procession and public ceremony. He also 
received immense ovations in many of the large 
cities of the country — being honored as no other 
public man of the United States was ever honored. 
He afterward visited Cuba and Mexico. 

14. The Chinese Question. — The Chinese immigra- 
tion to this country now numbers over 119,050 of 
whom upward of 45,753 are in California. Under 
the direction of contractors they come to America 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 38S| 

in large companies, seeking employment at very 
low wages, in the mines, factories, market garden- 
ing, and domestic service. It has been feared by 
some that the relation of these "heathen" with 
the contractors may abridge personal liberty, and 
that the prestiice of hosts of such immigrants may 
prove injurious to the morals of the community. 

In 1879 President Hayes vetoed a bill passed br 
Congress, which had for its object the prohibition 
of further inmiigration from China. This veto met 
with public approval. 

15. Ne^iD Exodus. — Induced by misrepresenta- 
tions of politicians, and by a desire and hope of 
bettering their circumstances, many negroes of the 
South in 1879 removed to some of the Northern 
States. At home, their condition is that of agri- 
cultural laborers, with plent}^ of work and moder- 
ate pay, though, on the whole, they are probably 
as comfortably placed as white laborers on farms at 
the North. As a rule, they have little plats of 
land about their cabins to till for their own benefit 
It is much to be questioned whether the agitators, 
who sought and are still seeking to make them dis- 
contented with the present state of affairs, are not 
really doing them much harm by exposing them to 
the severity of competition in the labor market, of 
which they have hitherto had no idea. 

16. The Ute Indians.— In the fall of 1879 trouble 
arose \v^ith the Ute Indians, occupying a portion of 
•Colorado. The provocation of hostilities was the 
seizure of a tract of farm land by the national 
agent, Mr. Meeker. The fracas is unworthy of the 

24 



386 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

name of war, as its cliief features were the massa- 
cre of ilie whites of tlie Agency, the seizure of the 
women, and several skirmishes with small forces of 
regular troops. Further troubles were averted by 
the interference of Chief Ouray, whereby the cap- 
tives were released, and a promise given of surren- 
dering the hostile Indians. The Utes were after- 
ward removed to another reservation. 

17. Tin Tenth Census. — In 1830 was completed the 
tenth census of the United States. The results 
presented were of the most encouraging character. 
The last decade had been a period of great pros- 
perity. The ninth census (1870)* showed the popu- 
lation of the country to be 38,587,000; that of 1880 
gave a total of 50,152,866 souls, being an increase 
of thirty per cent. Of the large cities, there were 
ten with a population of over 2i}0,000, and ten hav- 
ing over 100,000. New York iiad over 1,200,000 
inhabitants; Philadelphia, about 850,000; Brook- 
lyn, over 560,000; Chicago, over 500,000; Boston, 
360,000; St. Louis, over 350,000; Baltimore, 330,000! 
The American Union now consists of thirty-eight 
States and eleven Territories,! with Alaska and the 
Indian Territory, aggregating 3,604,000 square 
miles of land. The v^diolo area or" the United 
States and Territories, including water surface ot 
Jakes and rivers, is equal to nearly 4,000,000 square 
miles. 

In 1880 the immigration to this country was 
greater than in any previous year. 

*See Topic 5, \yngb 3(55. 

tSee note to Topic 6, on page 159. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 387 

GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1881—1885. 

1. Election and Inanimation. — In the Presiden- 
tial campaign of 1880, the Republicans nominated 
James A. Garfield, of Ohio, for President, with 
Chester A. Arthur for Vice-President. The Demo- 
crats presented as candidates General Winfield S. 
Hancock, of New York, and William II. English. 
The Greenbacks nominated James B. Weaver and 
B. J. Chambers. Garfield and Artiiur were elected. 
Of the 369 Electoral votes, Gartield received 214 
and Hancock 155. The Electoral vote of Georgia 
was cast irregularly, on the second Wednesday ot 
December, instead of the first Wednesday, as re- 
quired by act of Congress. In the count of the 
Electoral vote, February 9, 1881, Congress declared 
Hancock to have received 155 votes if Georgia were 
counted, and 144 votes if not counted ; that in 
either case, Garfield had received a majority of the 
votes, and was duly elected. On March 4, 1881, 
he was inaugurated twentieth President amidst the 
grandest civic and military display that the capital 
has ever witnessed. 

2. James A. Garfield. — He was born in Ohio in 1831. 
He was the youngest of four children, dependent 
upon a widowed mother. While a boy he attended 
the district school during the winter moiiths. As 
soon as he was old enough he aided his mother by 
working at the carpenter's trade. Afterward he 
went as teamster or boatman on the canal. He also 



388 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

taught school, attending an academy alternately until 
his twenty-second year, when he entered Williams 
College, in Massachusetts. Here, after two years of 
study, he graduated with high honors, after which he 

where he was made 




James A. Garfield. 

teacher of Latin and Greek in the Eclectic Institute, 
and soon after president of the same. Adopting the 
profession of law, he took an active part in politics. 
In 1859 he represented two counties in the Ohio 
Legislature, where he soon took a high position as a 
well-read politician and an eloquent and witty debater. 
On the breaking out of the Civil War, Mr. Garfield 
at once identified himself with the interests of the 
North, and held almost every position in the army 
from lieutenant to general. During the war he was 
elected to Congress. His sterling good sense and fine 
abilities made him very popular, and he was re-elected 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 389 

by a large majority. He was devoted to hard work 
and close study, and possessed great breadth of 
thought and soundness of judgment. 

3. Assassination of President Garfield. — On 

the mornmg of July 2d, as the President, with a 
number of his friends, was at the railroad depot, in 
Washington City, awaiting the departure of the 
train for Long Branch he was tired upon and mor- 
tally wounded by a fanatical crank, named Charles 
Guiteau {gilj to). The assassin was immediately 
arrested and taken to prison. This infamous and 
fiendish attempt to strike down the head of the 
Govermnent was not the prompting of any political 
conspiracy, but solely the individual act of a fanatic, 
who claimed to have been inspired of God ' ' to re- 
move the President." The announcement of the 
deed was in less than an hour flashed over the wires 
to all sections of the Union, and produced intense 
excitement — similar to that of the assassination of 
President Lincoln, in 1865. Occurring during a 
time of peaceful sectional feeling and of unprece- 
dented prosperity, the event was wholly unexpected 
and devoid of political motive. Expressions of sym- 
pathy and of horror at the dastardly act were tele- 
graphed from all parts of the country, and from all 
the principal nations of the world. 

For eleven weeks the President lingered amid 
the fluctuating hopes and fears of the whole nation. 
All were intensely interested in the one absorbing 
topic of the wounded President's condition as re- 
ported hourly in the published bulletins. Though, 



390 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

his correct and strictly temjDerate liabits of life led tlie 
people to be sanguine of his recovery, yet medical 
skill was powerless, and on the 19th of SejDtember, 
at Long Branch, he died.* The entire country M'as 
draped in the garb of mourning, for the whole peo- 
ple had learned to love the President for his many 
noble qualities of head and heart, and to regard him 
as a true patriot. The day after his death, Vice- 
President Aethub assumed the Presidency according 
to custom. 

4. Trial and Execution of Gruiteau, the As- 
sassin. — The murderer of the President was granted 
a full, fair, and impartial trial, in conformity to the 
laws of a great and dignified Republic, and in January, 
1882, after a thorough investigation as to his sanity, 
consuming fifty-three days, he was pronounced guilty 
and sentenced to be hung. A number of experts 
testified with unanimity that he was sane, and there- 
fore legally responsible for the shooting of the Presi- 
dent. On June 30th (1882), the assassin was hanged 
in the corridor of the United States jail, in Wash- 
ington city.* 

An autopsy of Guiteau's brain revealed no manifest 
disease or evidence of insanity. His body was buried 
within the jail inclosure, that it might be beyond the 
reach alike of vengeance or speculation or silly cu- 
riosity. Guiteau found an unwept sepulture in an 
unmarked grave. 

* About two weeks previous to the President's death, liis 
physicians advised his removal to the sea-shore at Long Branch, 
in order to escape the malarial air at Washington. His I'cmains 
were taken to Cleveland, Ohio, for burial. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 391 

5. Arthur becomes President.— The Govern- 
ment cannot wisely be left without a head for a single 
day. At midnight on the 19th of September (less 
than two hours after President Garfield died) the 
Cabiner — then at Long Branch — telegraphed Vice- 
President Arthur to take the oath of the Chief Magis- 




Chester a. Arthur. 

tracy. This he very properly did in his own house, 
before a local judge, in the city of Kew York. On 
the 21st of September, in the Capitol at Washington, 
he was again sworn in with the usual ceremonies. 

The new President requested the Cabinet to hold 
over until Congress should meet. 

There was a feeling of depression throughout the 
country, for the idea was almost universal that the 
nation had met with an irreparable loss in the death 
of Garfield. But President Arthur developed fine 
intellectual qualities, good judgment, and firmness, 
wud proved himself worthy to occupy the great office. 



392 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

6. Chester A. Arthur. — He was born at Fairfield, 
Vermont, October 5, 1830. Graduating from Union 
College, Scbenectady, New York, in 1848, he stud- 
ied law, and, after teaching in an academy in Ver- 
mont, he was admitted to the bar in the city of 
New York (1853). In 1861 he was made Quarter- 
master-General of the New York State Militia. In 
1871 he was appointed by General Grant to be Col- 
lector of the Port of New York — one of the most 
lucrative offices in the gift of the Government — 
which he held until 1878. In 1879 he was elected 
chairman of the Republican State Committee of 
New York, and had much to do with the success 
of the campaign. 

Mr. Arthur was married in 1859 to Miss Hern- 
don, who died in January, 1881. Vice-President 
Arthur, during the long illness of President Gar- 
field, and at the time of his death, deported himself 
so well that he won the good opinion of nearly all 
classes of the people. 

7. Action of the XLVIIth Congress. — On December 
5, 1881, the First (regular) Session of the Forty- 
seventh Congress opened. President Arthur's first 
annual message to Congress gave general satisfac- 
tion. The Senate confirmed his nominations of 
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey, as 
Secretary of State ; J. Bancroft Davis as Assistant 
Secretary of State; Benjamin H. Brewster, of 
Pennsylvania, as Attorney General ; Timothy O. 
Howe, of "Wisconsin, as Postmaster-General ; Hor- 
ace Gray, as Justice of the United States Supreme 
Court. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 6^6 

At this session Congress gave $15,000 to the 
widow of President Lincoln, and increased her 
pension to $5000 ; and assigned a pension of $5000 
to Mrs. Garfield. The salary of President Garfield, 
for one year ($50,000), was directed to be paid to 
Mrs. Garfield. 

8. The Mormon Question Revived. — Ever since the 
settlement of the Mormons in Utah, polygamy has 
been one of the vexed questions in American poli- 
tics. The Mormons are the only sect in Christian 
countries in which this custom is still practiced. 
But, thus far, laws passed for the suppression of 
polygamy have proved unavailing ; troops have 
been sent to crush it out — battles have been fought 
and won — but without decided results; United 
States Courts have been powerless where juries 
could not be found to convict. 

9. Edmunds' Anti-Polygamy Bill.— In February, 
1882, Senator Edmunds' bill against polygamy was 
debated in Congress. Speeches for and against the 
bill were made by prominent Congressmen. After 
amendment and re-arrangement of its sections, the 
bill passed both Houses of Congress, and received 
President Arthur's signature, March 23, 1882.* 

10. Proposed Congress of American Nations. — This 
question, sanctioned by President Garfield during 

* By many statesmen, it is thought that the best remedy for 
the troublesome Mormon question would be to take away from 
Utah its present Territorial Government and govern it by Com- 
missioners, as the District of Columbia is governed (see page 
182) ; then to enforee the anti-polygamy laws and such other laws 
as Congress should prescribe. 



394 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

his brief administration, was again considered in 
1882. This was for a Congress of all the Republics 
of America to assemble at Washington under the 
patronage of this Government, for the purpose of 
agreeing on such a basis of arbitration for interna- 
tional troubles as would obviate all necessity or 
possibility of war in the Western Hemisphere. Its 
object also was to promote trade and to form alli- 
ances suitable to a new and advanced application 
of the Monroe Doctrine (page 227). The new doc- 
trine might thrive and acquire great popularity 
under an administration friendly to it, but Presi- 
dent Arthur intimated his hostility when first sug- 
gested to him. The debates in Congress have also 
been adverse to the question, though it has some 
warm supporters who may revive it under more 
favorable auspices. 

11. The Star Ronte Scandal.— " Star Routes," or 
" Star Service," include all the postal routes other 
than those by railway and steamboat on which the 
service is performed by contract.* These routes, 
which were authorized by act of Congress to fur- 
ther extend the mail facilities and promote the 
more rapid transmission of the mails, proved to be 
very popular in the West and South-west. 

It was alleged that a "ring" was formed, headed 
by General Brady, one of the-Assistant Postmasters 
General under General Key, "by which routes 
were established with the sole view of defrauding 

■'■' The term arises from the fact that the printed contract forms 
are headed with three groups of stars to distinguish tliem from other 
contracts. 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 395 

the Government — that false bonds were given, and 
enormous and fraudulent sums paid for little or no 
service." At the time of the assassination of 
President Garfield this scandal was at its height. 
Preparations were made for the prosecution of all 
charged with the fraud. President Arthur, upon 
his succession, insisted upon a full prosecution. In 
March, 1882, the Grand Jury at Washington pre- 
sented indictments for conspiracy in connection 
with the Star Route mail service against Brady, 
Dorsey, and others. 

The Star Eoute service still continues, the Post- 
office Department under tlie law having sent out 
several thousand notifications since to contractors, 
officially accepting their proposals, and some of 
these contractors are the same named in the in- 
dictment mentioned. 

12. The Chinese Question A^ain. — The agitation of 
the prohibition of Chinese itnmigration in California 
an(i other States and Territories on the Pacific slope 
had, within the previous nine years, been very great. 
{See Hayes'' s Administration^ page 384.) There 
had been some violence and bloodshed. Dennis 
Kearney led the Workingmen's Party in San 
Francisco, and Kalloch, an agitator, was elected 
Mayor. In the Legislature, on the vote for a con- 
stitutional amendment, it was found that not only 
the laboring classes, but also nearly all classes in 
California were opposed to the Chinese, and to 
their further immigration. The constitutional 
amendment did not, however, meet the sanction 
of the higher courts. In 1881-82 a new and more 



396 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

radical measure was introduced, prcdiibiting immi- 
gration to Chinese or coolie laborers for twenty 
years. After an elaborate debate, the bill passed 
both Houses of Congress, March 23, 1882. 

13. Pendleton's Civil Service Reform Bill.— In Jan- 
uary, 1883, President Arthur signed the Pendleton 
Civil Service Reform Bill. This was the most 
notable law passed in the closing session of the 
XLVIIth Congress. The basic principles of the 
bill are fixed tenure in minor places, competitive 
examinations, and non-partisan selections. (See 
also Hayes's Administration, jpage 380.) 

14. Reduction of Postage. — A law reducing post- 
age on first-class matter was approved March 3, 
1883. It provided that on and after October 1, 
1883, all sealed first-class matter which heretofore 
required three cents for each half ounce or fraction 
thereof, shall be charged at the rate of two cents for 
each half ounce or fraction thereof.* 

15. The Fitz-Jolin Porter Case. — During the first 
session of the XLVIIIth Congress, in the early 
part of 1884, the Fitz-John Porter Bill— reinstating 
General Porter to his rank in the army — was passed. 

*In 1885, the rate of letter postage was fixed at two cents for 
each ounce of weight ; and the postage on newspapers and otlier 
regular periodicals entered as second-class matter, was reduced to 
one cent for each pound, instead of two cents per pound as for- 
merly. This went into effect July 1, 1885. Provision was also 
made for a special mail delivery of letters, by messengers, within 
the free-delivery limits of free-delivery offices, and within one 
mile of the post-office, in towns of 4000 inhabitants, that do not 
enjoy the free-delivery system. A special ten-cent stamp is re- 
quired for this special delivery. This went into effect October 1. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 397 

The case was briefly this : At the time of the sec- 
ond battle of Bull Run — during the Civil War — 
General Porter was in command of the Fifth Corps 
of the Army of the Potomac, under General Pope, 
and was ordered to advance to the attack, but for 
some reason he failed to obey the order. For this 
oflense he was tried by Court Martial, sentenced to 
be cashiered, and " forever disqualified from hold- 
ing any ofiice of trust or profit under the Govern- 
ment of the United States." This verdict was a 
subject of much controversy. It was alleged that 
there was sufficient reason for his failure to carry 
out the command of his superior officer. A bill 
was presented to Congress from time to time, ask- 
ing for the reinstatemant of Porter. Congress at 
last, in March, 1884, passed the bill, but it was ve- 
toed by President Arthur. The House, however, 
on July 2d, passed it over his veto, and in 1886 
Porter was restored to his army rank. 

16. Bismarck and the Lasker Resolutions. — In Jan 

uary, 1884, Edward Lasker, an eminent German 
statesman, died at Washington, and Congress 
passed resolutions of condolence, intended as an 
expression of sympathy and amity toward Ger- 
many, the country Lasker officially represented. 
Through Mr. Sargent, American Minister at Ber- 
lin, the resolutions were delivered to the German 
Government. Prince Bismarck, as Chancellor, at 
the head of the German Reichstag, or Parliament, 
declined to receive or recognize the resolutions, in- 
timating that their import was interference with 
the political affairs of Germany. This course of 



398 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

the head of the German Reichstag was regarded in the 
United States as discourteous, if not insulting; but a 
compliment to the late Herr Lasker was, it seems, a 
rebuke to Bismarck, for Lasker was personally and 
politically the opposer of the German Prince. Hence 
the rejection of the resolutions. 

17. The Morrison Tariff Bill Defeated.— In May; 
1884, the Morrison Tariff Bill, which had been undeF 
discussion in Congress, was defeated. The purpose of 
the bill was "to reduce all unnecessary taxation," and 
for ''economical administration of the Government." 

18. Civil Government for Alaska. — In May, 1884, 
Congress passed a bill giving to Alaska a Civil Gov- 
ernment. The bill provides that the Territory shall 
constitute a Civil and Judicial District, the temporary 
seat being at Sitka. The Governor is authorized to 
enforce all laws enacted for the District, and to be, 
ex officio, commander-in-chief of the militia, with 
power to call it out, when necessary, to the due execu- 
tion of law. The general laws of the State of Oregon 
are declared to be the laws of the District, so far as 
the same may be applicable. 

19. Presidential Nominations, 1884. — In the Presi- 
dential campaign of 1884 the tariff was the principal 
issue, although civil service reform exerted a large in- 
fluence. The National Anti-Monopolists met in Chi- 
cago, May 14, and nominated Benjamin F. Butler, of 
Massachusetts, as their candidate for the Presidency 
in the ensuing November election. Butler was also 
nominated by the National Greenback Labor Conven- 
tion, which met at Indianapolis, May 28th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 399 

The National Republican Convention met at Chi- 
cago, June 3d, and nominated James G. Blaine, of 
Maine, for President, and John A. Logan, of Illinois, 
for Vice-President. 

At the National Convention of the American Pro- 
hibition party, held at Chicago, June 20th, F. C. 
Pomeroy, of Kansas, was nominated for President, and 
J. A. Conant, of Connecticut, for Vice-President. 
These candidates were afterwards withdrawn in favor 
of the Prohibition Convention held at Pittsburgh, in 
July, which nominated John P. St. John, of Kansas, 
and William Daniel, of Maryland. 

The Democratic National Convention met at Chi- 
cago, July 8-11, and nominated Grover Cleveland, of 
New York, for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks, 
of Indiana, for Vice-President. 

20. Presidential Election of 1884.— The Presiden- 
tial canvass of 1884 was conducted with more than 
usual interest and demonstration by the people. 
Though the rivalry of parties ran high, yet there was 
little disorder. Partisan conflict, though unrelenting, 
was, in the main, good humored, and intolerance had 
no place. 

The November election resulted in a Democratic 
victory. Democratic electors were chosen by all the 
Southern States, and by New York, Indiana, Con- 
necticut, Delaware, Maryland and New Jersey ; all the 
other States chose Republican electors. The election 
of Cleveland was announced by an electoral vote of 
219 to 182 for Blaine. 

The campaign was marked by enthusiastic demon- 
strations and celebrations by both the leading parties 
in all the large cities of the country. 



400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1885-1889. 

1. Cleveland Inaugurated. — On March 4, 1885, 
Clevelaud* was inaugurated as the twenty-second Presi- 
dent. Though the election results bring about a 
change of executive administration, yet the two great 
political parties are so nearly balanced that one stands 
guard over the other, and no great change in any vital 
question of public policy is likely soon to be brought 
about. 

*(Trover Cleveland.— President-elect Cleveland was born 
in the town of Essex, New Jersey, May 18, 1837. His educa- 
tional advantages embraced attendance at the common schools 
and an academy at Clinton, Oneida County, New York. After 
leaving school he served as clerk in a New York City elee- 
mosynary institution for a brief season, and then removed to 
Buffalo, N. Y., where he studied law. In 1859 he was ad- 
mitted to the bar, passing most creditably a rigid examina- 
tion. After four years of thorough study and legal experience, 
he was appointed Assistant District Attorney for the county 
of Erie, which position he filled for three years. In 1865 he 
W3S nominated by the Democratic County Convention for Dis- 
trict Attorney, but was defeated. In 1870 he was elected 
Sheriff of Erie county, and at the close of that service became 
a member of the law firm of Bass, Cleveland & Bissell, at 
once commanding a very lucrative practice. In 1881, Mr. 
Cleveland was elected Mayor of Buffalo, and, before the ex- 
piration of his term, was chosen Governor of the Empire 
State. As Governor of New York, he won the good opinion 
of the great mass of worthy citizens, irrespective of party, and 
opposed all venal, hasty, or extravagant legislation. 

Mr. Cleveland at that time was a bachelor; a man of large 
stature, and vigorous constitution, and possessed of a nervous, 
lymphatic temperament, a light complexion, and brown hair, 
with slight baldness (see p. 407). 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 401 

2, Cleveland's Cabinet. — On March 5th, 1885, 
President Cleveland nominated as members of his 
Cabinet the following : Secretary of State, Thomas F. 
Bayard, of Delaware; Secretary of the Treasury, 
Daniel Manning, of Xew York; Secretary of War, 
William C. Endicott, of Massachusetts ; Secretary of 




Grovee Clevelaxd.* 

the Navy, William C. Whitney, of Xew York ; Sec- 
retary of the Interior, L. Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi; 
Postmaster-General, William F. Vilas of Wisconsin ; 
Attorney-General, Augustus H. Garland, of Ar- 
kansas. 

In 1887 Daniel Manning resigned on account of ill 
health, and was succeeded Ijy Charles F. Fairchild as 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

* Since Cleveland's second term of office he has lived in a beau- 
tiful home in Princeton. New Jersey, spending the summers at 
"Gray Gables," Buzzard's Bay. Mass. He keeps out of public 
affairs as much as possible, and often enjoys fishing excursions, 
of which he is very fond. Ilis opinion is often sought by public 
men, and his utterances are given serious consideration. 



402 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3. Death of General Grant.— On the 23d of July, 

1885, after a lingering illness from cancer of the throat, 
General Ulysses S. Grant died at Mt. McGregor, 
N. Y., whither he had been conveyed by advice of his 
physicians. During his affliction the whole country 
was in sympathy with him, and the daily bulletins of 
his condition were read by all the people. Memorial 
services in honor of the dead hero were largely ob- 
served throughout the country, every city, and nearly 
every township and village, holding services of some 
sort. The princij)al nations of Europe, also, observed 
his demise with appropriate ceremonies. 

His body being embalmed, lay in state till the 8th 
of August, when it was consigned to the tomb at 
Riverside Park, New York, the burial site chosen by 
his family. His funeral was the grandest pageant ever 
witnessed in the United States. The obsequies of 
General Grant far surpassed anything ever seen in 
New York, and the scenes and incidents will long be 
remembered. The day was also appropriately cele- 
brated throughout the country, and in England and 
other countries of Europe. 

4. The Post-oflftce Appropriation Bill.— The Post- 
office Appropriation Bill, as passed by Congress, went 
into effect July 1, 1885. It provided for three changes 
in the postal laws, the first two of which were of great 
importance. The postage on letters was changed from 
two cents a half-ounce to two cents an ounce, and on 
newspapers and periodicals sent from the office of pub- 
lication, from two cents a pound to one cent a pound. 
The bill also provided that all cities of 4,000 inhabi- 
tants and upward shall be furnished with a quick- 



HISTORY OF THE TNITED STATES. 




Grant's Tomb. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 403 

delivery system, for which the postage charged shall 
be ten cents an ounce. 

5. Natural Gas. — Natural Gas, obtained from veins 
in the earth by wells similar to petroleum wells, became 
extensively used in and about Pittsburgh, Pa., for il- 
lumination and fuel. It was successfully substituted for 
coke and coal i u many of the iron foundries and factories 
of that region. This gas has also been successfully 
sought and utilized in New York. Ohio, Indiana and 
other States. 

6. Knights of Labor. — About the beginning of 1886 
there came into prominence a new and extensive work- 
ingmen^s organization, called the ''Knights of Labor.'' 
It differed from the old trades-unions in that it con- 
tained laborers engaged in different occupations. It 
grew rapidly and soon enrolled a very large member- 
ship. Its officers were vested with autocratic power, 
and they could easily order strikes by merely sending 
a "walking delegate" to notify the men to stop work. 
The organization inaugurated several mammoth 
strikes, the most important of which begun on March 
7, on the Missouri Pacific railway system, which 
operates 6,000 miles of railroad in the Southwest. It 
grew out of the dismissal of a few men from the com- 
pany's employ. In a single day 5,000 workmen vol- 
untarily quit work, thereby throwing out of employ- 
ment 3,000 or 4,000 more. The company filled many 
of the places in a few days, and was able to continue 
operations, but it was crippled and embarrassed for 
several weeks. 

There were many other strikes and "lockouts" 
throughout the country, among which may be men- 



404 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tioned that of the street-car drivers in New York and 
Brooklyn, railroad employes on the Lake Shore road, 
operatives in McCormick's reaper works and union 
stock-yards of Chicago, carpet-weavers in Philadel- 
phia, shoe-makers in Lynn and various other towns 
in Massachusetts and throughout the country. 

7. The Haymarket Riot. — These strikes, growing 
out of labor troubles, led to many riots and other acts 
of violence, in which property and lives were de- 
stroyed. The culminating point was reached, how- 
ever, on the evening of May 4, in what is known as 
the *' Haymarket Riot" — near tlie corner of Desplaines 
and Randolph streets, in Chicago — in which seven 
policemen were killed and sixty others wounded by 
the explosion of a bomb thrown in their midst by 
some person or persons in the mob. 

8. The Chicago Anarchists. — For a time after the 
''Haymarket Riot," the country was excited to fever 
heat over the threatened reign of Anarchy; but the 
prompt action of the Chicago officials soon allayed the 
fears of the country at large and dealt a death blow 
to Anarchy in America. Although Rudolph Schnau- 
belt, tiie man supposed to have thrown the bomb, suc- 
ceeded in making his escape, yet eight of the chief 
conspirators were caught, tried and convicted. Seven 
— August Spies, Samuel Fielden, A. R. Parsons, 
August Fischer, Michael Schwab, George Engel and 
Louis Lingg — were sentenced to death; and one — 
Oscar Neebe — was sentenced to fifteen years* impris- 
onment. Of the seven sentenced to hang, one — Louis 
Lingg — committed suicide; two — Samuel Fielden and 
Michael Schwab — were commuted to imprisonment 



NATIONAL. PERIOD. 405 

for life; and four — August Spies, A. R. Parsons, Au- 
gust Fischer and George Engel — were executed, No- 
vember 11, 1887. 

9. The "Boycott." — The conviction and execution 
of the Auarchists had a summary effect on riotous 
demonstrations in strikes, and led the "Knights of 
Labor" to institute a peculiar phase of warfare called 
the ^'boycott," by which the "Knights" sought to pro- 
hibit any traffic whatever with employers with whom 
they had any disagreement. 

10. The Bartholdi Statue.— October 25, 1886, the 
statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World" was un- 
veiled on a small island in New York harbor. It was 
designed and executed by the sculptor, Auguste 
Bartholdi, and presented by France to the United 
States. The figure itself is 157J feet iu height, and it 
rests upon a pedestal 147J feet above sea level. 

11. Cyclone in Texas. — A destructive cyclone passed 
along the Texas coast, 1886, causing the loss of forty- 
four lives and $5,300,000 worth of property. 

12. Earthquake in South Atlantic States. — On the 

evening of August 31, 1886, occurred the most terrific 
earthquake known in this country for many years. 
The shock was felt principally in the South Atlantic 
States, Charleston being almost destroyed by it. 

13. The Presidential Succession Bill. — The Presi- 
dential Succession Bill, passed by Congress, 1886, 
provided that, in case of the death or disability of the 
President, and the vacancy of the Vice-President's 
office — through death or other cause — the chief mag- 
istrate's office shall be filled by a member of the Cabi- 



406 HISTORY OP^ THE UNITED STATES. 

net, the Secretary of State being first in the order of 
succession, then the Secretary of the Treasury, and so 
on through the Cabinet. 

14. The Chatsworth Horror.— On August 11, 1887, 
occurred one of the most distressing railroad accidents 
known in this country for years. An excursion train 
was wrecked near Chatsworth, 111., by running into a 
burning trestle, in which over 100 lives were lost and 
nearly 200 others injured. 

15. The Dynamite Gun. — An important invention 
was made this year by Lieutenant Edmund L. Za- 
linski, which promises to be a revolution in modern 
warfare. It is called the "dynamite gun," and is 
operated by compressed air, throwing a dynamite 
bomb which is exploded by the concussion caused by 
striking any object. It was officially tested, Septem- 
ber 20th, and is believed to be capable of destroying 
the heaviest iron-clad ship at a distance of more than 
a mile. 

16. Deaths of Prominent Men. — Besides the death 
of the distinguished hero, General Grant, this admin- 
istration has witnessed the death of an unusually large 
number of our most distinguished statesmen. Some 
of the principal ones are General George B. McClel- 
lan, October 29, 1885 ; Vice-President Thomas A. 
Hendricks, November 25, 1885 ; General Winfield S. 
Hancock, February 9, 1886; David Davis, June 26, 
1886; Samuel J. Tilden, August 4, 1886; Ex-Presi- 
dent Chester A. Arthur, November 18, 1886 ; Charles 
Francis Adams, November 21, 1886 ; John A.Logan, 
December 26, 1886 ; Henry Ward Beecher, March 8, 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 




The Bartholdi Statue. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 407 

1887 ; William A. Wheeler, June 4, 1887 ; Chief Jus- 
tice Morrison R. Waite, March 23, 1888 ; and Roscoe 
Conkling, April 18, 1888. 

17. Interstate Commerce Law. — In 1887 was under- 
taken for the first time the federal regulation of rail- 
roads, by the enactment of the Interstate Commerce 
Law. A commission was appointed to enforce its pro- 
visions, the most important of which was the prohi- 
bition of lower rates for long distance transportations 
of freight and passengers than for short distance. 

18. The President's Marriage and Tour. — President 
Cleveland and Miss Frances Folsom, of Buffalo, N. Y., 
were married at the White House, June 2, 1886. 
This was the first occasion of the marriage of a Presi- 
dent at the White House. In October of the follow- 
ing year the distinguished couple made an extended 
tour of the West and South, meeting with hearty re- 
ceptions in all the principal cities of their route. 

19. The Fisheries Question.— The New England 
fishermen who plied their trade along the Nova Scotian 
and neighboring coasts were greatly annoyed during 
the season of 1886, and a part of 1887, by the pursuit 
and seizure of their craft by Canadian authorities,and 
the imposition of heavy fines for the alleged violation 
of Canadian revenue and other laws. The question 
was finally submitted for arbitration to a commission 
appointed by the United States, Great Britain and 
Canada, which body met at Washington in November, 
1887, and settled the controversy. 

20. Action of the XLIXth and Lth Congresses. — 
Other acts not previously noted were the Oleomar- 



408 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

garine law, placing a tax of two cents per pound on 
domestic manufactured substances known as oleomar- 
garine, butterine, etc., and a tax of fifteen cents per 
pound on imported substances of like character, and 
that all packages containing this substance must be so 
stamped, and not sold as genuine butter; an act 
requiring special instruction as to the nature of alco- 
holic drinks upon the human system, to be taught in 
the military and naval academies, and in the public 
schools of the District of Columbia and the Territories ; 
an act elevating the Bureau of Agriculture to the rank 
of a Cabinet office. By this the Cabinet offices were 
increased in number from seven to eight. 

21. Presidential Nominations, 1888. — The Presiden- 
tial campaign of 1888 turned again on the question of 
the tariff. The National Equal Rights Convention 
met at Des Moines, May 15, and nominated Belva A. 
Lockwood, President, and Alfred H. Love, Vice- 
President. 

The Union Labor National Convention nominated 
A. J. Streeter for President, and Charles E. Cuning- 
ham for Vice-President. 

The United Labor Convention nominated Robert 
H. Cowdrey for President, and W. H. T. Wakefield 
for Vice-President. 

The National Prohibition Convention nominated 
Clinton B.Fiske for President, and John A. Brooks for 
Vice-President. 

The Democratic National Convention nominated 
Grover Cleveland for President, and Allen G. Thur- 
man for Vice-President. 

The Republican National Convention nominated 



NATIONAL. PERIOD. 409 

Benjamin Harrison for President, and Levi P. Morton 
for Vice-President. 

22. Presidential Election of 1888.— In the Presi- 
dential canvass of 1888, the main issue between the 
two great parties was the method of reducing the sur- 
plus revenue. The Democrats favored a radical 
reduction, while the Republicans opposed any reduc- 
tion that would interfere with the protective interests 
of the country. Party lines were tightly drawn, and 
it was the most hotly contested election since 1860. 
Magnificent ovations and demonstrations were made 
by both parties all over the country. The November 
election resulted in a sweeping victory for the Repub- 
licans, Harrison carrying all of the Northern States 
except New Jersey and Connecticut. 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
1889—1893. 

1. Harrison Inaugurated. — On March 4, 1889, Ben- 
jamin Harrison was inaugurated twenty-third Presi- 
dent, witnessed by a great concourse of people from 
all parts of the country.* 

*Benjamin Harrison. — President Harrison was born at 
North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. He comes of a historic 
family that has furnished several distinguished men; his 
grandfather, William Henry Harrison, won renown as a soldier 
and statesman, and was the ninth President of the United 
States, dying in office. President Harrison was educated at 
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. On quitting College he com- 
menced the study of law in Cincinnati, and in 1854 located in 
Indianapolis, Indiana, and opened a law office. He rose 
rapidly in his chosen profession, and in 1860 was elected 
Reporter of the Supreme Court. At the breaking out of the 



410 HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 

2. Harrison's Cabinet. — The President cliose tlie 
following as his Cabinet : Secretary of State, James 
G. Blaine, of Maine ; Secretary of the Treasury, Wm. 
"Windoin, of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield 
Proctor, of Vermont ; Secretary of the Navy, B. F. 
Tracy, of New York ; Attorney-General, W. H. H. 




Benjamin Harrison. 

Miller, of Indiana; Postmaster-General, John Wana- 
maker, of Pennsylvania; Secretary of the Interior, 
John W. Noble, of Missouri ; Secretary of Agricul- 
ture, J. M. Rusk, of Wisconsin. 

war he raised a regiment, the Seventieth Indiana, and was com- 
missioned its Colonel. He won high honors as a soldier, and 
for his -bravery and good generalship at the battles of Resaea 
and Peach Tree Creek was made brigadier-general. He served 
throughout the war, making a gallant record as a general, and 
then resumed the practice of law. In 1881 he was elected United 
States Senator. His six years' service in the Senate gave him a 
national reputation as one of the ablest men, best lawyers and 
strongest debaters in that body. At the expiration of his sena- 
torial term, he again resumed the practice of law. He died at 
his home in Indianapolis in March, 1901. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 411 

Two centennials of historical interest to Americans 
mark the time of this Administration. April 30th, 
1889, was the hundredth anniversary of Washington's 
inauguration, and the year 1892 completed the fourth 
century since the discovery of A merica. 

3. Opening of Oklahoma. — At exactly noon April 
22, 1889, the new Territory, organized as Oklahoma, 
was thrown open to settlement by proclamation of the 
President. Over 40,000 settlers poured over the boun • 
daries and rushed in fierce rivalry into the Territory 
to seize desirable homesteads. No stranger scene was 
ever witnessed in this or any laud. 

4. The Conemaugh Disaster.— May 31, 1889, the 
most appalling catastrophe ever known in this country 
occurred ia the valley of the Conemaugh river in 
Pennsylvania. This was the bursting of the walls of 
the dam confining the waters of the reservoir known 
as Conemaugh Lake, and the destruction by the rush 
of waters down the entire valley of eight towns and 
villages, besides innumerable farm houses, causing an 
enormous loss of life and property. 

5. The New States. — This administration will be 
long remembered for the new States admitted. On 
November 2, 1889, the President signed the bill which 
added four new stars to our national flag. While with 
one moment^s writing the States were admitted to- 
gether, yet they have been numbered thus: Washing- 
ton, 39th; South Dakota, 40th ,♦ North Dakota, 41st; 
Montana, 42d; Idaho (July 3, 1890), 43d; Wyoming 
(July 10, 1890), 44th.* 

*Washington is the most populous of the new States ad- 
mitted. Tts territorial government was established in 1853. 
Its growth at first was slow, but of late years has been rapid, 



412 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Til Wyoming, women are allowed equal suffrage,, 
guaranteed by a written constitution. South Dakota 
has a written constitution prohibiting the sale and 
manufacture of intoxicating drinks — the first of this 
kind in existence. South Dakota sends two repre- 
sentatives to Congress, the other States one each. 

6. The New South. — The advance made in what is 
termed the ''New South" has been so rapid that few 
people, especially at the North, realize it. Vast re- 
gions that a few years ago were devastated by war 
now have thriving farms, paying manufactories, and 
populous cities. Chattanooga, a great railroad center, 
already has about 50,000 residents, and engages in 
almost every form of staple manufacture. One may 

and the State now numbers over 518,103. Its many natnral ad- 
vantages, — rich soil, location, climate, etc., fit it for the prosecu- 
tion of many industries. 

The Dakotas were divided at the time of admission into 
North Dakota and South Dakota. This great agricultural re- 
gion was formed into the Territory of Dakota in 1861. It was 
originally part of the great Louisiana purchase, and until 1868 
included what is now a part of the State of Wyoming. Popu- 
lation of North Dakota, 319,148. Of South Dakota, 401,570. 

Montana was organized as a territory in 1864. It was a part 
of the Louisiana purchase and was explored by Lewis and Clark 
ill 1804-5. The principal industries are mining and stock-raising. 
Population, 243,329. 

Idaho was originally a part of Oregon, but was organized as a 
separate territory in 1863. The principal industries are agricul- 
ture, grazing, and mining. Population, 161,722. 

Wyoming was organized as a territory in 1868 from portions of 
Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. Its chief industries are mining and 
grazing. It has very fine pine timber and some valuable land. 
Population, 92,531. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 413 

now journey in a Pullman car to the very summit of 
Lookout mountain, where once rival armies contended 
above the clouds. The obstructions to large vessels 
have recently been removed from the Tennessee river; 
this will be of vast benefit to Chattanooga. Agri- 
culturally, northern Georgia and Alabama have made 
wonderful strides. There are many important and 
growing towns, such as Nashville, Knoxville, Hunts- 
ville, Decatur, Sheffield, Tuscumbia, and Florence. 
Memphis has recovered from the effects of yellow 
fever and now has great traffic along the river front, 
fine business streets, and charming suburbs, and a 
population of 70,000. Birmingham is a rapidly grow- 
ing city in the midst of a region of iron and coal de- 
posits. Mobile is a busy place to which comes down 
a great freightage from the Tombigbee and the Ala- 
bama rivers, which is shipped to New Orleans and 
other places. "We might mention other points, but 
these are sufficient to show the wonderful business 
activity of the "New South." 

7. Alaska's Government. — Among the bills in- 
troduced in the United States Senate was one pro- 
viding for a temporary government in Alaska. It 
provides for the appointment, by the President, of a 
Governor, Secretary of State, United States Attorney 
and Marshal, the election of a legislative council of 
seven members, of a lower house with thirteen mem- 
bers, of various courts, and for the election of a 
delegate to Congress. A census bulletin has just 
been issued which gives the population as 21,929. 
Of these the whites number 4,500; the Chinese, 
2,125, and the remainder is composed of half- 



414 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

breeds, Esquimaux, etc. The exercise of the voting 
privilege will be found quite difficult, as iu certain 
districts of the Territory, having an era of over 60,000 
square miles, the voters will not exceed 600. Some 
districts have only one and two voters each. 

8. Reciprocity with Brazil. — An agreement has been 
reached with Bi-azil for reciprocity between that coun- 
try and the United States in consideration of the ad- 
mission into the United States of sugars, molasses, 
coffee, and hides, free of duty. The government of 
Brazil has authorized the admission into that country, 
after April 1, 1891, in a similar manner, the following 
articles : wheat, wheat flour, corn, corn meal, starch, 
rye, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, beans, peas, hay, oats, 
pork (salted), fish (salted, dried, and pickled), cotton 
seed oil, coal, rosin, agricultural implements, mining 
tools, railway material, etc. Brazil has reduced the 
duty twenty-five per cent, on numerous other articles, 
including lard, butter, cheese, canned goods, cotton 
clothing, manufactured leather, rubber articles, and 
several others. 

9. The Sioux War. — During the latter part of the 
year 1890, a terrible Indian outbreak took place in 
the Pine Ridge Agency, in South Dakota. It was 
known as the Messiah craze. While waiting for their 
Messiah the Indians were to show their devotion by 
dancing continuously for five days and nights. Under 
the leadership of the wily chief. Sitting Bull, the 
Indians arrayed themselves iu war paint and stocked 
themselves with anmuiuition. This condition of things 
alarmed the Government, and General Miles was di- 



NATIONJLIi PERIOD. 415 

rected to end the " Ghost dances." Several bloody 
engagements took place, the most important of which 
was the battle of Wounded Knee, in which 30 soldiers 
and 250 Indians were slain. During the war Sitting 
Bull and several other chiefs lost their lives, and 
Captain George D. Wallace and Lieutenant James D. 
Mann were killed. The Indians were finally subdued 
by the last of January, 1891. 

10. Eleventh Census. — The census taken in 1890 
showed the population of the United States, including 
Alaska, to be 63,000,000 in round numbers. The 
center of population for the present census year is 
located at a point in Decatur County, Indiana, a little 
west of south from Greensburg. As a sequel to the 
Eleventh Census Congress passed a new apportion- 
ment act providing for a new basis of representation. 
The House of Representatives for the next ten years 
was to consist of 356 members, 

11. Work of the List and Llld Congresses. — The 

most important work of the 51st Congress, which 
closed March 4, 1891, was the passage of the McKin- 
ley Tariff Bill. Other acts are the dependent Pen- 
sion Bill, the Anti-Trust Act, Meat Inspection Bill, 
Original Package Act, the Act Restricting Immigra- 
tion, Direct Tax Fund, an act increasing the treas- 
urer's monthly purchase of silver to 4,500,000 ounces, 
the Copyright Bill, the Anti-Lottery Bill, the Postal 
Subsidy Act, and the measure creating nine Courts of 
Appeals and nine additional U. S. Circuit Judges, 
having for its purpose the relief of the over-burdened 
U. S. Supreme Court. Besides these it enacted a 



416 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

large number of laws of lesser importance. It has 
been styled the " Billion Dollar Congress " because of 
its appropriations. 

The most important measures passed during the 
session of the 52d Congress, which expired March 4, 
1893, were: (1) An act establishing a national sys- 
tem of quarantine for the purpose of protecting this 
country from an invasion of cholera; (2) An act to 
facilitate the enforcement of the immigration and con- 
tract labor laws; (3) An act to compel all interstate 
railroads to adopt automatic car-couplers and brakes; 
(4) Granting additional aid to the World's Fair. 

12. Trouble with Italy.— March 14, 1891, eleven 
Sicilians were lynched in New Orleans for the murder 
of the Chief of Police in New Orleans, which had 
occurred some months previous. They had been tried 
in the courts, and after the case was decided it was 
claimed that some of the guilty ones had not been 
convicted. Thereupon a mob, led on by prominent 
citizens, broke into the jail and shot to death eleven 
of tlie Sicilians. The board of trade and other bodies 
approved the proceedings. It was thought for awhile 
that tiie aifair would cause international trouble, as 
two of the mob's victims were unnaturalized, and hence 
citizens of Italy. There was considerable correspond- 
ence between Italian and United States officials over 
the matter. 

13. The President's Tour. — Beginning April 14, 
1891, President Harrison began a 9,000 mile tour of 
the South and West. He received a warm welcome 
by the people everywhere, and congratulations and 
speech-making were the order of the day. The trip 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 417 

was one long to be remembered by both the President 
and the people. 

14. A Century of Invention. — A remarkable centen- 
nial had just occurred — that of the United States pat- 
ent system. Never in the history of the world has 
there been such activity of inventive genius as during 
the last century. The principal inventions comprise 
the application of electricity — the telegraph, the elec- 
tric light, the telephone, the phonograph; the applica- 
tion of steam ; the innumerable novelties and improve- 
ments in machinery ; the invention of sewing machines 
and type-writers and reapers; the development of the 
printing press; the multiplication of mechanical and 
agricultural tools; the perfection of the conveniences 
of railway travel and traffic ; and the advance in vari- 
ous manufactures and in other appliances of civiliza- 
tion. The chief names are those of Evans, Fulton, 
Morse, Henry, Bigelow, Whitney, Howe, Edison, 
Bell, Hoe, Ericsson, McCormick, Colt and Remington. 

15. Deaths of Prominent Men. — Besides the death of 
Gen. W. T. Sherman, which occurred Feb. 14, 1891, 
many other prominent men have passed away : * 

*1889. 
Allen Thorndike Rice, editor North American Review and 
Minister to Russia, May 16; Jefferson Davis, ex-President 
Southern Confederacy, Dec. 6. 

1890. 
Senator Jas. B. Beck, of Kentucky, May 3; Samuel J. Ran- 
dall, April 13; Gen. John C. Fremont, first Republican party 
candidate for the Presidency in 1856, July 13; Eugene 
Schuyler, author and U. S. Consul-General at Cairo, Egypt, 
July 18; Judge Samuel F. Miller, Oct. 3; Sitting Bull, the 
famous Sioux Chief, killed Dec. 15; Major-General Alfred 



418 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

16*. Presidential Nominations, 1892. — The presiden- 
tial campaign of 1892 was remarkable in its freedom 
from the noise and excitement incident to such times 
of party strife. There were four parties in the field, 
as follows : 

The National Republican Convention nominated 
Benjamin Harrison for President and Whitelaw Reid 
for Vice-President. 

The National Democratic Convention nominated 
Grover Cleveland for President and Adlai E. Steven- 
son for Vice-President. 

Howe Terry, Dec. 16; August Belmont, one of the greatest 
bankers of the world, Nov. 25; George Bancroft, the noted 
historian, Oct. 3 ; Gen. Francis Elias Spinner, ex-Treasurer of 
the U. S., Dec. 31. 

1891. 

Wm. Windom, Secretary of the Treasury, Jan. 29; Admiral 
David D. Porter, Feb. 13 ; Lawrence Barrett, the widely-known 
Shakespearean actor, March 20; Dr. Howard Crosby, one of 
the most noted Presbyterian divines, March 29 ; P. T. Barnum, 
April 7 ; Alphonso Taft, May 21 ; Rear- Admiral Samuel P. 
Carter, May 26; Benson J. Lossing, June 3; J. K. Emmett, 
June 15; Hannibal Hamlin, July 4; James Russell Lowell, 
Aug. 12; Wm. J. Florence, Nov. 19; Senator Preston B. 
Plumb, Dec. 20. 

On March 23 there occurred, in Washington, the funeral of 
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the noted Confederate leader. He 
died of heart disease, aggravated by a cold received while 
attending Gen. Sherman's funeral. Gen. Johnston was known 
in the national capital, and liked by all. 
1892. 

Justice Joseph P. Bradley, Jan. 22; Dr. Noah Porter, March 
4; Walt Wnitman, March 26; Cyrus W. Field, July 12; John 
G. Whittier, Sept. 6; Caroline Scott Harrison, wife of Presi- 
dent Harrison, in the White House at Washington, Oct. 25. 
Was buried at Indianapolis the 28th. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 419 

The National Prohibition Convention nominated 
John Bidwell for President and J. B. Cranfill for Vice- 
President. 

The National People's Party nominated James B. 
Weaver for President and James G. Field for Vice- 
President. 

The issues were the tariff, the money and labor 
questions, and prohibition. 

The election was almost a political revolution, ex- 
President Cleveland being elected by a majority of 
382,956 popular, and 132 electoral votes. The Popu- 
lists also polled a very large vote. 

CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
1893—1897. 

1. Cleveland Inaugnrated. — On the 4th of March, 

1893, Grover Cleveland took the oath of office of 
President the second time, and as the twenty-fourth 
President. (For biographical sketch see p. 400.) 

2. Cleveland's Cabinet. — The President chose the 
following Cabinet: Secretary of State, Walter Q. 
Gresham, of Illinois; Secretary of Treasury, John G. 
Carlisle, of Kentucky; Secretary of War, Daniel S. 
Lamont, of New York ; Secretary of Navy, Hilary A. 
Herbert, of Alabama; Secretary of Interior, Hoke 
Smith, of Georgia ; Postmaster-General, Wilson S. Bis- 
sell, of New York ; Attorney-General, Richard Olney, 
of Massachusetts ; Secretary of Agriculture, J. Sterling 
Morton, of Nebraska. 

On the death of Secretary Gresham, which occurred 
May 28, 1895, Attorney-General Olney was chosen to 



420 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

fill the vacancy. Mr. Olney's transfer to the depart- 
ment of State necessitated the selection of a new in- 
cumbent of the portfolio of Attorney-General. The 
President's choice fell upon Judge Judson Harmon, 
of Ohio, who took the oath of office June 11, 1895. 

3. The World's Columbian Exposition. — The four 
hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America 
by Columbus was celebrated by a naval parade of all 
nations in N^ew York Harbor, Oct. 12, 1892, and by 
the World's Fair in Chicago, the grounds and build- 
ings of which were dedicated by appropriate cere- 
monies Oct 21, 1892, but were not opened for exhi- 
bition unti May 1, 1893. This exposition far ex- 
ceeded all ot^er expositions and world's fairs in the 
she and architectural beauty of its buildings and 
landscape gardening, in the number and character of 
its exhibits in all lines of art and industry and in the 
multitude of its visitors. There were upon the 
grounc's one hundred and fifty buildings so artistically 
arrange! as to produce an eflfect unrivaled by any 
previous exposition. 1 he cost of the fair proper was 
twenty-five and one-halt million dollars; adding to 
this the appropriation ji the general government, the 
difierent states and foreign nations, the total cost ex- 
ceeded forty millions. There were over twenty-one 
million paid admissions from May 1st to Oct. 30th. 
There was considerable discussion concerning Sunday- 
closing, but the people settled the question by refus- 
ing to attend in sufficient numbers on that day to pay 
expenses, although the gates were open. 

4. The Great Financial Panic. — In the sp.ing and 
summer of 1893 the country experienced an unex- 



NATIONAIi PERIOD. 421 

pected and remarkable panic. Trade in general be- 
came greatly depressed, credits were largely with- 
drawn, the money market became stringent to an ex- 
tent almost hitherto unknown, many banks and com- 
mercial institutions failed, factories and mills closed 
down, throwing thousands out of employment and 
producing impoverishment and distress in all parts of 
the country, and an era of " hard times " set in. The 
panic was largely attributed to the operations of what 
is known as the " Sherman Law," by which the gov- 
ernment was compelled to purchase four and one-half 
million ounces of silver every month. President 
Cleveland sharing also in this eentiraent called an 
extra session of Congress to meet early in August for 
the purpose of repealing the purchasing clause of the 
"Sherman Law." This appeared to give some relief 
in the way of restoring confidence in the East, but the 
West was displeased and " hard times'' continued. 

5. The Opening of the Cherokee Strip. — On Sept. 
16, 1893, 6,000,000 acres of land known as the Chero- 
kee outlet, in the Indian Territory, were opened for 
settlement. The usual rush incident to such openings 
took place, fully 90,000 having gathered at the boun- 
dary and registered applications for claims, and when 
the signal was given to enter the stampede was so 
severe that eight persons were killed and many in- 
jured. 

6. The Pollman Boycott.— In July, 1894, the Ameri- 
can Railway Union, an organization of railway em- 
ployes, ordered a general strike on all roads running 
Pullman cars, resulting in a boycott of the parlor cars 
and a great conflict between capital and labor. The 



422 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

strike extended from Ohio to CalifoiDia, many riots 
occurred, railroad tracks were torn up in Chicago and 
cars, freight and property were destroyed. Twenty 
railroads were "tied up" and about forty thousand 
employes quit work. The strike became so serious 
that the President finally sent United States troops to 
quell the riot. The strike, however, was unsuccessful, 
and the leaders were fined for obstructing the U. S- 
mail and inter-state commerce and sentenced to fine 
and imprisonment. 

7. The Political Revolution of 1894.— The state elec- 
tions of 1894 brought another political revolution, 
changing the House of Representatives elected in 1892, 
from 219 Democrats and 127 Republicans to 100 
Democrats and 245 Republicans. 

8. The Revival of the "Monroe Doctrine."—The 
dispute between England and Venezuela over the 
boundary line between the latter and British Guiana, 
led the Administration to take a bold stand in the 
defense of the "Monroe Doctrine," which was being 
disregarded by England. A commission was ap- 
pointed to investigate the matter, which resulted in 
the signing of the " Treaty of Arbitration " by Eng- 
land and the President. The Senate, however, re- 
fused to ratify the Treaty. 

9. Tariff, Income Tax and Bond Issues. — In accord- 
ance with the principles advocated by President 
Cleveland and the Democratic party, it became the 
duty of the Administration to revise the tariff laws. 
After much debate the Wilson Bill became a law. 
This law contained as one of its provisions a tax on 



NATIONAL, PERIOD. 423 

all incomes in excess of $5,000. But the U. S. Su- 
preme Court decided that it was a direct tax and 
therefore unconstitutional. As a result of this decis- 
ion the Wilson Bill did not produce sufficient revenue 
to meet the expenses of the Government, and it be- 
came necessary to issue bonds to the value of $112,- 
000,000. By the issue of bonds and the shortage in 
revenue the public debt was largely increased. 

10. Our New Ships of War.— Within the last few 
years our Navy has been practically reorganized, and 
a number of magnificent war ships built and equipped. 
Many of the vessels in the Navy were simply old, 
worn-out wooden ships, and it was resolved to replace 
them with a number of first-class steel vessels. There 
is now a squadron of war steamers given the names 
of different cities and States, as the Chicago, Atlanta* 
Boston, Yorktown, Minneapolis, Oregon, Indiana? 
Iowa, Columbia, etc. 

11. Action of the Lllld and LIVth Congresses.— The 
53d Congress was called in extraordinary session Aug. 
7,1893. It was a period of exceptional importance 
in national legislation, the principal measures being: 
1. The repeal of the purchasing clause of the Sher- 
man act by which the monthly purchase of 4,500,000 
ounces of silver ceased ; but not until a long and 
stubbornly contested battle had been waged for 70 
days by the friends of silver. 2. An amendment to 
the Geary Chinese exclusion act of 1892, requiring all 
resident Chinese to register or leave the country 
within six months. The most important acts of the 
regular session were the repeal of the Federal Elec- 
tion Law, the passage of the famous Wilson Tariff 



424 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Bill with Income Tax Law ; a bill to further suppress 
lotteries, and au amendment to the Copyright Law. 
The 54th Congress, which assembled Dec. 2, 1895, 
revised the Tariff Law, passed the Bond Bills, created 
the Venezuela Commission, prohibited prize fighting 
in the District of Columbia and the territories, ap- 
pointed the Alaska Boundary Commission, the Re- 
moval of Confederate Disabilities, etc. 

12. Admission of Utah.* — January 4, 1896, Presi- 
dent Cleveland proclaimed the admission of Utah as 
the 45th State. 

13. A Distinguished Visitor. — August 28, 1896, the 
Chinese Envoy, Li Hung Chang, arrived at New 
York, on a tour of this country. He was received 
with distinguished honor in New York, Washington 
and the various cities through which he passed cross- 
ing the continent. He departed from this country 
pleased with his visit and very favorably disposed to- 
wards its people and institutions. 

14. Deaths of Prominent Men. — Besides the deaths 
of Ex-Pres. R. B. Hayes, Jan. 17, James G. Blaine, 

*Utah was formed from a jiart of the Mexican purchase of 
1848. Was made a territory by the compromise of 1850. First 
settlement made by the Mormons as early as 1847, and its his- 
tory has been a history of this people. Its admission to the 
Union was greatly delayed because of fear of polygamy. It 
is specially provided as the first requisite of its admission that 
polygamous marriages shall be forever prohibited. Its chief 
industries are mining and agriculture. The population is 
about a quarter of a million. 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 425 

Jan. 27, Gen. Peter G. T. Beauregard, Feb. 20, 1893, 
many distinguished persons have passed away.* 

15. Presidential Campaign, 1896. — The Prohibition 
Party held its Seventh National Convention in Pitts- 
burg in May, and nominated Joshua Levering, of Mary- 
land, for President, and Hale Johnson, of Illinois, 
for Vice-President. The usual platform opposing the 

*In 1893. 

Phillips Brooks, Jan. 23d; Benj. F. Butler, Jan. 11th; 
Lucy Larcom, April 17th; L. Q. C. Lamar, Jan. 23d; Andrew 
P. Peabody, March 10th ; Edwin Booth, June 7th ; Leland B. 
Stanford, June 20th; Justice Samuel Blatchford, July 7th. 
In 1894. 

Geo. William Childs, Feb. 3d ; David Dudley Field, April 
13th; William Walter Phelps, June 20th; William Dwight 
Whitney, April 22d; Celia Thaxter, Aug. 26th; Oliver Wen- 
dell Holmes, Oct. 7th; Dr. John Lord, Dec. 15th; Dr. James 
McCosh, Nov. 16th; Gen. Josiah Porter, Dec. 14th; Dr. W. 
G. T. Shedd, Nov. 17th ; Prof. David Swing, Oct. 3d ; Robt. C. 
Winthrop, Nov. 16th. 

In 1895. 

Adam Badeau, March 19th ; Dr. John A. Broadus, March 
16th; Dr. A. J. Gordon, Feb. 2d; Isaac Pusey Gray, Feb. 
14th ; John L. Stevens, Feb. 8th ; James Dwight Dana, April 
14th; W. Jennings Demorest, April 9th; Walter Q. Gresham, 
May 28th; Julius Hawley Seelye, May 12th; Howell E. Jack- 
son, Aug. 8th; Dr. Geo. F. Root, Aug. 6th; Eugene Field, 
Nov. 4th; Gen. Wm. Mahone, Oct. 8th ; Dr. Samuel F. Smith, 
Nov. 16th; Allen G. Thurman, Dec. 12th; Frederick Douglass, 
Feb. 20th. 

In 1896. 

Henry C. Bowen, Feb. 24th; Wm. H. English, Feb. 7th; 
John Gibbon, Feb. 6th; Edgar Wilson ("Bill") Nye, Feb. 
22d; Mrs. Harriet B. Stowe, July 1st. 
In 1897. 

Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher, March 8th; Gen. Alfred Pleas- 
anton, Feb. 17th; Gen. Francis A. Walker, Jan. 5th; Albert 
Sidney Willis, Jan. 6th. 



426 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

liquor traffic was proposed by the majority, but a 
minority introduced and advocated a free coinage 
plank, which was rejected. The minority, known as 
broad-gauge, amounting to nearly one-half the con- 
vention, withdrew and formed the National (Prohibi- 
tion) Party, and nominated Charles E. Bentley, of 
Nebraska, for President, and J. H. Southgate, of N. C, 
for Vice-President. 

The Eleventh National Republican Convention met 
in St. Louis, June 16th, and nominated William 
McKinley for President and Garrett A. Hobart for 
Vice-President. 

The Democratic Party held its Seventeenth National 
Convention in Chicago, July 17th, and nominated 
William Jennings Bryan for President and Arthur 
Sewall for Vice-President. 

The People's Party met in its Second National Con- 
vention at St. Louis, July 22d, and nominated the 
Democratic candidate, Mr. Bryan, for President, and 
Thos. E. Watson for Vice-President. The National 
Silver Party met at the same time and place, and en- 
dorsed the full Democratic ticket — both Bryan and 
Sewall. 

The National (Gold) Democratic Convention met in 
Indianapolis, Sept. 3d, and nominated John M. 
Palmer for President and Simon B. Buckner for Vice- 
President. 

The Socialistic Labor Party held its convention in 
New York, July 4th, and nominated Thos. I. Match^tt 
for President and Matthew Maguire for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

The campaign was the most remarkable and hotly- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 427 

contested one in the history of the nation. Both the 
old parties — Democratic and Republican — were seri- 
ously divided over the financial question. Old issues 
were largely buried, and the great battle was fought 
upon thequestionof the national currency. The Demo- 
crats favored the free and unlimited coinage of silver 
at the ratio of 16 to 1,* and the immediate establish- 
ment of a bimetallic standard. The Republicans 
favored the maintenance of the existing gold standard, 
at least until International Bimetallism might be 
effected. The result was the largest popular vote, by 
nearly two millions, ever cast in the country, and 
McKinley's election by a plurality of 630,745 popular 
votes and 96 electoral votes over Bryan. 

McKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1897—1901. 

1. McKinley Inangurated. — On March 4, 1897, 
Wm. McKinleyf was inaugurated 25th President of 
the United States in the presence of an immense as- 
semblage. 

*Meaning of 16 to 1. — The present silver dollar weighs as 
much as sixteen gold dollars. The silver dollar weighs 412)^ 
grains; the gold dollar, 25 8-10 grains. The free coinage of 
gold and silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 means that whoever 
brings to the mint 4121-2 grains of silver or 25 8-10 grains of 
gold shall receive a dollar for it. 

tWm. McKinley was born in Niles, Ohio, Jan. 29, 1843; re- 
ceived his education in the public schools, with a short acade- 
mic course. He also taught school awhile at $25.00 per month. 
At the age of 18 he entered the army, served 4 years and 1 
month, and came out at 22 with the commission of captain 
and a brevet-major. He studied law and was admitted to 
the bar in 1867; was made county prosecuting attorney in 



428 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2. McKinley's Cabinet. — President McKinley 

chose the following as his Cabinet officers : Secretary 
of State, John Sherman, of Ohio ; Secretary of the 
Treasury, Lyman J, Gage, of Illinois; Secretary of 
War, Russell A. Alger, of Michigan; Attorney-Gen- 
eral, Joseph McKenna, of California; Postmaster- 




O ' ' 
William McKinley. 

General, James A. Gary, of Maryland ; Secretary of 
the Navy, John D. Long, of Massachusetts ; Secretary 
of the Interior, Cornelius N. Bliss, of New York; 
Secretary of Agriculture, James Wilson, of Iowa. 

This Administration was fortunate in a great revi- 
val of business prosperity. Exports were larger than 
ever, and the balance of trade much in our favor. 

1869; was elected to Congress in 1876, where he served with 
distinction about fourteen years, and as chairman of the Ways 
and Means Committee secured the passage of the McKinley 
Tariff Bill in 1890, which made him the recognized champion 
of American manufacturing interests, and opened his way to the 
Presidency. From 1891 to 1895 he was Governor of Ohio. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 429 

3. Extra Session of Congress. — The President 
issued an immediate call for an extra session of 
Congress, which convened on the 15th of March, 
1897, and addressed itself at once to the reform of 
the tariff law, passing what is known as the Ding- 
ley Bill, with reciprocity provisions, for the pur- 
pose of increasing the revenue of the Government, 
extending protection to American industries and 
equalizing the trade of the United States with 
foreign countries exporting certain articles to this 
country. 

4. Alaska Gold Find. — During the past few 
years the mining of gold in Alaska had been car- 
ried on to a limited extent and reports of the 
existence of gold in considerable quantities have 
reached this country. But recently larger impor- 
tations and the reports of vast fields containing 
gold and awaiting development have created great 
excitement throughout the country. Various 
companies are being organized looking to the de- 
velopment of the districts along the Yukon and 
other rivers and streams, and the work of opening 
this territory for mining purposes promises at this 
time to be one of great importance. 

WAB WITH SPAIN. 



5. Causes of the War. — For 70 or 80 years, the 
rule of Spain in Cuba had been such as to cause 
distress and uprisings among the inhabitants of 



430 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

that island which have always been a cause of 
ooncern to the United States. And during the 
recent uprising of the Cubans against the Spanish 
Government, came a time when American sym- 
pathy could no longer be held in bounds — when 
the appeals of so near a neighbor for help and 
relief from oppression could no longer be endured 
by a strong free people. The more immediate oc- 
currences leading to a crisis were the cruel 
policy of concentration by which the peasantry 
were driven from their homes and concentrated in 
villages to starve ; continual reports of suffering 
without prospect of cessation; speeches of repre- 
sentative men who went to Cuba to investigate ; 
the arrest and imprisonment of United States citi- 
zens suspected of sympathizing with insurgents ; 
failure of the plan of "Autonomy" or "Home 
Rule" to improve conditions; and the sinking, 
on Feb. 15, 1898, of the battleship "Maine," 
while on a friendly visit in the Havana harbor, 
by which 206 of her brave crew perished. 

6. Demand of the United States. — April 21st, 
following these events, President McKinley de- 
manded of Spain in the name of this nation the 
removal of her troops and relinquishment of her 
claim upon Cuba. Spain refused even to receive 
the demand. 

7. Preparations for War. — Preparations on a 
large scale were immediately entered into to en- 
force the demand made of Spain. The regular 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 431 

army, and militia of all the states were called out, 
followed by calls for 200,000 volunteers. The 
navy was strengthened. Admiral Sampson and 
Commodore Schley were put in command of fleets, 
and the former sent to enforce the blockade of 
Cuba which had been proclaimed. 

8. Battle of Manila Harbor. — Commodore 
Dewey, with important ships of the United States 
navy, was in Asiatic waters. He received orders 
to destroy the Spanish fleet, then in the same 
seas, which he did in about three hours' time, 
May 1st, in Manila harbor off the Philippine 
Islands, leaving no vestige of the Spanish fleet 
and without the loss to himself of any life or ship 
— a naval victory unparalleled in history. Men 
and stores were at once dispatched to Commodore 
Dewey, now given the rank of Admiral, and Gen. 
Merritt was placed in charge of the islands as 
Governor-General. 

9. Expedition Against Santiago de Cuba. — 
Early in June 15,000 men under Maj. Gen. 
Shafter were sent to invade Cuba. Landing some 
distance east of the city, the army attacked the 
outposts of Santiago de Cuba, an important 
seaport city of Santiago de Cuba Province. The 
Spanish soldiery were forced within the city lim- 
its, and the United States army succeeded in 
throwing its line around the city. 

10. Battle of July 3d.— The Spanish Admiral, 
Cervera, crossed the Atlantic, and with seven ves- 



432 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

sels entered Santiago harbor through a narrow 
channel where the fleet lay shut in from the sea 
by high hills, but closely guarded at the opening 
of the channel by American war ships of Admiral 
Sampson's fleet. When the city was surrounded 
by Americans, the Spanish authorities became 
alarmed for the fleet, and it was ordered to put 
to sea. As one by one the Spanish vessels passed 
through the narrow channel and entered the sea, 
they were attacked and destroyed by the Ameri- 
cans, and the 4th of July saw Spain w4th practi- 
cally no navy. 

11. Santiago de Cuba Capitulates. — On July 
16th, dismayed at the destruction of the fleet, 
threatened with attack from both land and sea, 
Gen. Toral surrendered the city, most of the 
province and about 25,000 Spanish soldiers to the 
United States forces, on condition that the soldiers 
be carried to Spain at the expense of the United 
States. 

12. Close of the War. — Immediately after the 
surrender of Santiago Gen. Miles was sent to re- 
duce Spanish authority in the island of Porto 
Rico. In the midst of this campaign, Spain sued 
for peace, by which she relinquished all rule and 
authority in America. 

13. Issues of the War. — By the terms of the 
Protocol, and, later, the action of the Peace Com- 
mission, composed of members appointed by both 
Spain and the United States, which met in Paris, 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 433 

France, Oct. 1, 1898, Spain relinquished all title 
to Cuba and Porto Rico, and ceded the Philip- 
pine Islands to the United States, in consideration 
of the payment of $20,000,000, by this Govern- 
ment. Within a short time Spain had withdrawn 
her armies from these islands and American sov- 
ereignty had been declared over all, including the 
island of Guam, the largest of the Ladrone 'Islands, 
which had also been under the dominion of Spain. 
The jurisdiction of the United States over Cuba 
differs from that exercised in the other islands, in 
that it is temporary, pending the establishment of 
a government by its people. 

14. Annexation of Hawaii. — For three-quarters 
of a century the subject of the absorption of the 
Hawaiian Islands by the United States has at dif- 
ferent times been under discussion, a considera- 
tion of the subject rising from "the vital interest 
of the United States in the independent life of the 
islands and their intimate commercial dependence 
on this country." After the establishment in 
1893 of a provisional government by Ameri- 
cans in Hawaii, the matter of annexation had 
been persistently urged upon the United States, 
by that government. But as it was a question 
fraught with serious considerations, and new 
to the mass of our people, it would probably 
have been left undecided for some time, had 
not questions arising out of the Spanish War 
seemed to make immediate action advisable. 



434 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Therefore, on July 6, 1898, the cession of the 
islands by their government was accepted and rat- 
ified by the United States, and they became part 
of its territory.* 

* The island of Cuba lies directly in front of the broad en- 
trance to the Gulf of Mexico, distant 130 miles from the 
coast of Florida. It is a tropical island, having a wet and 
dry season each year. The soil is of remarkable richness and 
practically inexhaustible. Discovered by Columbus in 1492, 
it was at first known by several names, but finally retained 
the name of Cuba, the designation by which it was known 
among the natives at the time of discovery. Since 1808 Cuba 
had been ruled by Governor-Captains-General, appointed by 
the Spanish government, who were given almost absolute 
power. 

Porto Rico, the smallest of four islands known as The 
Greater Antilles, lies a little south of Cuba, distant from New 
York about 1,350 miles. It was discovered by Columbus on 
his second voyage in 1493. The present population is about 
800,000. More than 300,000 of the inhabitants are negroes. 

The Philippine Islands lie east of the Indo-China peninsula, 
separated from it by the China Sea. The nearest island is 600 
miles distant from the coast of Asia. They form a great 
archipelago a thousand miles in length and 640 miles at its 
point of greatest width. Its area, including the land surface 
and the water locked between the islands is estimated to be 
about 200,000 square miles. The number of these islands is 
variously estimated at from 408 to 2,000, many of them being 
only rocky or barren islets. Considerably over half of the 
land surface is included in the two large islands of Luzon and 
Mindanao; Luzon, in the north, being 480 miles in length, 
with an area equal to that of Ohio, and Mindanao in the 
south, very irregular in form, and about the size of Indi- 
ana. This archipelago contains more islands than any other 
in the world. Thej' are so closely packed together that 
they may be regarded as a single island broken up and inter- 
sected by innumerable narrow passages of water. They were 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 435 

On April 30, 1900, President McKinley signed 
the Hawaiian Civil Government Bill, and on May 
4th, following, he appointed Sanford B. Dole, 
formerly president of the Hawaiian Republic, to 
be Governor of Hawaii, and Henry E. Cooper, 
formerly minister of foreign affairs for Hawaii, 
to be Secretary of Hawaii. 

15. Work of the LV Congress. — The LV 
Congress, which expired March 4, 1898, forms 
an epoch in American history, ranking in impor- 
tance with the epochs of the Revolution and the 
Civil War. It declared war against a foreign 
enemy, ratified the treaty terminating that war, 
and grappled with many of the problems growing 
out of the war. It provided a great volunteer 

discovered by Magellan 29 years after the discovery of 
America, in his first voyage across the Pacific. Having been 
sent out by the King of Spain, all the lands he discovered were 
claimed as Spanish possessions. 

The Hawaiian Islands lie in the Pacific Ocean, 2,100 miles 
southwest of San Francisco. They constitute a group, eight 
in number, of which Hawaii is the largest. They extend 
northwestwardly from Hawaii to a distance of 400 miles. 
There are, besides these inhabited islands, some small rocky 
islets uninhabited. The total area of those which are inhab- 
ited is 6,545 square miles. The especial commercial value of 
these islands to the United States is owing to the fact that 
they are but little removed from the usual routes from San 
Francisco to China and Japan, and are almost on the direct 
line of travel between the Pacific coast of the United States 
and the ports of Mew Zealand and Australia. 

The Hawaiian Islands were discovered by Captain Cook, an 
English navigator, in 1778. They were called the Sandwich 
Islands, in honor of his patron, the Earl of Sandwich. 



436 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

army, enlarged the regular army, and expanded 
the navy to meet war emergencies and new condi- 
tions. It revised the tariff by enacting the Ding- 
ley law and the War Revenue act. It provided 
an issue of bonds ; the war loan, $50,000,000; an- 
nexed Hawaii, enacted a National Bankruptcy law; 
appropriated $20,000,000 to pay Spain for the 
Philippines ; reorganized the personnel of the 
navy ; created the rank of Admiral for Rear- 
Admiral Dewey; provided for the taking of the 
12th Census, in 1900; and various appropriation 
bills, amounting to the grand total of $1,566,890,- 
016.28 ; and, in addition, appropriations were 
authorized for future congresses, under the con- 
tinuing contract system, for battleships, river and 
harbor improvements, and public buildings, 
amounting to $70,000,000. 

16. The Crisis in tlie Orient. — For many 
months the situation in China had been one of 
extreme gravity, which drew the anxious consid- 
eration of the world. An insurrection known as 
the "Boxer" troubles had broken out in various 
places in the Empire, notably at Tien-Tsin, and 
Peking, which alarmed the civilized world, so 
terrible and far-reaching were its consequences. 
Many missionaries and legations were in great 
peril. The United States acted promptly with the 
powers in putting down the insurrection, and res- 
cuing Minister Conger and other Americans long 
imperiled in Peking. Many American mission- 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 437 

aries lost their lives and much American property 
was destroyed. Great numbers of the Chinese 
Christians, when offered their lives if they would 
declare their disbelief in Jesus Christ, deliberately 
chose death. 

17. The Twelfth Census.— The total population 
of the United States for 1900 was 76,205,220, of 
which 74,627,907 were contained in the forty-five 
States representing approximately tlie population to 
be used for apportionment purposes. There was a 
total of 134,158 Indians not taxed. The total popu- 
lation in 1890, w'ith which the aggregate popula- 
tion of the present census should be compared was 
63,069,756. Taking the 1890 population as a basis, 
there was a gain in population of 13,225,464 during 
the previous ten years, representing an increase of 
nearly 21 per cent. 

18. Presidential Campaign, 1900. — Two divis- 
ions of the People's Party held conventions. The 
regular organization met at Sioux Falls, S. D , 
May 9, and nominated William J. Bryan for Pres- 
ident, and Charles A. Towne for Vice-President. 
Mr. Towne finally withdrew in favor of Mr. 
Stevenson. The other division and Anti-Fusion 
element met at Cincinnati, Ohio, May 9, and 
nominated Wharton Barker for President and 
Ignatius Donnelly for Vice-President. 

The national convention of the Social Demo- 
cratic Party was held in Indianapolis, Indiana, 
March 9. It nominated Eugene V. Debs for 
President, and Job Harriman for Vice-President. 

The Socialistic Labor Party held its conventiou 



438 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ill New York City, June 2-8. It nominated for 
President, Joseph F. Maloney, and for Vice-Pres- 
ident, Valentine Remmel. 

The Republican National Convention convened 
in Philadelphia, June 19th, and nominated 
William McKinley for President, and Theodore 
Roosevelt for Vice-President. 

The Democratic National Convention held its 
sessions in Kansas City, Mo., beginning July 
4th. It nominated William Jennings Bryan for 
President, and Adlai E. Stevenson for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

The National Convention of the Prohibition 
Party was held in Chicago, Illinois, June 27 and 
28, and nominated John G. Woolley for President, 
and Henry B. Metcalf for Vice-President. 

On Sept. 5th about 100 volunteer delegates 
from several States met in New York as repre- 
sentatives of the "National" Party and nominated 
for President, Donelson Caffery, and for Vice- 
President, Archibald M. Howe. 

The principal issues of the campaign were the 
money question, trusts and imperialism. The 
result of the election was a surprise to both par- 
ties. It was generally expected that the contest 
would be close. But the victory was overwhelm- 
ingly for the Republican Party. Out of 447 elec- 
toral votes McKinley received 292, and Bryan 
155, a majority for the Republican candidate of 
137. McKinley's popular majority was consider- 
ably larger than in 1896 when it was 601,854. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 439 

KcKINLETS AND ROOSEVELT S ADMINISTRATION. 
1901- 

Congress and Our New Territorial Possessions. 

— Our power and jurisdiction over the islands which 
we acquired as a result of the war with Spain was a 
question of the utmost importance which was passed 
upon by the United States Supreme Court late in the 
spring of 1901. A case involving this question 
having come before the court, it handed down a 
decision that Congress has full power, under the Con- 
stitution, to enact such legislation as may seem to it 
advisable in governing our new territorial acquisitions. 
In the meantime Congress had delegated to the Pres- 
ident the authority to accord the control of Cuba to 
the people of Cuba on certain conditions. Of these 
conditions the two most important were, iirst, that 
the Cubans should maintain their independence, and 
second, that the right of the United States must always 
be conceded, to adopt any necessary measures to pre- 
serve the independence of Cuba and to protect the 
life, the property, and the individual liberty of the 
people in that island. To these conditions the repre- 
sentatives of the Cuban people hi due time accorded 
their acceptance. 

The people in some of the provinces in the Philip- 
pines being opposed to our domination, carried on an 
open insurrection during 1899 and 1901, but in the 
spring of the latter year Aguinaldo, their most impor- 
tant leader, was captured and was induced to take the 



440 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

oath of allegiance to the United States. In an address 
to his countrymen lie advised them that to resist our 
authority longer would be useless. Since that time, 
though fighting of a more or less desultory character 
has continued, we have succeeded in establishing civil 
government to a considerable extent in the islands and 
and have opened many public schools there. The 
results seem encouraging and point to a permanent 
peace. 

The Pan- American Exposition ; The Assassin- 
ation of President McKinley.— In the spring of 
1901 the Pan-American Exposition was opened at 
Buffalo, New York. It was unlike any other expo- 
sition ever held in this country for the reason that it 
was especially designed to indicate the progress made 
by the nations of North, South, and Central America 
in agriculture, manufactures, and the arts. Its sole 
object was to unite all the nations of the American 
Continent in closer commercial intercourse for their 
mutual benefit. 

President McKinley attended the exposition in 
September and made his kst speech on that occasion. 
On September 6th, the President gave a public 
reception at the exposition. Whife holding this 
reception, he was treacherously shot by a man who 
came forward to shake hands with him. The assas- 
sin was an avowed anarchist and his object was to 
destroy the government by assassinating the Presi- 
dent. The wickedness of this crime was equaled 
only by its folly — for our history proves that the 
murder of the Chief Magistrate of the American 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 441 

Republic cannot overthrow the Republic itself. Mr. 
McKinley died about a week later (September 14th). 
The funeral was held at Canton, Ohio (September 
19th), and the day was solemnly observed generally 
throughout the Union. 

3. Theodore Roosevelt, the Vice-President, now 
became President under the provisions of the Con- 
stitution. He was born in New York City, October 
27, 1858. He graduated at Harvard in 1880, and 
then had a long and varied experience in public life. 
He served two terms in the State Legislature, was a 
U. S. Civil Service Commissioner, and President of 
the Board of Police Commissioners of New York City. 
In 1897 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy he did 
good work in promoting the efficiency of our sea 
forces. When the war with Spain broke out he vol- 
unteered for active service, and took part in the battle 
of San Juan as lieutenant-colonel of the famous regi- 
ment of " Rough Riders. " After the war he became 
Governor of his native State, and then Yice-President. 
Roosevelt is a man of great physical as well as mental 
energy, and is distinguished for his independent char- 
acter and high political ideals, and in a marked degree 
has the "courage of his convictions." He is also 
favorably known as an author, especially in the field 
of American history. 

Mr. Roosevelt adopted generally McKinley 's policy 
and retained his Cabinet without change. 

4. Events of His Administration — Free Cuba. 

On May 29th, 1902, the United States withdrew the 
last of its troops from Cuba, which assumed complete 



442 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



«?W^«-'5Tv'-f-7?,? 



\;;V, 



SJ^"' 




'^. 



4 



Theodore Roosevelt. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 443 

control of its own government. In March, 1903, a 
reciprocity treaty with Cuba was approved by Con- 
gress and went into operation. 

5. The Philippine Islands. — In July, 1902, Con- 
gress passed a bill establishing a plan of civil govern- 
ment for the Philippines. This bill provided for a 
legislature of two Houses, one consisting of the Philip- 
pine Commission and the other to be an assembly 
elected by the I'iKpinos. The civil governor, vice- 
governor, members of the Philippine Commission, 
and heads of the executive departments are appointed 
by the President with the consent of the Senate. 

A large measure of local self-government has been 
established, and a free-school system put in operation, 
by which already 200,000 Filipino children are being 
educated. 

6. The Great Coal Strike.— In 1902 the United 
Mine Workers in the anthracite coal mines of Penn- 
sylvania asked for an increase of wages and shorter 
hours and, their demands being refused, inaugurated 
a strike (May, 1902) which involved 147,000 men and 
lasted five months, practically closing the mines. So 
great w^as the distress from the consequent coal famine 
in the following winter that President Roosevelt sug- 
gested that the differences be submitted to the arbitra- 
tion of a commission, appointed by him, and that work 
in the mines be resumed at once, as before, to sup- 
ply the urgent needs of the suffering people, but that 
in the meantime the miners sliould be entitled to any 
increase of wages or other pecuniary advantage that 
the commission might award them, to be paid when 



444 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 

the decison was announced. This plan was agl'eed to 
and the strike ended. As a partial relief Congress 
suspended the duty on imported coal for one year. 

7. Isthmian Canal. — By treaty with Great Britain, 
the Clayton-Buhver treaty was revoked, and the right 
was given to the United States to build an Isthmian 
Canal, and to manage and protect it, but all nations 
were to be entitled to use it both in peace and in war. 

At first it was proposed to adopt the Nicaragua 
route, but when the Panama Canal Company offered 
to sell its franchise and property to the United States 
for $4:0,000,000, the greater advantages of this route 
caused its selection, and Congress authorized the Presi- 
dent to make the purchase and to acquire from Colum- 
bia certain territorial rights along the waterway. 

In 1903 Columbia by treaty gave the United States 
permanent control of a six-mile strip across the Isth- 
mus of Panama for $10,000,000 and an annual rental 
of $250,000. 

8. Department of Commerce and Labor. — An 
act of Congress passed in February, 1902, added to the 
President's Cabinet a Secretary of Commerce and 
Labor to preside over the Department of Commerce 
and Labor. The duty of this new department is to 
foster, promote and develop foreign and domestic 
commerce, the mining, manufacturing, shipping and 
fishing industries, the labor interests, and the trans- 
portation facilities of the United States. 

9. Other Acts of Congress. — Laws regulating 
trusts were passed. A civil government was provided 
for the Philippines and $3,000,000 dollars were 



NATIONAL PERIOI). 445 

voted for the relief of tlie inhabitants who were suf- 
fering from scanty harvests. Congress also passed a 
new Immigration act under which anarchists are for- 
bidden to enter the United States, and enacted an 
Irrigation law for reclaiming desert lands in certain 
parts of the country west of the Mississippi, and also 
renewed the Chinese Exclusion Act. 



4-i6 



HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



ANALYTIC SYNOPSIS. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION V. 



XIII. 



EVENTS 



FROM 



1865 



TO 



1881, 



1. Johnson's 
Administration. 



2. Grant's 
Administration. 



3. Hayes's 
Administration. 



Amnesty Proclamation, 

The Thirteenth Amendment, 

The Civil Rights Bill, 

The Fenians, 

The Atlantic Cable, 

The Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 

Nebraska Admitted, 

Purchase of Alaska, 

Mexico and France, 

The Tenure of Office Bill, 

Impeachment Trial, 

Treaty with China, 

Seceded States Re-admitted, 

Fourteenth Amendment, 

Indian War. 

The Pacific Railroad, 
Fifteenth Amendment, 
The Census of 1870, 
The Alabama Difficulty, 
Great Fire in Chicago, 
San Domingo, 
Great Fire in Boston, 
North-western Boundary, 
Tlie Modoc War, 
C'nMlil Mol.ilier, 
Tlic Financial Panic of 1873, 
The Year of Epidemics, 
Troubles with Spain, 
Visit of Alexis, 
Troubles in Louisiana, 
Kalakaua's Visit, 
The (;uster Slaughter, 
Colorado Admitted, 
The Centenidal Exhibition, 
Visit of Dom Pedro. 

The Electoral Tribunal, 

Troubles in Louisiana, 

Troubles in South Carolina, 

Civil Service Reform, 

Railroad Strikers, 

War with Indians of Idaho, 

Murphy Temperance Movement, 

The Bland Silver Bill, 

Yellow Fever Epidemic, 

General Grant's Tour, 

The Chinese Question, 

Negro Exodus, 

Ute Indian Troubles, 

The Census of 1880. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 



U7 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION V (Continued). 



EVENTS 



FROM 



1881 



TO 



1902. 



4. Garfield's 



Administration. 



5. Cleveland's 
Administration. 



Administration. 



Election and Inauguration, 

James A. Gaifleld, 

Assassination of President Garfield. 

Trial and Execution of Guiteau, the 

Assassin, 
Artiiur becomes President, 
Chester A. Artliur, 
Action of tlie XLVIIth Congress, 
The Mormon (Question Revived, 
Edmund's Anti-Polygamy Bill, 
Proposed Congress of American Na- 
tions, 
The Star Route Scandal, 
The Chinese Question again, 
Pendleton's Civil Service Reform Bill, 
Reduction of Postage, • 

The Fitz-John Porter Case, 
Bismarcli and the Lasker Resolutions, 
The Morrison Tariff Bill defeated, 
Civil Government for Alaska, 
Presidential Nominations, 1884, 
Presidential Election of 1884. 

Cleveland Inaugurated, 

Cleveland's Cabinet, 

Death of General Grant, 

The Post-Offlce Appropriation Bill, 

Natural Gas, 

Knights of Labor. 

The Haj'market Riot, 

The Chicago Anarchists, 

The " Boycott," 

The Bartholdi Statue, 

Cyclone in Texas, 

Earthquake in South Atlantic States, 

The Presidential Succession Bill, 

The Chatsworth Horror, 

The Dynamite Gun, 

Deaths of Prominent Men, 

Interstate Commerce Law, 

The President's Marriage and Tour, 

The Fisheries Question, 

Action of the XLIXth and Lth Con- 



Harrison Inaugurated, 

Hai-rison's Cabinet, 

Opening of Oklahoma. 

The Conemaugh Disaster, 

The New States, 

The New South, 

Alaska's Government, 

Reciprocity with Brazil, 

The Sioux War, 

Eleventh Census, 

Work of the List and Llld Congresses, 

Trouble with Italy, 

The President's Tour, 

A Century of Invention, 

Deaths of Prominent Men, 

Presidential Nominations, 1892. 



448 



HISTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



GENERAL REVIEW OF SECTION V {Concluded). 



EVENTS 



FROM 



1881 



7. Cleveland's 



Administration. 



TO 



1904. 



8. McKinley's 
Administration. 



9. McKinley's 



Roosevelt's 
Administration. 



Cleveland Inaugurated, 
Cleveland''s Cabinet, 
The World's Columbian Exposition, 
The Great Financial Panic, 
The Opening of the Cherokee Strip, 
The Pullman Boycott. 
The Political Revolution of 1894, 
The Revival of the " Monroe Doctrine," 
Tariff, Income Tax and Bond Issues, 
Our New Ships of War, 
Action of the Lllld and LIVth Con- 
gresses, 
Admission of Utah, 
A Distinguished Visitor, 
Deaths of Prominent Men, 
Presidential Campaign, 1896. 

McKinley Inaugurated, 
McKinley's Cabinet, 
Extra Session of Congress, 
Alaska Gold Find, 
War with Spain, 
Causes of the War, 
Demand of the United States, 
Preparations for War,' 
Battle of Manila Harbor, 
Expedition against Santiago de Cuba, 
Battle of July 3d, 
Santiago de Cuba Capitulates, 
Close of the War, 
Issues of the War, 
Annexation of Hawaii, 
Work of the LVth Congress, 
The Crisis in the Orient, 
The Twelfth Census, 
. Presidential Campaign, 1900. 

' Election and Inauguration. 
Congress and Our New Territorial Poa- 



The Pan-American Exposition. 
.\s8as8iuation of President McKinley. 
Death of President (Sept. 14th). 
Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt be 

comes President, 
Louisiana Put chase Exposition. 
Annexation of the Philippines, Porto 

Rico, and Guam. 
Cuban Republic established. 
Venezuelan Question. 
Alaskan Boundary settled. 
Purchase of Panama Canal. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 449 



RECAPITULATION. 

CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RECORDED IN SECTION V. 
(national period.) 

1865. Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed, March. 
1865. President Lincoln assassinated by John 

Wilkes Booth, April 14th. 
1865. Andrew Johnson, Vice-President, became 

President, April 15th. 
1865. Amnesty Prockimation issued by President 

Johnson, May 29th. 

1865. Thirteenth Amendment passed by Congress, 

December 18th. 

1866. Civil Rights Bill passed by Congress, April 9. 

1866. Atlantic Cable successfully laid, June. 

186 " Fenians invaded Canada, but were suppressed 
by the United States, June. 

1867. Freedmen's Bureau Bill amended and con- 

tinued, July. 
1867. Nebraska admitted as the thirty-seventh 

State, March 1st. 
1867. Tenure-of-Office Bill passed, March. 
1867. Alaska purchased by the United States, 

April. 
1867. Maximilian shot by the Liberals in Mexico, 

June 16th. 

1867. Reconstruction Act passed over the Presi- 

dent's veto. 

1868. Impeachment Trial of President Johnson 

ended in his acquittal, March 23d. 
1868. All the Seceded States re-admitted. 



450 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1868. Full Pardon and Amnesty granted to all 

without exception, July 4th. 
1868. Fourteenth Amendment passed by Congress, 

July 28th. 
1868. Indian War suppressed in the southwest. 

1868. Important Treaty made with China, 

1869. Grant inaugurated eighteenth President, 

March 4th. 
1869. Pacific Railroad completed and opened, May 
10th. 

1869. Edwin M. Stanton died, December. 

1870. Fifteenth Amendment adopted, March 30th. 
1870. The 9th census taken— population 38,587,000. 

1870. Robert E. Lee, General George H. Thomas, 

and Admiral Farragut died. 

1871. San Domingo applied for admission, but was 

refused. 

1871. Great Fire destroyed a large portion of Chi- 

cago, October 8th and 9th. 

1872. William H. Seward, Prof. Morse, Horace 

Greeley, and General Meade died. 
1872. Credit Mobilier affair investigated. 
1872. The Alabama difficulty settled. 
1872. Alexis, Grand Duke of Russia, visited the 

United States. 
1872. Northwestern Boundary settled, October. 
1872. A great fire broke out in Boston, November 

9th. 

1872. Grant re-elected President, November. 

1873. Great Financial Panic in the United States. 
1873. Modoc Indians subdued, June. 

1873. Cholera, Small Pox, Epizootic, and Yellow 
Fever, in the United States. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 451 

1873. Cuban Filibusters of the Virginius executed 
in Cuba. 

1873. Chief-Justice Chase died. 

1873-74. Kellogg-McEnery Troubles aflaicted Lou- 
isiana. 

1874. Senator Charles Sumner died. 

1875. Andrew Johnson, John C. Breckinridge, and 

Henry Wilson died. 

1875. Kalakaua, king of the Sandwich Islands vis- 

ited the United States. 

1876. Great Centennial Exhibition opened at Phil- 

adelphia, May 10th. 

1876. Colorado admitted as the thirty-eighth State, 
August Ist. 

1876. General Custer's command slaughtered by 
the Sioux, July. 

1876. Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, visited the 
United States. 

1876. Great Centennial Exhibition closed, Novem- 
ber 10th. 

1876. Sioux defeated in the Big Horn Mountains, 
November. 

1876. Presidential Election contested, November 

and December. 

1877. Nicholls-Packard troubles afflicted Louisiana. 
1877. Electoral Tribunal awarded the Presidency to 

Hayes and Wheeler, February. 
1877. Hayes and Wheeler inaugurated, March 5th. 
1877. General Grant started on his tour around the 

world. May 1st. 
1877. Hampton-Chamberlain trouble afflicted South 

Carolina. 



452 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1877. Railroad Employes strike for higher wages. 

1877. War with the Nez Perces Indians, of Idaho. 
1877-78. Murphy Temperance Movement flour- 
ished. 

1878. Electric Light first applied by Edison. 
1878. Bland Silver Bill passed by Congress, Febru- 
ary 21st. 

1878. Yellow Fever Epidemic raged in the South, 
summer and fall. 

1878. "William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, 

died, June 12. 

1879. Yellow Fever again afflicted the South, espe- 

cially the city of Memphis, summer. 

1879. General Grant returned from his tour around 
the world, September. 

1879. President Hayes vetoed the Chinese Immi- 
gration Bill. 

1879. Negro Exodus from some of the Southern 
States to the North, autumn. 

1879. Ute Indians subdued, autumn. 

1880. The Tenth Census taken, June. 

1880. Presidential Election, James A. Garfield, Re- 

publican, elected twentieth President. 

1881. Garfield inaugurated by grand civic and mili- 

tary display, March 4th. 
1881. President Garfield assassinated (July 2d) by 

Charles Guiteau. 
1881. Death of President Garfield (September 19tli). 

Vice-President Chester A. Arthur takes 

oath less than two hours after. 
1881. First (regular) Session of the Forty-seventh 

Congress opened (December 5, 1881). 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 453 

1882. The Mormon Question. Anti-Polygamy Bill. 
1882. Proposed Congress of American Nations. 
1882. The Star Koute Scandal. 

1882. Bill passed prohibiting emigration of Chinese. 

1883. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill. 

1883. Bill passed for Reduction of Postage. 

1884. The Fitz-Jolm Porter Case. 

1884. Bismarck and the Lasker Resolutions. 

1884. Morrison Tariff Bill Defeated. 

1884. Bill for a Civil Government to Alaska passed. 

1884. Presidential Nominations. Election. 

1885. Grover Cleveland inaugurated. 
1885. Death of General Grant. 

1885. Post-office Appropriation Bill (July 1st). 

1886. Strikes throughout the country. Haymarket 

Riot. The Chicago Anarchist troubles, 

1886. The Presidential Succession Bill passed. 

1887. Federal Regulation of Railroads by the enact- 

ment of the Interstate Commerce State Law. 
] 887. The Fisheries Question. 

1888. Presidential Nominations. Election. 

1889. Benjamin Harrison Inaugurated. 
1889. Opening of Oklahoma. 

1889. North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and 

AVashington admitted. 

1890. Reciprocity with Brazil. Eleventh Census. 
1890. Idaho and Wyoming admitted, 

1892. Presidential Nominations. Election. 

1893. Grover Cleveland inaugurated. 

1893. World's Columbian Exposition (May 1st). 
1893. Financial Panic. Opening of Cherokee Strip. 



454 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

1894. Kevival of the "Monroe Doctrine." 

1894. Wilson Bill becomes a law. 

1896. Utah admitted. Presidential Campaign. 
189Y. William McKinlej inaugurated. 

1897. Dinglej Bill passed. 

1898. Destruction of our battle-ship "Maine" in 

Havana Harbor (February 15th). 

1898. Spain refuses to relinquish claims upon Cuba. 

1898. War. Battle of Manila Harbor (May 1st). 

1898. Expedition against Santiago de Cuba (June). 

1898. Spanish Fleet destroyed at Santiago. 

1898. Santiago de Cuba capitulates (July 16th). 

1898. Peace Commission meets at Paris (Oct. 1st). 

1898. Annexation of Hawaii, the Philippines, Porto 

Pico, and Guam. 

1900. Twelfth Census. Presidential Election. 

1901. Congress and our Kew Territorial Possessions. 
1901. The Pan-American Exposition. 

1901. President McKinley shot by assassin Sept. 6th ; 
died Sept. 14. 

1901. Theodore Roosevelt inaugurated. 

1902. First President of Cuba inaugurated. 

1903. Venezuela Question. 

1904. Alaskan boundary settled. 
1904. Purchase of the Panama Canal. 



ORIGIN OF THE NAMES OF THE STATES— REVIEWED. 

The various States derived their names as follows : 

Maine means the main-land. 

New Hampshire, from the county of Hampshire, England. 
Vermont, from two French words, verd and mont, meaning 
'Green Mountains." 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 455 

Massachusetts, from an Indian word meaning " The ■place oj 

great hills." 

Rhode Island, from the Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean 

eea, 

Connecticut, from an Indian word signifying "Long River." 

New York, in honor of the Duke of York, Enghind. 

New Jersey, in honor of the governor of Jersey Island, coast of 

France. 

Delaware, in honor of Lord Delaware. 

Pennsylvania, from Penn and sylvia, meaning "Penn's Woods." 

Maryland, in honor of Queen Henrietta Maria. 

Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen." 

North Carolina, "I In honor of Charles II. of England. 

South Carolina, / Charles, in Latin, is Carolus. 

Georgia, in honor of George II. of England. 

Florida, a Spanish word, meaning "Blooming." 

Alabama, an Indian word, meaning "Here we Rest." 

Mississippi, an Indian word, meaning "Great Father of Waters." 

Louisiana, in honor of Louis XIV. of France. 

Texas, origin donbtful, but supposed to be a Mexican word. 

Arkansas, from the name of a tribe of Indians. 

Missouri, an Indian word, meaning "Mtiddy Waters." 

Tennessee, an Indian word, meaning "River with a Great Bend." 

Kentucky, an Indian word, meaning" Dark and Bloody Ground." 

Indiana, an Indian word, meaning "Indian Ground." 

Illinois, an Indian word, meaning "River of Men." 

Ohio, an Indian word, meaning "Beautiful River." 

Michigan, an Indian word, meaning ''Great Lakes." 

Wisconsin, an Indian word, meaning "Gathering of Waters." 

Iowa, an Indian word, meaning "Drowsy 0«es." 

Minnesota, an Indian word, meaning "Cloudy Water." 

Kansas, an Indian word, meaning "Smoky Water." 

Nebraska, an Indian word, meaning " Water Valley." 

Nevada, a Spanish word, meaning "Snow Covered." 

California, n character in an old Spanish romance. 

West Virginia, from Virginia proper. 

Oregon, from the Spanish Oregano, wild marjoram. 

Colorado, a Spanish word of doubtful meaning. 



450 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



POPULAR NAMES OF THE STATES. 

The popular names of the States of the American 
Union are as follows : 

Maine — The " Pine Tree " State, the " Border " State. 

New Hampshire— the "Granite" State. 

Vermont —the " Green Mountain " State. 

Massachusetts— the " Bay " State. 

Rhode Island—" Little Rhody." 

Connecticut— the " Land of Steady Habits," the " Nutmeg-" 
State. 

New York — the " Empire " State. 

New Jersey— the "Clam" State. 

Delaware — the " Blue Hen's Chicken," the " Diamond " State. 

Pennsylvania — the " Keystone " State. 

Maryland — the " Oyster " State. 

Virginia — the " Old Dominion." 

North Carolina — the " Old North " State, the " Turpentine *' 
State. 

South Carolina — the '' Palmetto " State. 

Georgia— the " Buzzard " State. 

Florida — the " Peninsula " State. 

Alabama — the " Lizard " State. 

Mississippi— the " Bayou " State. 

Louisiana — the " Creole" State. 

Texas— the " Lone Star " State. 

Arkansas — the " Bear " State. 

Missouri — the " Pike " State. 

Tennessee— the " Big Bender " State. 

Kentucky— the " Corn-Cracker," the " Blue Grass " State. 

Indiana — the " Hoosier " State. 

Illinois — the "Sucker," the "Prairie" State. 

Ohio— the " Buckeye" State. 

Michigan— the " Wolverine," the " Lake " State. 

Wisconsin — the " Badger " State. 

Iowa — the " Hawkeye " State. 

Minnesota — the "Gopher" State. 

Kansas — the " Garden of the West." 

Nebraska— the " Bug Eating " State. 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 45' 

Nkvada — the "Mining" State. 

California— the "Golden" State. 

West Vikginia— part of the " Old Dominion." 

Oregon— the " State of Hard Cases." 

Colorado — the " Centennial " State, the " Silver " State. 



MOTTOES OF THE STATES. 

United States — E Plunhus Unum, " Out of Many, one." 

Alabama — Has no motto. 

Arkansas — Regnant populi, " The people rule." 

California— £'Mre/;a, "I have found it." 

Colorado — Nil sine numine, " Nothing can be done without 
tivine aid." 

Connecticut — Qui transtulil suhtinel, "He who brought us ovei 
sustains us." 

Delaware — " Liberty and Independence." 

Florida — " In God we trust." 

Georgia — " Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation." 

Illinois — " State Sovereignty, National Union." 

Indiana — Has no motto. 

Iowa - "Our liberties we prize, our rights we will maintain." 

Kansas — Adastra per aspera, " To the stars through difficulties." 

Kentucky — " United we stand, divided we fall." 

Louisiana — " Justice, Union, and Confidence." 

Maine— Diw^o, "I direct." 

Maryland — Cresdte et muUiplicamhii, " Increase and multiply." 

Massachusetts — Ense petit placidam sub libertaie quietem, " By 
the sword she seeks placid rest in liberty," or " Conquers a peace." 

Michigan — Tuebor, and. Si quveris peninsulam. amcenam circum- 
s/)i"ce, " I will defend"; "If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look 
around you." 

Minnesota— L'E^otfe da Nord, " The Star of the North." 

Missouri — Salus populi suprema lex esto, " Let the welfare of tho 
people be the supreme law." 

Mississippi— Has no motto. 

Nebraska—" Equality before the law." 

New Hampshire — Has no motto. 

New Jersey — " Liberty and Independence." 



458 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

New York — Excelsior, " Higher." 

North Carolina — Has no motto. 

Nevada — Volens et polens, " Willing and Able." 

Ohio — Imperium in imperio, "An empire in an empire." 

Oregon — Alis volal propriis, "She flies with her own wings.' 

Pennsylvania—" Virtue, Liberty and Independence." 

Rhode Island—" Hope." 

South Carolina — Animis opibusque parati, " Ready in will and 
deed." i, 

Tennessee — "Agriculture, Commerce." ■ 

Texas— Has no motto. 

Vermont— " Freedom and Unity." 

Virginia — Sic semper tyrannis, " So always with tyrants." 

West Virginia — Montani semper liberi, " Mountaineers are al 
ways freemen." 

Wisconsin — " Forward." 



ADMISSION OF THE STATES— REVIEWED. 

Besides the Thirteen Original States: 
Vermont was admitted as the 14th State, March 4, 1791. 
Kentucky was admitted as the 15th State, June 1, 1792. 
Tennessee was admitted as the 16th State, .June 1, 1796. 
Ohio was admitted as the 17th State, February 19, 1803. 
Louisiana was admitted as the 18th State, April 8, 1812. 
Indiana was admitted as the 19th State, December 11, 1816. 
Mississippi was admitted as the 20th State, December 10, 1817 
Illinois was admitted as the 21st State, December 3, 1818. 
Alabama was admitted at the 22d State, December 14, 1819. 
Maine was admitted as the 23d State, March lo, 1820. 
Missouri was admitted as the 24th State, August 10, 1821. 
Arkansas was admitted as the 25th State, June 15, 1836. 
Michigan was admitted as the 26th State, January 26, 1837. 
Florida was admitted as the 27th State, March 3, 1845. 
Texas was admitted as the 28th State, December 27, 1845. 
Iowa was admitted as the 29th State, December 28, 1846. 
Wisconsin was admitted as the 30th State, May 29, 1848. 
California was admitted as the 31st Slate, September 9, 1850 
Minnesota was admitted as the 32d State, May 11, 1868. 



NATIONAL PERIOD, 459 

Oregon was admitted as the 38rd State, February 14, ]859. 
Kansas was admitted as the 84th State, January 29, 1861. 
West Virginia was admitted as the 35th State, June 30, 1863 
Nevada was admitted as the 36th State, Ootober 31, 1864. 
Nebraska was admitted as the 37th State, March ],'l867.* 
Colorado was admitted as the 38th State, August l', 1876. 
North Dakota was admitted as the 39th State, Nov. 2, 1889. 
South Dakota was admitted as the 40th State, Nov. 2, 1889.' 
Montana was admitted as the 41st State, Nov. 8, 1889. 
Washington was admitted as the 42d State, Nov. 11, 1889. 
Idaho was admitted as the 43d State, July 3, 1890. 
Wyoming was admitted as the 44th State, July 11, 1890. 
Utah was admitted as the 45th State, January 4, 1896. 



EMINENT AMERICAN INVENTORS. 
The following are the names of some of the 
most eminent inventors of the United States, with 
the year in which the inventions were successfully 
applied : 

Benjamin Franklin, inventor of the Lighlinmg-rod 1752 

John Fitch first applied steam power to navigation 1787 

Eli Whitney, inventor of the Cotton Gin I793 

Thomas Blanchard, inventor of the Tuck Machine 1806 

Robert Fulton, inventor of the Steamboat , 1807 

Jethro Wood, inventor of the Modem cast-iron Plow 1819 

Ross Winans, inventor of the R. R. Passenger Car 1828 

Samuel F. B. jMorse, inventor of the Electric Telegraph 1837 

Charles Goodyear, inventor of Vulcanized Rubber...- 1839 

Elias Howe, inventor of the Sewing Machine 1843 

Thomas H. Barlow, inventor of the Planetarium 1845 

Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of the Harvesting Machine 1845 

James Lyall, inventor of the Positive-motion Loom 1868 

James B. Eads, originator and constructor of the great steel 

bridge over the Mississippi at St, Louis... 1867 

and of the jetties below New Orlean.s 1876/ 

Prof. Graham Bell, inventor of the Telephone 1877 

Thomas A. Edison, / In^e"tor of the Talking Phonograph 1877 

t- Electric Light 1878 

T. W. Tobin, the inventor of the Sine-Pendulum 1878 



400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



AMERICANS EMINENT IN LITERATURE AND ART. 

The following are the names of some Americana 
distinguished in literature and art: 

Benjamin Franklin, literary, political, and scientific writer. 

Jonathan Edwards, metaphysician. 

Noah Webster and Joseph E. Worcester, lexicographers. 

Bowditch, Rittenhouse, Loomis, and Davies, mathematicians, 

Louis Agassiz, Alex. Wilson, and the Audubon.s, naturalists. 

Irving, novelist, historian, and biographer. 

Cooper, Brown, Hawthorne, Feniiiiore, and Arthur, novelists. 

Prescott, Bancroft, Motley, Headley, Sparks, Lossing, and Hil- 
dreth, historians. 

Freneau, Bryant, Longfellow, Willis, Lowell, Emerson, Holmes, 
Whittier, Halleck, Poe, and Dana, poets. 

Powers, Greenough, Hart, Story, and Harriet Hosmer, aoulptors. 

Copley, West, Stuart, Trumbull, Vanderlyn. Allaton, Peale; 
and Sully, painters. 

W^illiam Cullen Bryant, Horace Greeley, James Gordon Ben- 
nett, Sr., and George D. Prentice, journalists. 

Webster, Clay, Hayne, Everett, Calhoun, Prentiss, and Sumner, 
orators. 

Charles F. Browne, P. B. Shillaber, H. W. Shaw, Samuel L. 
Clemens, and D. R. Locke, humorists. 



GENERAL QUESTIONS AND DIRECTIONS. 

What States were admitted during Washington's Administra 
tion? — During Jefierson's Administration? — Madison's Ad- 
ministration ? — Monroe's? — Jackson's? — Tyler's? — Polk's? 
— Fillmore's ? — Buchanan's ? — Lincoln's ? — Johnston's ? — 
Grant's ? — Harrison's ? — Cleveland's ? Name the Adminis- 
trations during which no States were admitted. 

Name all the Presidents of the United States, in the order of 
their succession. How many and which of them served two 
terms each? Which of them died while in office? Bj 
whom were they, respectively, succeeded in office? 



y\TI01^AL PERIOD. 4C1 

3 Wlinl addition was mnde to the Union during Jefferson's Ad- 
ministration? — What during Madison's? — What during 
Monroe's?— What during Jackson's?— What during Tyler'6? 
—During Polk's?— During Fillmore's?— During Bucbair- 
an's? — During Lincoln's? — During Johnson's? — During 
Grant's ? — During McKinley's ? 

4. What three ex-President« died on the 4th of July ? 

5. What territory has the United States acquired by purchase ? — 

By conquest? — By annexation? 

6. What Vice-Presidents were afterwards elected Presidents? 

7. Which is the longer, the Atlantic Cable or the Pacific Rail- 

road ? 

8. What father and son were Presidents? 

9. In whose Administration was the largest number of States ad- 

mitted to the Union? 

10. What five ex-Presidents died in the decade between 1860 and 

1870? 

11. How long did each ol the five great wars last : (1) the French 

and Indian War; (2) the Revolutionary War; (3) the War 
of 1812; (4) the Mexican War; and (5) the Civil War? 

12. State the cause or causes of each of these wars. 

13. Name the principal battles of each. 

14. Name the Presidents and Vice-Presidents in chronological 

order. 
15 How many Presidents were Virginians? — How many wera 
Ohioans? State to what party each President belonged. 
On what issue was Polk elected President? 

16. WMiat States were named from mountain ranges ? — How many 

and what States were named from their principal nvers? 

17. How did Harrison gain his popularity ?— Taylor ? 

18. For how many years has tJie United States been involved in 

war? 

19. What President was impeached ? 

20. What President vetoed the measures of the party which electe<i 

him to office? 

21. From what States have Presidents been elected? 

22. What President elect went to Washington City in disguise, and 

why? 

23. What was "squatter sovereignty "?— Who was its author? 

24. When was the Erie Canal opened?— The Pacific Railroad? 



462 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

25. When was the first magnetic telegraph constructed? 

26. What President was not elected to that office by the people ? 

27. To what party did Henry ,Clay belong ? — John ^Q. Adams ? — 

Thomas Jefferson 1 — Jolin C. Calhoun ? — Andrew Jackson ? 
— Daniel Webster ? — Stephen A. Douglas? — Alexander 
Hamilton ? — George Washington? — Harrison ? — Buchanan? 
—Lincoln ?— Grant ?— Hayes ?— Garfield ? 

28. What was the " Dred Scott Decision " ? 

29. What was the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " ? 

i50. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency. 

31. Who were the "Filibusters"? 

32. Why was "Stonewall " Jackson so called ? 

33. Name the most prominent event of Jefferson's Administration. 

—Of Jackson's.— Of Madison's.— Of Polk's.— Of Lincoln's. 
—Of Grant's.— Of Hayes.— Of Garfield's.— Of Arthur's.— 
Of Cleveland's. — Of Harrison's. — Of McKinley's and 
Roosevelt's. 

34. Who was President in 1812?— In 1832?— In 1846?— In 185C? 

—In 1861?— In 1876?— In 1880?— In 1882?— In 1886?— 
In 1900 ?— In 1904 ? Who is now President ? 

35. What President was once a tailor's apprentice ? 

36. What Presidents were inaugurated on the 5th of March ? 

37. Name some eminent inventors. — Name some Americans emi- 

nent in literature and art. 

38. Which was the year of epidemics ? 

39. Name the four periods into which the history of the United 

States may be divided. 

40. What President serA^ed one day longer than his term, and wliy ? 

41. For what purpose did the United States purchase Alaska? 

42. In what battle with the Indians were the whites all killed ? — 

In what battle were the whites all killed except one man ? 

43. How many telegraphic cables across the Atlantic ? 

44. What constitutes the "National Debt "9 What is the amount 

of the National Debt at the present time (1904)? 

45. How often and when has the Monroe Doctrine been set forth ? 

46. What was the Credit Uobilier of America? 

47. What was the Electoral Tribunal ? 

48. What was the Murphy Moi'emenf 9 

49. When, where, and how was the present Northwestern bound- 

ary of the United States finally determined ? 

50. What position has the President ex- officio ? 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 4*;^ 

51. In case of the President'.-; death, resignation, removal from 

office, or inability to discharge its duties, who tnkes his 
place? Who would become President, then, ir case of the 
Vice-Preside:. t's disability? In c.se there i.s no President 
of the Srnate who then acts as President? 

52. Give the origin of the name of each of the States. Give the 

popular names of the States. Repeat the motto of each 
State. 

53. What was the Amnesty Proclamation f — The Tenure-of- Office 

Bill .»— The Alabama Difficulty .?— The h^egro Exodus f 

54. Who were the Fenianx ? 

65. How many Presidents have there been? 



404 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CONCLUSION. 



The History of the United States has now 
been traced to a time so recent that the events to 
))e mentioned have not yet become historical. 

Vhe Civil War, though terrible in its effects, left 
also its good results. The emaL3ipation of the 
slaves has been a benefit to the whole country, and 
removed the chief cause of sectional contention. 
The people of both extremes have become better 
acquainted, and many prejudices have been oblit- 
erated. 

Our Republic is destined to become the most 
prosperous and influential nation on theglobe; our 
agricultural resources are unlimited; our mineral 
supply is inexhaustible; and our manufacturing 
facilities are unsurpassed. Labor is more highly 
respected and better remunerated than in any other 
country, and the working-class are happier and 
more enlightened. American mechanics and man- 
ufacturers have made the United States justly 
famous for her inventions and improvements; and 
lier hianufuctures now compete witb those of Eng- 
land and France in the markets of the woHd. 

The present financial situation of the United 
States, whether considere(^ with respect to trade, 
currency, credit, growing wealth, or che exter.t and 
variety of our resources, is more favorable than 
that of any other country of our time, and has 
never been surpassed by that of any country at pny 
period of its history. All our industries are thriv- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 465 

ing; new railroads are being constructed; a vast 
immigration is increasing our population, capital, 
and labor; new enterprises in great number rve 
in progress; and our commercial relations witli 
other countries are improving. 

The Public School System of the land is second 
to none, and comparatively very few persons are 
unacquainted with the rudiments of an English ed- 
ucation , 

All forms of religion are tolerated, and any per- 
son can worship as his conscience may dictate. 

The right of Trial by Jurj^, the Habeas Corpus, 
the Liberty of the Press, the Freedom of Speech, 
the Natural Rights of Persons, and the Rights of 
Property are maintained and preserved. 

While studying the history of our country, we 
can not restrain feelings of national pride, and of 
gratitude to the God of Nations for his manifold 
blessings. No dark clouds of internal strife or of 
financial depression hover overhead, but the golden 
rays of Peace ai:d Prosperity are beaming with 
brightening lustre. 



APPENDIX. 



THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDEN'CE, 

ADOPTED BY CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. 



A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN 

CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected 
them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth 
the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them 
to the separation. 

"We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created 
equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain in- 
alienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit 
of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted 
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or 
abolish it, and to institute a new government, 1: ving its foundation 
on such principles and organizing its powers in such form as to them 
shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru- 
dence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should 
not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all 
experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, 
while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing 
the forms to which they axe aocuKtomed, But when a long train of 
(466) 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 467 

abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinop,^ 
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their 
right, it is their duty, to throw off such a government, and to pro. 
vide new guards for tlieir future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of these Colonies, and such is now the necessity 
which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. 
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of re- 
peated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the 
establisliment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove 
this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations, till his 
assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly 
neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the 
right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to 
them and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
comfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, 
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, 
with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exer- 
cise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the 
dangers of invasions from without and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; 
for that purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of for- 
eigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration 
hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure 
of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries, 



408 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, with- 
out the consent of our legislatures. 

He has afTected to render the military independent of, and su- 
perior to, the civil power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giv 
iug his assent to their acts of pretended legislation: — 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops upon us; 

For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
States ; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury , 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended of- 
fences ; 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- 
ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit 
instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Col- 
onies; 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments ; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercen- 
aries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, al- 
ready begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely 
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 

seas, to bear arms against their country, to become theexecutioners^ 

of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 



NATIONAL PERIOD. 461) 

deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 
Indian savages, whose known mode of warfare is an undistinguished 
destruction of ail ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of those oppressions, we have petitioned for re- 
dress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have l)ccn 
answered by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus 
marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be tlie 
ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. 
We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their 
legislature to extend unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We 
have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and 
settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our com- 
mon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably 
interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, 
therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces otir separa- 
tion, and hold them, as wc hold the rest of mankind, enemies in 
war ; in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States op 
America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the 
name and by the authority of the good people of these Colonies, 
solemnly publish and declare that these United Colonies are, and 
of right ought to be. Free and Independent jStates; that they are 
absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po- 
litical connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as Free and Independ- 
ent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- 
tract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and 
things which Independent States may of right do. And for the suj)- 
port of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of 
Divine Provipence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Josiah Bartlett, Willvuia Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridye Oary. 



470 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

KHODE ISLAND. 
Stephen Hopkins, William EUery. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Roger Sherman, Samiiel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wol' 
cotl. 

NEW YORK. 

William Floyd, Philip Livinyston, Fixmcis Lewis, Lewis Morris. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Richard Stockton, John Wilheispoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, 
Abiaham Clark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Robert Morris, Benjamin RiL'^h, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, 
George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George 
Ross. 

DELAWARE. 

CcEsar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 

MARYLAND. 

Samuel Chase, William Paca, Tliomas Stone, Charles Carroll of 
Oarrollton. 

VIRGINIA. 

George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin 
Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hayward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 

Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



INDEX. 



Abercrombie, General 98 

Abolitionists 275 

Abraham, Plains of 99 

Acadia 39—40, 88—9:? 

Acadians, exile of the (note) 93 

Adams, Samuel 130 

Adams, John 184—232 

Adams, John Quiney 231, 232 

Administration defined 174 

Admission of the States (re- 
viewed) 402 

Agassiz, Louis 404 

Agriculture (1763) 102 

Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of 91 

Alabama settled 227 

Alabama admitted 227 

Alabama, origin of name 227 

Alabama and Kearsargc 333 

Alabama difficulty, the 308 

Alamo, the 230 

Alaska purchased 3G0 

Albany, N. Y., founded 73 

Albemarle Colony SO 

Alert, capture of the 197 

Alexis, Duke, visit of 371 

Algiers, treaty with (note) 181 

Algiers, war with 208 

Allen, Ethan 121 

Alien and Sedition Laws 186 

Almanac, Poor Richard's (note).. 134 

Amelia Island (note) 223 

Amendment, the 1.3th 358 

Amendment, the 14th .362 

Amendment, the 15th 365 

America, supposed discovery of.. 15 
America, discovered by Colum- 
bus 20 

America, discovered by English.. 32 

American Fabius 132, 136 

American Flag 137 

American Party 284 

American Poets 404 

American Sculptors 418 

American Historians 404 

American inventors,paintera and 

arti.sts 403 

American journalists 404 

American orators 404 

American humorists 404 

Americans, Native (note) 249 



Ames, Fisher „ 210 

Amherst, General 97 

Amnesty proclamation 358 

Ancient mounds 12 (note) 13 

Anderson, Major .293—296 

Andre, Major 151 

Andre, captors of 152 

Andros, Sir Kdnuind 70. 71—75 

Animals, domestic, introduced 

(note) 26 

Antarctic Coiitiuciit 247 

Anti-Fcderall^t.s 157 

Anti-Rcntcrs, the 249 

Anti-tSlavcrv Party 275 

Anlictam, battle of 317 

Arctic cx)il(irali()ns 282 

Arizona Tcriilorv (note) 159 

Arkansas settled.! 241 

Arkansas admitted 241 

Arkansas, origin of name 241 

Armada, Spanish (note) 35 

Armstrong, Major (note) 142 

Army, Burgoyue's 137 

Army of the Potomac 304 

31 2-31 .5—31 7—324—330—332-339 

Army of Virginia 314—339 

Arnold, Benedicl....l21— 125— 13<>-140 
141-152 

Arnold's treason 150 

Arnold's depredations 154 

Art, Americans in 404 

Arthur, T. S 404 

Arthur, Chester A 387 

Articles of Confederation..l44-156-157 

Asiatic cholera 234—373 

Assembly, first»colonial 56 

Assistance, writs of (note) 114 

Associate Justices 175 

Astor, John Jacob (note) 288 

Astoria (Oregon) founded 288 

Atlanta, capture of ...,„ 333 

Atlanta burned 336 

Atlantic, route across the 36 

Atlantic, mystery about the 19 

Atlantic Cable, telegraphic ^. 359 

Atlantic Cables, number of 360 

Attornev-O'cneral, office of« 174 

Austin, Stephen F 236 

Azore Islands, the 18 (note) 197 



(i) 



INDEX. 



Bacon's Rebellion 57 

Biihama Islands 20 

Bainbridge, Captain 198 

Baird, Professor (note) 259 

Baker. Colonel 304 

Balboa 2;i 

Ball's Bluff, battle of 304 

Baltimore, Lord 78 

Baltimore, battle of 204—205 

Baltimore monument '205 

Bancroft (historian) 404 

Bank, First National 209 

Bank of the United States 209— 2:?9 

Bank bill, national 'iU; 

Banks, General 314-816—323-331 

Banner, Star Spangled 137—205 

Baptist Church, first 106 

Barbary pirates 189 

Barclay, Commodore 202 

Barlow, Thomas H 403 

Barlow, Joel '210 

Barre, Colonel 116 

Barron, Commodore (note) 189 

Battles of Colonial Wars(reviewed) 104 
Battles of Revolution (reviewed).. 1.59 
Battles of War of 1812 (reviewed).. 210 
Battles of Mexican VVar(reviewcd) 261 
Battles of Civil War (reviewed).... 341 

Baum, Colonel 138 

Beaufort, N. C, captured 308 

Beauregard, General 292—300—309 

Bee, General (note) 301 

Beh rings Strait 14 

Bell, John '289 

Bell, Prof. Graham 403 

Belmont, battle of 305 

Bennet, Jas. Gordon (Journalist).. 404 

Bennington, battle of 138 

Bergen, N. J., settled 76 

Berkeley, Governor 58 

Big Bethel, battle of 300 

Big Black River Bridge, battle of 323 

Biloxi, Miss., settled „ 229 

Black Hawk War 234 

Black Kettle (chief).. 363 

Blair, General F. P 363 

Blanchard, Thomas 403 

Bland Silver Bill, the 383 

Blennerhassett Island (note) 190 

Blockade, the 304 

Blythe, Captain (note) 202 

Bonaparte, Napoleon (note), 

185— 18S-194 

Bon Homme Richard 148 

Boone, Daniel (note) 183 

Booneville, battle of„ .306 

Booth, John Wilkes 354 

Boston founded 63 

Boston News Letter 102 

Boston Port Bill 114 

Boston Massacre 114 

Boston Common 114 

Boston Tea Party 115 

Boston, siege of 126 

Boston evacuated 126 

Boston, great fire in 370 

Boundarv of U. S. (1783) 155 

Boundary of U. S. (179.5) ISO 

Boundary of U. S. (184'2) (note) 260 



Boundary of U. S. (1847) 259 

Boundary of U. S. (1872) 371 

Bowditch (mathematician) 404 

Bowie, James (note) 237 

Bowling Green, N. Y 129 

Boxer and Enterprise, the 202 

Braddock's Defeat 94 

Bragg, Gen'l ....318-3'20— .328— 329— 330 

Brandt and Butler 146 

Brand v wine, battle of 138 

Brattleboro', Vt., settled (note) ... 121 

Breckinridge, John C 285 

(note) 289—374 

Breed's Hill fortified 123 

Broke, Captain 201 

Brown College founded 103 

Brown, General 201— '204 

Brown, Charles Brockden (novel- 
ist) 210-404 

Brown, C. F. (humorist) 404 

Brown's raid, John '286 

Bryant, Wm. Cullen .383 

Buccaneers, the (note) 223 

Buchanan, James 285 

Buckuer, General S. B 309 

Buell, General 318 

Buena Vi.sta, Battle of 254 

Bull Run, first battle of 300 

Bull Run, second battle of 316 

Bunker Hill, battle of 12.3—125 

Bunker Hill monument (note) 125 

Burgoyne, John H 137— 1;{8 

Burgoyne's surrender 140 

Burgoyne's surrender, effects of.. 142 

Burliimton, Iowa, .settled 250 

Burnside, Gen. (note) .30^—319 

Burr, Aaron 187—190 

Burrows, Lieut 202 

Butler and Brandt 146 

Butler, General B. F, 30r'— 337 

Cabal, the Conway 143 

Cabinet, President's 175 

Cabinet, Washington's 177 

Cable, Atlantic telegraphic 359 

Cables, number of (note) .%0 

Cabot, John and Sebastian 12 

Calhoun, John C •223—231—232—2/6 

California settled '27? 

California admitted../. 274 

California conquered 253 

California, gold found in 260 

California, origin of name 275 

Calvert, Cecil 78 

(;amden, battle of 149 

Campbell, Colonel 152 

Canada ceded to England 100 

(/'anada invaded by Americans.... 125 

Canby, General 33&— 373 

Canal, the Erie 226 

('anal de Haro 371 

Canary Islands 19—36 

Cape Breton captured 90 

(.'apitol building burned 204 

(harden. Captain (note) 197 

Carnifex Fcrrv, battle of 306 

("arolinas settled 80 

('arolinas separated 80 

CaroUuas, origin of name,.......~. 80 



INDEX 



Caroline (steamer) 243 

Carrick's Ford, battle of 306 

Carroll, Charles (note) 128—240 

Uary, Samuel F 378 

Carson City, Nevada, settled 336 

Cass, (Jeneral Lewis 272 

Castle William 114 

Carteret Colony 80 

Cartier, James 30 

Catholics 78—79 

Cedar Creek, battle of 334 

Cedar Mountain, battleof 316 

Census of 1870 365 

Census of 1880 386 

Centennial Exhibition 376—377 

Cerro Gordo, battle of 256 

Chad's Ford, battle of 138 

Chamberlain, Governor 380 

Chambers, B. J 387 

Chambersburg, Va., burned 334 

Champe, Sergeant 154 

Champlain, enterprise of 31 

Champlain, battle on lake 205 

Champion Hill, battle of 323 

Chancellorsville, battle of 324 

Channing, William E 210 

Chantilly, battle of • 316 

Chapultepec, battle of 266 

Charles II., of England (note). ..6.5— 80 

Charleston, S. C, founded 80 

Charleston Convention 290 

Charleston, siege of (1780) 148 

(Jharleston, attack on 327 

Charleston, fall of (186.5) 328 

Charter defined (note) 54 

(Charter government 104 

Charter Oak, the 70 

Chase, Chief-Justice 374 

Chatham, Lord 95—116 

Chattanooga, battle of 329 

Cherokees, removal of the 2a5 

Cherry Valley, massacre of 146 

Chesapeake, "frigate (note) 194 

Chesapeake, capture of the 201 

Chicago, great fire in 368 

Chickamauga, battle of 328 

Chief- Justice, office of 175 

China, treaty with .363 

Chinese question, the 384 

Chippewa, battle of 204 

Cholera, Asiatic 234-.373 

Christiati CJommissions 3.57 

Chrysler's Field, battle„of (note).. 204 

Churubu.sco, battle of 256 

Cincinnati founded 190 

Circuit Court 176 

Circumnavigation of the globe.... 24 

Civil Rights Bill 3.58 

Civil Service Reform- 380 

Civil War, causes of 290 

Civil War ended 340 

Civil War, cost of the 3,56 

Civil War, buttles (reviewed) .341 

Clarenden, Lord 80 

Clay, Henry. ...226— 228— 231-23.5— 251 
-27.5—278 

Clavborne's Rebellion 79 

Clemens, Samuel (humorist) 401 

Clermont, the 192 



Clinton, George 394 

Clinton, Sir Henry...l27-138-142-144 
—151 

Cold Harbor, battleof 333 

Colfax, Schuyler 363 

Coligny, Bishop (note) 30 

Colleges in America (1763) 103 

Colonial Government 103 

Colonial habits and customs 102 

Colonial Assembly, first 56 

Colonial Wars (reviewed) 104 

Colonization Society, the 225 

Colonization, causes and objects 

of 82 

Colonies, the thirteen English 50 

(Colorado settled 374 

Colorado admitted 374 

Colorado, origin of name 374 

Colored troops, the 324 

Columbia (America) 22 

Columbia College founded 103 

Columbia, District of 181 

Cohimbia River explored 191 

Columbus, Christopher 17—18—19 

—20—21—22 
(Columbus. Bartholomew (note)... 18 

Columbus, Kv., taken 309 

Commerce (1763) 102 

Commercial corporations . 103 

Commercial men, objects of 17 

Compass, Mariner's 16 

Compromise, the Missouri 227—274 

Compromise of 1833 2;i5 

Compromise, the Omnibus 275 

Concord, Mass., battleof 119 

Confederation, Articles of 144 

—156-157 

Confederate flag 297 

Confederate invasion of Ky 318 

(Confederate States, the 290 

Confederate privateers 306—333 

Confederates, determination of... 306 

t;onfederacy. Southern 298 

Congress, first Continental 118 

(Congress, second Continental 122 

Congress, representation in. ..158— 174 

Congress, the two Houses of 174 

Congress, when it meets 174 

(Congress, the frigate 311 

Connecticut settled 68 

Connecticut, origin of name 68 

Conspiracy of Burr 190 

Conspiracy of Pontiac 100 

Conscription Act, the 326 

Constitution adopted 1,57 

Constitution first written 56 

Constitution (the frigate) 197—198 

Constitutional Unionists 289 

Continent discovered, the 21—32 

Continental Congress 118—122 

Continental money 150 

(."ontreras, capture of 256 

("onvention, Hartford 206 

Convention, Charleston 290 

Conwiy Cabal, the 143 

Cookt and (Company, Jay 372 

(hooper, Peter 378 

(Jooj)er (novelist) 404 

Copley (painter) 404 



IV 



INDEX. 



Corinth yielded 310 

Corinth, battle of 319 

Cornwallis, Lord 132-l:i5— 131^:— 148 

-149-152—153—155 , 

Cornwallis. surrender of 154 

("orporation, commercial 10'> j 

Corlez, Fernando 24—25—26—27 

Cotton-Gin invented l!S2 

(Council for New England 60 

Court, the Supreme 175 

Courts, Inferior 175 

Cowpens, battle of the 152 

Credit Mobilier, the 370 

Creek Indians, the 201 

("ritteuden. General 30S 

("roekett, Davy 237 

Croghan, Major 200 

Crook, General 376 

Cross Kevs, battle of 314 

Crown Point 98—122 

Crystal Palace, the 2S2 

Cuba ■20—22—276—282 

Cuban Filibusters 276—282 

Cumberland, the ship 311 

Curtis, General 310 

Custer Massacre, the 375—376 



D ACRES, C'aptain, 

Dade's Massacre 

Dakota, territory of (note) 

Dale, Sir Thomas 

Dallas, battle of 

Dalton, battle of 

Dana (poet) 

Danbury, Conn., burned 

Dark and Bloody Ground, the 

(note) .". 

Darieu, isthmus of 

Dartmouth College founded... 

Davis, Jeflerson 239— 'J 

Day, first printer in America, 

(note) 

Dean, Silas 

Dearborn, General 

Debt, the national 

Decatur. Commodore-. ..189— 197- 

Declaration of Independence 

Declaration of Independence. 

signers of (note) 

Declaration of Rights (note) 

Delaware, Lord 

Delaware settled 

Delaware, origin of name 

Democrats 180— -•2:5— -224— 229- 

— 250— 280— 2.84- 285— 369— 378- 

Detroit founded 

Detroit surrendered 

De Ayllon 

D'Estaing, Count 

De Gourge.s 

De Kalb, Baron 139 (note) 

De Leon, Ponce 

De Monts 

De Narvaez 

De Russv, fort 

De Soto 

Dieskau 

J>iawiddie, Governor 



Discoverers and Explorers (re- 
viewed) 40 

District of Columbia 181 

Domestic animals introduced 

(note) 26 

Dom Pedro II., visit of 377 

Donelson, fort 307—308 

Dorr's Rebellion 247 

Douglas, Stephen A. (note)....283— 289 

Downie, Commodore 205 

Drake, Sir Francis 24 (note) 34 

(note) 35 

Drauesville. battle of 306 

Dred Scott Decision, the 286 

Duke of York 74 

Du Quesne. fort 93—94—95 

Dupont. .\dmiral 328 

Dnstan. Mrs. (note) 87 

Dutch discoveries 37 — 41 

Dutch explorations, extent of 40 

Dnuh introduce negro slavery... 56 

Dutch East India Company 3« 

Dutch West India Companv 73 

Dutch War 74 

Eads, James B 403 

Early's raid. General 'S:U 

East India Company, Dutch :i8 

East Indies, route to tiie 17 

Edison, Thomas A 403 

Education (1763) 103 

Edward, fort (note) 97—140 

Edward YI (note) 33 

Edwards, Jonathan 404 

Election, Presidential, time of 

holding (note) 175 

Electors, Presidential 175 

Electoral Tribunal, the 378 

Electric Lamp invented 403 

Eliot, .John 64 

Elizjibelh, Queen 34 

Emancipation Proclamation. . 317— ^324 

Embargo Act 207 

Emerson (poet) 404 

Emigration westward (1783) 158 

Endicott. John 63 (note) 69 

England, second war with, results 207 

English discoveries 32 

English explorers (reviewed) 41 

Enslish possessions, extent of 40 

English, William H 387 

Enterprise and Boxer 202 

Epidemics, year of 373 

Epizootic distemper 373 

Erickson. Lief 15 

Ericson, Captain John (note) 312 

Erie, battle on lake 202 

Erie Canal 226 

Esquimaux, the 33—34 

Espejo (note) 39 

Essex, sloop of war 197 

Eutaw Springs, battle of 154 

Evans, General 304 

Evarts. William H 377 

Everett. Edward 404 

Executive Power, the 174 

Exhibition, Centennial 376—377 

Exodus, negro 385 

Explorations, Arctic 282 



INDEX. 



Exploring Expedition, Wilkes's .. 247 
Exploring Expedition of Lewis 

and Clarke 191 

Explorations and discoveries (re- 
viewed) 39—40 

Fabius, the American 132—136 

Fabius, the Roman (note) 132 

P'air Oaks, battle of 314 

Fair, the World's 282 

Farragut, Commodore D. G...310— 335 
—374 

Federal Republic, a 173 

Federal Republic, branches of a.. 274 

Federalist Party, tlie 157—180 

Fenians, the 359 

Ferdinand and Isabella 19 

Ferguson, Colonel 152 

Field, Cyrus W 359 

Filibusters, Cuban 276—282—373 

Fillmore, Millard 272—274—285 

Financial Affairs (1789). 177 

Financial Panic (1837) 243 

Financial Panic (1857) (note) 285 

Financial Panic (1873) 372 

Fire arms among Mexicans, effect 

of 25 

Fire in Boston, great 370 

Fire in Chicago, great 368 

Fire in New York 238 

First American newspaper 102 

First Indian War 57 

First college in America 103 

First Continental Congress 118 

First English settlement 50 

First law-making body in Amer- 
ica '. 56 

First settlement in America 29 

First steamboat in America 192 

First steamboat on western wa- 
ters 192 

First steamer to cross Atlantic 

(note) 192 

First steam locomotive in Amer- 
ica 232 

First national bank in America.... 209 

First telegraph 248 

First written constitution in 

America 56 

First shot in Civil War (note) 290 

Yisher, fort, taken 336 

Fisher's Hill, battle of 334 

Fitch, John (note) 192 

Flag, the National 1S7 

Flag, the Confederate 297 

Flags, the rival 297 

Florida discovered 23 

Florida settled 29 

Florida, origin of name 23 

Florida ceded to England 99 

Florida ceded back to Spain 1.55 

Florida ceded to United States 226 

Florida admitted 2.50 

Foote.Commodore A. H..308(note) 309 

Foreign Relations (1796) 180 

Forrest's raid 331 

Fort Staiiwix 110 

Fort Edward 97—140 



Fort Moultrie, British repulsed at 127 

Fort Loudon, Tenn., settled 183 

Fort Orange settled 73 

Fort Necessity taken 93 

Fort Sumter 293—294—295 

Fort Meigs, siege of 200 

Fort George, battle of 200 

Fort Stephenson, attack on 200 

Fort Mimms, massacre at 201 

Fort McHenry, bombardment of.. 205 

Fort Snelling settled 288 

P'ort Astoria settled 288 

Fort Monroe 299 

Fort Henry 307— 31'8 

FortDonelson 307— 3US 

Fort McAllister taken 33G 

Fort Macon (note) 30» 

Fort Pillow (note) 309—310—332 

Fort Fisher taken 336 

Fort Morgan taken 335 

Fort Gaines taken 335 

Fort Ticonderoga 94—98—121—138 

Fort Stevens, attack on 334 

Fort Pickens 294 

Fort Maiden 199—200 

FortDe Russy 331 

Fort Wagner captured 328 

France, difficulties with 185—361 

France, Americans seek aid of.... 135 

Franklin, Benj....(note) 113 (note) 122 

(note) 134 

Franklin, Sir John 282 

Frazer, General (note) 142 

Frazier's Farm, battle of 315 

Fredericksburg, battle of 319 

Frederic II. of Prussia (note) 132 

Free Schools (1763) 103 

Free-Soil Party 272—281—284 

Free Trade and Sailors' Rights.... 207 

Free-Masonry introduced 232 

Freedmen's Bureau Bill .358 

Fremont, John C. (note).253— 285— 314 

French in America 30—85 

French colony, first 30 

French explorers (reviewed) 4i 

French possessions, extent of 39 

French Revolution 180 

French and Indian War 91—100 

French and Indian War, results of 100 

French fleet, the 144—146 

Frenchtown, battle of 198 

Freneau, Philip 209—240 

Friends, or Quakers 64—76 

Frobisher, Martin 33 

Frolic, brig 197 

Fugitive .Slave Law 27.5 

Fulton, Robert 192 

Gadsden Purchase, the 281 

Gage, General 114—116-118-130 

Gaines, Fort, taken 335 

Gaines's Mill, battle 315 

Garfield, James A....307— 387— 388— 389 
Garfield, attempted assas-si nation 

of 389 

Gaspee affair, the (note) 115 

Gates, General 141-149 

(Jcnet, Mr. (note) iVo 

George, Fort 20U 



•VI 



INDEX. 



George, battle of lake 97 

Georgia settled 81 

Georgia, kind of settlers (note).... 81 

Georgia, origin of the name 81 

George III , King 81-122—129 

Germantown, battle of 139 

Gerry, Elbridge.r 394 

Getty.sburg, battle of 325 

Ghent, treaty of 206 

Gibbs, General 207 

Gibraltar of America 90 

Gila River, the 281 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey 34 

Gillmore, General 328 

Goffe, the regicide (note) 65 

Gold discovered in California 260 

Goldsborough, Commodore (note) 308 

Gonzales, battle of 236 

Good Hope, cape, discovered (note) 17 

Goodyear, Charles 403 

Gorges settled Maine 67 

Gosnold's voyage 36 

Government, Colonial 103 

Government, Royal 104 

Government, Charter 104 

Government, Proprietary 103 

Government, Commercial 103 

Government of United States 173 

Government of United States or- 
ganized 157 

Government of District of Colum- 
bia 182 

GovernraentSeatsof UnitedStates 181 
Government of the Territories . .... 159 
Grains, edible, introduced (note) 35 

Grand model, Locke'3 80 

Grand Gulf evacuated 323 

Grant, General 308—309—310—319 

—320—321—322—323^329—331—332 
—339—363—369—384 

Great Eastern, the 359 

Great Meadows, battle of 93 

Greeley, Horace 369 

Green Mountain Boys 121 

Greenback Party, the 387 

Greenbacks first issued 322 

Green Bay, Wis., settled 260 

Greenongh (sculptor) 404 

Grenville, Sir Richard (note) 34 

Grijalvah 34 

Grinnell, Henry 282 

Ground, Dark and Bloody, the, 

(note) 183 

Guanahani, discovery of 20 

Guatimozin 26 

Guerriere, frigate 197 

Guiteau, Charles J 389 

Haines's Bluff, battle of 321 

Hale, Captain Nathan 132 

Hale, John P 281 

Hale, Sir Matthew (note) 66 

Halleck (historian) 404 

Halleck, General 316 

Hamilton, Alexander 157—177—190 

Hamilton-Burr duel 190 

Hamlin, Hannibal 2S0 

Hampden-Sidney college 103 

Hampton, General Wade 380 



Hancock, John (note) ....128—130 

Hancock, General W. S 313—387 

Hanover Court House 315 

Harmar, General 178 

Harper's Ferry seized 297—317 

Harrison, General...l94— 200— 203— 241 
—244 

Harrison's Victory 203 

Harrison's Landing 315 

Harrodsburg, Ky., settled..... 183 

Hart (sculptor) 404 

Hartford Convention 206 

Hartford founded 68 

Harvard College founded 103 

Harvesting machine invented 403 

Hatteras Inlet 305—308 

Hawkins, trader (note) 35 

Hawthorne (novelist) 404 

Hayes, Rutherford B 378—379—385 

Hazen, General 320 

Headley (historian) 404 

Helena, Arkansas, settled 241 

Hendricks, Thomas A 378 

Henrietta, Maria 78 

Henry, Patrick : 116—117 

Henry, Professor Joseph (note) ... 259 

Henry, capture of fort 308 

Henrv, William, fort, massacre of 97 

Henry VII. of England (note)... 18— 32 

—(note)— 33 

Hessians, the 127—133—138 

Hickman, Kentucky, occupied.... 331 

Hieroglvphics, Mexican 25 

Hildreth (historian) 404 

Kill, General 315 

Historians (American) 404 

Historical Society, Mass. (note).... 128 

Hobson, General 327 

Holly Springs seized .320 

Holmes, O. W 404 

Hood, General 334—338 

Hook, Paulus, capture of 147 

Hooker, General 324—325—329 

Hopkins, Stephen (note) 128 

Hornet, capture of the 199 

Horse Shoe Bend, battle of 201 

Horses introduced into America 

(note) 28 

Hosmer, Harriet (sculptor) 404 

House of Representatives 174 

Houston, General Sam 2.37 

Howard, General 382 

Howe, General 124—126—130—135 

—137 

Howe, Elias 247 

Howe, Admiral „ 130 

Hudson, Henry 37—38 

Hudson River and Bay discov- 
ered 38 

Huguenots, the 28—29 (note) .30 

(note) 80 
Hull's surrender. General Wm.... 195 

Hull, Captain Isaac 197 

Humorists, American 404 

Hutchinson, Mrs. Ann 63 



Iceland , 

Idaho Territory 

Idaho, Indian War with . 



INDEX. 



Illinois settled 227 

Illinois admitted 227 

Illinois, origin of name 227 

Immigration (1763) 101 

Immigration (1815-1848) 225 

Immigration (1880) 386 

Impeachment Trial, the 361 

Impressment of seamen 194 

Inauguration, Presidential (note) 378 

Independence, Declaration of 127 

Independence in North Carolina 

(note) 129 

Independence recognized by for- 
eign powers (note) 143 

Independent Greenback Party 387 

Indiana settled 209 

Indiana admitted 209 

Indiana, origin of name 209 

Indians, whence they came 13 

Indians, occupations of the 15 

Indians, character of the 15 

Indians, government of the 15 

Indian, origin of the name 20 

Indian boys, how trained 15 

Indians of Northwest Territory... 178 

Indian weapons used 15 

Indians, the Creek 201 

Indians in Revolution ;.. 127 

Indians, the Cherokee 235 

Indians, the Seminole 226—238 

Indians, the Pequod 69 

Indians, the Ute 385 

Indians, the Sioux 322—363 

Indians, the Nez Perces ,381 

Indians, kidnappers of the 27 

Indian War, first (1622) 57 

Indian War, second (1644) 57 

Indian War, Pequod 69 

Indian War, Philip's 65 

Indian War, French and Indian... 91 
—100 

Indian War (1763), Pontiac's 100 

Indian War (1791) 178 

Indian War (1811) 194 

Indian War (1837) 238 

Indian War 1862) 322 

Indian War (1868) 363 

Indian War (1872) 372 

Indian War (1876) 375 

Indian War (1877) 381 

Indian War (1879) 385 

Indian Territory 235 

Indian Policy 191 

India Company, East 38 

India Company, West 73 

India Rubber, vulcanized 403 

Indies, route to the East 17 

Ingraham, Captain (note) 281 

Institution, Smithsonian 257 

Inter-Colonial Wars 85—88—90—91 

Interior, office of Secretary of the 174 
—272 

International exchange (note) 259 

Intolerance, religious 63—79 

Inventions and Inventors, Amer- 
ican 403 

Iowa settled 250 

Iowa admitted 250 

Iowa, origin of.name 250 



Irving, Washington 404. 

Isabella and Ferdinand 19 

Island No. 10 309 

Isthmus of Panama or Darien...l2 — 23 

Isthmus of Suez 17—23 

luka, battle of 319 

Jack, Captain 372 

Jackson, Andrew 201—207—226—232 

—233-235—239 

Jackson "Stonewall " 301—314—325 

—315—316—317 

Jackson, battle at 323 

James I. of England 51 

James II. of England 74—85 

Jamestown, settlement of 50 

Jamestown, government of 52 

Jamestown settlers, character of.. 51 

Jamestown, immigration at 53 

Jamestown, second charter of 54 

Jamestown, third charter of 55 

Jamestown, first assembly at 56 

Jamestown wives for settlers ,56 

Jamestown at present (note) 50 

Jameson, Colonel 151 

Japan, treaty with 283—287 

Japanese visitors 287 

Jasper, Sergeant 127—147 

Java, frigate 198 

Jay, John 157—180 

Jefferson, Thomas (note) 128—157 

—158—177—184—187—188—232 
Jefferson, author of the Declara- 
tion (note) 128 

Jersey Prison Ship (note) 131 

Jensey, settlement of 76 

Jesuit Missionaries 32—92 

Jesus, Society of 32 

Jetties, the Mississippi 403 

Johnson, Colonel R. M 203—242 

Johnson, Sir William (note) 99 

Johnson, Andrew...338— 355— 359— 361 
—374 
Johnson, impeachment trial of... 361 
Johnston, General J. E...300— 314— 330 
—334 
Johnston, General A. S...307— 309— 310 

Joint High Commission 361 

Jones, Captain 197 

Jones. Paul 148 

Joseph (chief) ,382 

Joy, John (note)... 118 

Journalists, American 404 

Judicial Power, the 175 

Justice, office of Chief 175 

Justices, Associate 175 

Kalakaua's, King, visit 374 

Kane, Elisha Kent 282 

Kansas .settled 288 

Kansas admitted 288 

Kansas, origin of name 288 

Kansas, civil war in 284 

Kuusas-Ncbraska Hill 283 

Kiiskiiskia, 111., sctllcd 227 

Kcanicv, (icncral SIciilicn 254 

KcniMuxc iinil Alabama 333 

Kellogg, WilliiimP « 373 

Keaesaw Mountain, battle of 333 



INDEX. 



Kentucky settled 183 

Kentucky admitted 183 

Kentucky, origin of name 183 

Key, Francis S '205 

Kidd, Robert, Captain 75 

Kilv)atrick, Colonel (note) 325 

King Philip's War 65 

King William's War 85 

King (ieorge's War 90 

King's Mountain, battle of 152 

King, William R 281—394 

Know-Nothing Party, the 284 

Knox, General 177 

Knoxville, Tenn., settled 184 

Knoxville, Tenn., battle of (note) 330 

Kosciusko, Thaddeus (note) 139 

Kossuth, Louis '277 

Koszta, Martin (note) 281 

Labrador Discovered 32 

La Fayette, Marquis de 139—226 

La Insurgente, ship (note) 186 

La Salle, explorations of 31—92 

La Vengeance frigate (note) l.M'i 

Lake George, battle of 97 

Lake Erie, battle on 202 

Lake Champlain, battle on '205 

Laudouniere 30 

Lawrence, Captain James 199 — 201 

Lee, Arthur 135 

Lee, General Charles 145 

Lee, Major 148 

Lee, " Light Horse Harry" 148 

Lee, Richard Henry (note) 127 

Lee, General R. E...314— 315— 316— 317 
31 9—325—332—333—334—339—340 

Lee's Invasion of Maryland 317 

Legislative power, the 174 

Leisler, Captain 75 

Leopard, the ship (note) 194 

Lewis and Clark's expeaition 191 

Lexington, Ky., settled 183 

Lexington, battle of 119 

Liberia colonized 226 

Liberty, Sons of (note) 115 

Lightning-rod invented (note) 113 

Lincoln, General 146—148 

Lincoln, Abraham 239-288—289 

290—293—296—304—338—354 

Lincoln, ertect of his election 290 

Lincoln re-elected 338 

Lincoln assassinated 354 

Literature, Americans in 404 

Little Belt, the sloop 195 

Little Turtle (chief) (note) 178 

Locke, laws of SO 

Locke, D. R. (humorist) 404 

London Company, the 51 — 54 

Longfellow, Henry W. (poet) 404 

Long Island, battle of 130 

Long Island, effect of the battle.. 133 

Longstreet. General .315—328 

Lookout Mountain, battle of .329 

Loom, positive motion invented. 403 

Lopez, filibuster 277 

Ixisslng (historian) 401 

liOSt Mountain, battle of.. 33:! 

Loudon (Tenn.) Fort, settled 184 

Louis XIV. of France 32 i 



Louisiana, Territory of 188 

Louisiana purchased 188 

Louisiana, extent of 189—209 

Louisiana settled 209 

Louisiana admitted 209 

Louisiana, origin of name 32 — 209 

Louisiana, troubles in 37.3—380 

Louisville, Ky., founded 183 

Lowell (poet) 404 

Lundy's Lane, battle of 204 

Lyall, James 403 

Lyman, General 97 

Lyon, General 305 

Macedonian, frigate 197 

Mackinaw, fort, taken 100—196 

Macon, fort, Uken 308 

Madison, James 157—193—198—241 

Madison re-elected 198 

Madoc (note) 16 

Magellan, voyage of 24 

Magnetic Telegraph '248—359 

Maine scitled 67—227 

Maine admitted 227 

.Maine, jiavt of Massachusetts 67 

Maine, origin of name 227 

Maiden, fort 199-200 

Malvern Hill, battle of 315 

Manassas Junction, battle of 300 

Manhattan discovered 38 

Manhattan purchased 73 

Manhattan settled 73 

Manhattan taken by English 74 

Mode of Life (1763) 102 

Manufactures (1763) K)2 

Marcv, William L. (note) 281 

Marietta, Ohio, .settled 190 

Mariner's Compass 16 

Marion, General Francis 149 

Marquette, explorations of 31—92 

Marshall, John 210—241 

Marshall. Colonel Humphrey 307 

Maryland settled 78 

Maryland, origin of name 78 

Maryland, religious trouble in 79 

Mason, Captain John 69 

Mason, J. M 305 

Mason and Dixon's Line 79 

Mason and Gorges 67 

Masonry, Free, introduced 232 

Massasoit, treaty with 62 

Massachusetts Bay Colony 63 

Massachusetts, towns of 63 

Massachusetts, royal charter of 63 

Massachusetts, religious intoler- 
ance ill 63 

Massachusetts joins the New Eng- 
land Union 69 

Massacre at Fort William Henry.. 97 

Massacre, the Boston 114 

Massacre, the Wyoming 145 

Massacre at Cherry Valley 146 

Massacre at Schenectadv 86 

Massacre at Fort Minims 201 

.Massacre at the Raisin 199 

Massacre at Mier 238 

Massacre of Dade's men 2.39 

Massacre of Custer's men 376 

Mather, Cotton (note) 66 



INDEX. 



% t<hematicians (American) 404 

>raximilian shot 301 

May, Captain 252 

Mayflower, the (iO 

McAllister, fort, taken 336 

McClellan, General 303-304—332 

—31 4—315—317—3 1 9—338 

McClernanrt, General (note) .322 

McOrea, Miss 140 

Mc(.'ormick. Cvrus H 403 

McCullough, General 305-310 

McDonough, Commodore 205 

McDonough's victory 205 

McDow.'ll, General 300—301—314 

MiEiHiv, John 373 

McHcnrv, fort 205 

Melntosh 310 

Meade, General 325—359—374 

Meadows, battle of Great 93 

Mechanicsville, battle of 315 

Meigs, Colonel (note), 136 

Meigs, siege of fort 200 

Meeker, Mr. (Indian agent) 385 

Meleiidez, enterprise of 28 

Melendez and the Huguenots 29 

Merrimac and Monitor 311 

Merrimac (Virginia) blown up 313 

Methodist Church, first in Amer- 
ica 81 

Mexico discovered 24 

Mexico and Cortez 24 

Mexico and France 361 

Mexico, capture of City of 256 

Mexican IndepemUiuc 236 

Mexican War, causes 251 

Mexican War, results 257 

Mexican War, battles (reviewed). 257 
Mexicans, ancient traditions of 

the (note) 25 

Mexico, treaty with 257 

Michigan settled 241 

Michigan admitted 241 

Michigan, origin of name 241 

Mier, prisoners of 238 

Miles, Colonel 382 

Miller, Colonel (note) 204 

Mill Spring, battle of 307 

Mimms, massacre at fort 201 

Minnesota settled 2.ss 

Minnesota admitted 287 

Minnesota, origin of name 288 

Minute Men 118—119 

Missionaries, Jesuit 32—92 

Missionary Ridge, battle of 329 

Mississippi River discovered 28 

Mississippi Valley, the 92 

Mississippi, free navigation of 

(note) , 80 

Mississippi settled 227 

Mississippi admitted 2'_'6 

Mississippi, origin of name 227 

Mississippi Territory 226 

Missouri River discovered 31 

Missouri settled 227 

Missouri admitted 227 

Missouri, origin of name 227 

Missouri Compromise 227 

Mobile founded 227 

Mobile Bay entered by Unionists 335 



Modoc War, the 37-^ 

Mohawk Valley ravaged 145 

Molino del Rey, battle of 256 

Moncktou, Colonel (note) 93 

Money, Contineutal 150 

MoneV, equivalents (note) 56 

Money matters (1833) 239 

Money Order System, postal 337 

Monitor, the iron-clad (note) 312 

Monmouth, battle of 144 

Monocacv, (battle at) 334 

Monio. Colonel 97 

Monroe, James 22:?— 240 

IMonroe Doctrine 226 

Monroe, Fortress 299 

Montana Territory 159 

Montcalm, General 97—99 

Monterey, capture of 253 

Montezuma and his fate 24 

Montgomery, General 125 

JMontreal founded 85 

Montreal captured 125 

Morgan, Gen'l Daniel (note)..142— 153 

Morgan, raid of John 327 

Morgan, William 232 

Morgan, fort taken 335 

Mormons, the 247—286 

Mormon High Priest, present, 

(note) 286 

Morris, Robert 150 

Morristown, winter at 136 

Morse, Prof. S. F. B 248—374 

Mother Country, the term (note).. 112 

Motlev (historian) 404 

Mottoes of the States 401 

Moultrie, repulse at fort 127 

Mound Builders 12 (note) 13 

Mount Vernon 155—176 

Mumfordsville, Ky., battle of 318 

Murfrecsboro, liattles of 320 

Murphv. Francis 382 

Mur])liv Tciniicrancc Movement.. 382 
Mutiny Act, the 114 

Names of the States, origin of, 

(reviewed) 398 ■ 

Napoleon Bonaparte 185 (note) 188 

—194 

Napoleon HI 361 

Narvaez, expedition of 27 

Nashville, Tenn., founded 184 

Nashville, battle of 338 

National Bank Bill, the 246 

National Bank, Fir.st 209 

National Debt, the 356 

Naturalists, American 404 

Naval Battles of Revolution 1.59 

Naval Battles of War of 1812 210 

Naval Rattles of Civil War 341 

N'avi','alion Act, the (note) 114 

Kiivv Ishuul 243 

Navy of the riiilcd States (note). 197 

Navy-yanl at Norfolk burned 313 

Navy, otHcc of Secretary of the... 174 

Navy, the I'nion 304 

Navy, the Confederate 305 

Nel)raska .settled 360 

Nebraska admitted 360 

Nebraska, origin of name 860 



INDEX. 



Neoessltj', Fort 93 

Negro slavery introduced 56 

Negro slaves, emancipation of.... 317 

—324 

Negro slave trade abolished 192 

Negro exodus 385 

Negro troops 324 

Neutrality, armed 297 

Nevada settled 336 

Nevada admitted. 336 

Nevada, origin of name 336 

New Amsterdam 73 

New Brunswick 40—88 

New England settled 60 

New England, origin of name 

(note) .55 

New England Union, the 69 

New Prance .30—40 

New Hampshire settled 67 

New Hampshire, origin of name. 67 

New Haven Colony, the 68 

New Jersey settled 76 

New Jersey, origin of name 76 

New Jersey evacuated 137 

New Mexico settled (note) 39 

New Mexico conquered 254 

New Netherland 39 

New Orleans founded 209 

New Orleans, battle of 20a 

New Orleans, fall of ,310 

New Spain 39—42 

New Sweden 7ft 

New York settled 7.3 

New York, origin of name 7.'? 

New York under the Dutch 73 

New York under the English 7J 

New York, great fire in 2.'i3 

Newborn, N. C, taken (note) 308 

Newfoundland .so 

Newport, Christopher 51—54 

Newport, R. I., founded 71 

Newspaper, first in America 102 

New Style of Chronology (note)... 92 

Nez Perces Indian War 381 

Niagara captured 98 

Niagara, frigate 203 

Nicholls, Governor of Louisiana.. 380 
Nichols, Governor of New York... 74 

Nina, the ship 19 

Norfolk abandoned (note) 311—313 

Northern Pacific Railroad (note).. 373 

North Carolina settled.... 80 

North Carolina, origin of name... 80 

Northmen, the 15 

Northwestern boundary settled... 371 
Northwest passage attempted. ..33— .37 

—282 

Northwest Territory, the 158 

Northwest Territory, Indians of... 178 

Nova Scotia 40—88—93 

Novelists, American 404 

Nullifiers of S. G 234 

Oak, Ciiaptkr, the 70 | 



Oceola (cliicf) 

Ogeltliorpo, (ienoral 

O'Hara, Ccncral (note). 

Ohio settled 

Ohio admitted 



81 
155 
190 
190 



Ohio, origin of name 190 

Old style chronology (note) 92 

Omnibus Bill, the 275 

Opechancanough (chief) 57 

Orators (American) 404 

Oregon settled 288 

Oregon admitted 287 

Oregon, origin of name 288 

Original States 120 

Ottawa, chief of the 100 

Ouray (chief) 386 

Outfit of Columbus 19 

Pacific Ocean Discovered 23 

Pacific, origin of name 24 

Pacific Railroad, Union , 365. 

Pacific Railroad, Northern 373 

Packard, Governor 380 

Paducah, Ky., battle at 331 

Paine's "Common Sense" (note).. 112 

Painters (American) 404 

Pakenham, General 207 

Palo Alto, battle of 252 

Palos, the port of 19 

Panama, Isthmus of 12—23 

Pav^.icof 18.37, financial 243 

Panic of 1857, financial (note) 285 

Panic of 1873, financial 372 

Pardons spurned 130 

Paris, treaty of (1763) 99 

Paris, treaty of (1783) 155 

Parker, Admiral... 127 

Party .strife 231 

Partisan patriots 148 

Patriot War, the 242 

Patroons, the (note) ...7,3—249 

Paulding, John 152 

Paul Jones's exploit 148 

Paulus Hook captured 147 

Peacock, capture of the 199 

Peake, Captain 199 

Peale (painter) .-... 418 

Pea Ridge, battle of 310 

Pemberton, General 323 

Penn, W-illiam 76 

Pennsylvania settled 76 

Pennsylvania, origin of name 76 

Pennsylvania Gazette, the (note).. 134 

Peqnods, the 69 

Perry, Oliver H. (note) 202 

Perrv's Victory 202 

Perrvville. battle of 318 

Petersburg, fall of 338 

Peter.sl)urg, mine explosion at 

(note) 339 

Philadelphia settled 77 

Pliili]. II. of Spain 28 

Pliilippi, battle of 306 

Philip's War, King 65 

Pliilosophieal Society, American 

(note) 135 

Phipps, Sir William 86 

Phonogrnnh invented, the 417 

/'ick.'iis, lort 294 

riiiiiic w ntiim, Indian '25 

I'h-iv,-. Fruiiklia 280-281 

Pike, (lenvral 199-310 

Pilgrim Fathers, the... 
Pillow, fort (note) 



INDEX. 



xi 



Pliickney, Charles C. (note). ..186— 187 

Pinta, the ship 19 

Pirates 75— (note) 180—189 

Pitcairn, Major 119 

Pitcher, Molly (note) 145 

Pitt, William (note) 95-11(1 

Pittshurg. site of 95 

Pittsburg Landing, battle of 309 

Plains of Abraham 99 

Planetarium invented 417 

Plattsburg, battle of 206 

Pleasant Hill, battle of 3;?1 

Plots against Washington 143 

Plow, cast-iron, invented 417 

Plymouth Company 51—60 

Plymouth settled 60 

Plymouth Rock 61 

Plymouth Colony, progress of 62 

Pocahontas 52—53—57 

Poe, E. A. (poet) 418 

Poets (American) 404 



Politics (1789) 

Politics (1820) 


157 


224 


Polk, James K 


250 


Ponce de Leon 




Pontlac's War 


100 


Pope, General (note)... 


..309-316-317 



Popular names of the States ,. 400 

Population of United States in 

1880 386 

Porter, Admiral .337 

Porter. Captain 197 

Port Bill, Bo.ston 114 

Port Hudson, surrender of .323 I 

Port Republic, battle of 314 

Port Royal founded 31 

Port Royal captured 80— 90 

Port Royal Harbor 305 

Portsmouth, N. II., settled 67 

Postal Monev Order System... ...... 337 

Post offices, first line of (ncite) l'J2 

Postmaste' «ieneral, office of 171 

Potato found in America, the :',:< 

Potomac, Army of the... 304—312—315 
—317- 324—330—332—339 

Powers (sculptor) 404 

Powhattan (chief) 52— .57 

Prentice, George D. (journalist)... 418 

Prentiss (orator) 418 

Prescott, ('olonel 123 

Prescott (historian).... 418 

President, frigate 195 

Presidential elections, time of 

(note) 175 

Presidential electors 175 

Presidential inaugurations (note) 378 

Presidential veto, the (note) 239 

Presidents, how elected 175 

President's salary, the (note) 175 

Presidents, facts concerning the.. .393 

Prevost, General 205 

Price, General .....305—319 

Prideaux, General (note) 98 

Prima Vista (note) 32 

Princeton College founded 163 

Princeton, battle ol 1:1.) 

pring, Martin T" 

JPrinring Press in America, first, 

(note) 103 



Prison-ships, the Jersey (note) 131 

Privatee.s, American (1812) 198 

Privateers, Coiuederate 306—333 

Proclamation, Lincoln's 317—358 

Proctor, General 199—200—203 

Proprietary government 103 

ProtectiveTariff(note)...178— 229— 231 

Providence, R. 1., settled 63 

Pulaski, Count 139—147 

Puritan Intolerance.. 63 

Puritan laws ....64—65 

Puritans, character of the...60— 61— 62 

Putnam, General Israel (note) 123 

Putnam, Ruins 190 

Quakers Setti-e Pennsylvania.. 76 

Quakers in New Jersey.......... 76 

Quakers, persecution of 64 

Quakers, character of the 64 

Quebec founded 31 

Quebec taken by Wolfe 99 

Queen Anne's war 88 

Queen Elizabeth 34 

Queenstown Heights, battle of.... 196 

Rahl, Colonel 133 

Railroad, the first in America 232 

Railroad, the Union Pacific 365 

Railroad, Memphis and Chatta- 

iicHiW, taken 307—310 

ItailrcKKl, the N(n-thern Pacific, 

(note) 37a 

Railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio 232 

Railroad Riots „ 381 

Railroad Passenger car invented. 417 

Raisin, battle at the 198 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 34-35— (note) 36 

Randolph, Edmund 177 

Randolph, John 240 

Randolph, Peyton (note) 118 

Raymond, battle of 323 

Reiiellion, Bacon's 57 

Re))enion, Claybome's 79 

Fiebellion, Dorr's 247 

Rebellion, Shays's 156 

Rebellion, the Great 290 

Rebellion, the Whi.sky 179 

Reroncili.ition attempted (1776)... 144 

Recniistructidn Pulicv 361—362 

l;ed M.-M ,<i the Forest 15 

Reed, General Joseph 144 

Religions (1763) 101 

Religious Intolerance 63—79 

Representatives, House of 174 

Representation in Congress...l.58— 174 

Republic, a Federal 173 

Republic, each State a 173 

Republican Party, the old 1.57 

Republican Party, the new ...284—288 

Republican Liberal, the 369 

Resaca de la Palma, battle of 252 

Restrictions on (Jolonial Indus- 
tries 114 

Revolutionary War, causes 112 

Revolnlioiiarv War, end of 155 

RevolntionMiv War, biiltlcsuf (re- 

^i-^a"1) 1.59 

Rhode Island settled 71 

Rhode Island, origin ol n«me._... 71 



INDEX. 



Rhode Island obtains a charter... 72 

Riall, General 204 

Ribault :'!• 

Rich Mountain, battle of Hdti 

Richmniid. lall of :;;!s 

Richmond, Ky., battle at :;l.s 

Riotiianile, southwest boundary 

of United States 267 

Rittenhoiise (uiatliematician) 418 

Roanoke Coldnv 34 

Rober\ il 30 

RobinM.ii. K, V. .lulni (note) fil 

Rolfc. .l-lni 53 

Rosaria, Straits .if .S71 

Rosccraiis, Cfiieral 319— :VJI>— :'.JS 

Ross, (ieueral -'iM 

Rotation iu otlice introduceil. . ■-■:'.::— ;mi 

Routes across til e Atlantic' :)tj 

Royal Government 1U4 

Rubber, vulcanized, invented 417 

Ruffin, Edmund (note) 2i)a 

Rush, Benjamin (note) 179 

Russian America purchased 360 

Rutger's Collese founded 103 

Rutledge, Edward (note) 118 

Ryswick, treaty of , 86 

Sabine Cross Roads, battle of... 331 

Sackett's Harbor, battle of 200 

Saco, Maine, settled........ 227 

Salt Lake City, Utah... 247 

Samoset (chief) <V2 

San Antonio, Te.xas, settled 2:.0 

San Diego, Cal., settled 27.) 

San Domingo 21— 3(;s 

San Francisco, Cal., founded 260 

San Jacinto, battle of 237 

San Juan de Ulloa, battle of 2.% 

San Juan de Fuca, straits of 371 

Sanitary Commission .357 

Santa Anna 236—2.37—2.55—256 

Santa Fe founded (note) 39 

Santa Maria, the ship 19 

San Salvador discovered 20 

Saratoga, battles of 141 

Savage Station, battle of 315 

Savannah founded 81 

Savannah (steamer) (note) 192 

Savannah cai>turcd by liritish 146 

Savannah taken l.iy Uniduists :;:;(■> 

Saybrook colony t;s 

Schenectady, m'a.ssaere at sii 

Schuyler, General 1 lo 

Scott, General..204— 234— 255— 280— :!i 1 1 

Sculptors (American) 40l 

Sea King, a 16 

Secession 290— 2',i!) 

Seceded States, the 29.S 

Seceded States re-admitted 362 

Second Continental Congress 122 

Second War with England 194—207 

Secretary, offices of 174 

Sectional books, effect of (note)... 291 

Sedition and Alien Laws 186 

Seminolcs, the 226—238 

Semmes, Cantain Raphael 333 

Senate, the tJnited States 174 

Serapis captured, the 148 

Seven Days' Battles, the 315 



Seven Pines, battle of 314 

Seward, William H :»4— 374 

Sewing machine invented 247 

Sixmour, Horatio 363 

Sliaiiiidii, capture of the 201 

Sliaw, II. W 404 

Shay's Rebellion 156 

Shenandoah Vallcv, the 314 

Sheridan, General Phil 334—3:% 

Sherman, Roger (note) n8 

Sherman, General W. T..320— 321— 322 
-330-333-334—336-338—363 

Shillaber, P. B 418 

Shiloh, battle of 309 

Sihlcv. (Jeneral 322 

Silver r.ill. the liland 383 

si.aix War (isHj) 322 

Sioux War (1m;,S) 363 

Sioux Massacre, the 375 

Sine-peiidulnm invented.... 417 

Sitting Bull (chief) 376 

Slavery introduced ,56 

Slave trade abolished , 192 

Slaves in United States emanci- 
pated 317—324 

Slave I^aw, Fugitive 275 

Slavery question, the 178 

Slommer, Lieutenant 294 

Slidell. J 305 

Sloutrhter, Governor 75 

SmalM'ox 373 

Smith, Captain John 52—53—54—55 

Sniitli, (Jeneral Kirby .301— .318 

Smith, (JeneralP. F 256 

Smitli, .Joseph 248 

Smithson, James 257 

Smithsonian Institution, the 257 

Snelling, fort, settled 288 

Society, Colonization, the 225 

Sons of Liberty (note) 115 

South America discovered 21 

South Carolina settled 80 

South Carolina, origin of name... 80 

South Carolina, troubles in 380 

South Carolina, nullifiers of 234 

SotJth Mountain, battle of 317 

Southern Confederacy, the 298 

Southwest pa.ssage discovered 24 

South-West Territory 158—184 

Sjiaiii, trouble with 373 

Spain, treaty with (1819) 226 

Spanisli exi>lorations (reviewed).. 39 

Siiaiiisii iiosvessions, extent of 39 

S|,arks iliistorian) 418 

Speenlaiions ill money 240 

Si)cedwidl, the ship (note) 61 

SiMittsvlvania, battle of 332 

Sciuatt'er Sovereigntv 284 

Stamp Act, the 13 

Stamp Act, the repealed (note).... 13 

Standish, Miles 62 

Stanton, Edwin M 362—374 

Stanwix, fort 140 

Star of the West, steamer 293 

Star Spangled Banner 137—205—297 

Stars and Bars the 297 

Stark, General John 1.38 

Stark, Mollie V-^ 

Starving time in Virginia „. 54 



INDEX. 



State, each a Republic, 173 

State, office of Secretary of..... 174 

State Rights 194 

States, admission of the, 

(reviewed) 402 

States, mottoes of the , 401 

States, the Original 13.... 129 

States, origin of names of, 

(reviewed) 398 

States, United, location of 11 

States, the seceded 298 

States seceded, re-admitted 362 

States, popular names of the 400 

St. Augustine settled 29 

St. Clair, General Arthur 178 

St. Genevieve, Mo., settled 227 

St. Lawrence discovered 30 

St. Johns, Canada, captured 12,') 

St. Louis founded 227 

St. Mary's, Mich., settled 241 

St. Paul, Minn., founded 288 

St. Pierre 92 

St. Vincent, Colonel 200 

Steamboat,first on western waters 192 

Steamboats invented 192 

Stephens, Alexander H... 284—290 

Stephenson, defense of fort 200 

Steuben, Baron (note) 139 

Stevens, attack on fort 334 

Stillwater, battles of 140 

Stonewall Jackson 301—314—315 

316—317-325 

Stoneman, General (note)... 325 

Stony Point, capture of 147 

Story (sculptor) 418 

Stuyvesant, Peter 74 

Htyle, old and new (note) 92 

Submarine telegraphs (note) 359—360 

^iub-treasury Bill, the 243 

Suez. Isthmus of 17 — 23 

Suffrage, rights of 365 

Sullivan, General 146 

Sully (painter) 418 

Sumner. Charles. 374 

Sumter, General 149 

Sumtw, Fort 293—294—295-296 

Supreme Court, the 175 

Surratt, Mrs 354 

Sutter, Captain 260 

Swedes in America....... 76 

Tack Machine invented 417 

Talleyrand (note) 152 

Taney, Chief Justice 286 

Tariff, high protective (note) ...... 178 

229—231 

Tarleton, Colonel ..152 (note) 153 

Taylor, General Zachary„ .252—253 

255—272 

Taylor, death of 273 

Tftvlor, Mormon High Priest (note) 286 

Taxing the Colonies ..........113—115 

Tea, tax on tea resisted... 115 

Tea Party, Boston 115 

Tecumseh (chief) 194—201—203 

Telegraph, the magnetic 248 

Telegraph cable, Atlantic 3.59 

Telegraph, submarine 369—360 



Telegraph, number of 360 

Telegraph mile* of wire in U. S... 249 

Telephone invented, the 403 

Temperance movement, the 382 

Tennessee settled.... 183 

Tennessee admitted 184 

Tennessee, origin of name 184 

Tennessee ram captured 336 

Tenure-of-office-Bill 360—362 

Territories, United States, the 

present (note) 159 

Territories, United States, how 

governed 159 

Territory defined 1.58 

Territory, the Northwest 158 

Territory, the Southwest ..158—184 

Territory, the Mississippi 226 

Territory, the Louisiana 188 

Territory, the Indian 235 

Terry, General .337—376 

Texas settled 250 

Texas admitted 250 

Texas, origin of name 250 

Texan War, the 236—237 

Thames, battle of the 203 

Thomas and Canby killed 372 

Thomas, General George H... 308— 320 
328-338—374 

Thompson, Charles (note) 113—118 

Ticonderoga, fort..... ..94—98—121—138 

Tilden, Samuel J 378 

Tippecanoe, battle of 194 

Tobacco found in America 35 

Tobin, T. W 403 

Tompkins, Daniel D 223 

Tories and Whigs (note) 129 

Tories 129—146—152 

Tour round the world, Grant's.... 384 

Trade and Commerce (1763) 102 

Treason of Arnold 150 

Treasury, office of Secretarv of 174 

Treasury Bill, sub, the ". 243 

Treaty of Ryswick.. 86 

Treaty of Utrecht 88 

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 91 

Treaty of Paris (1763) 99 

Treaty of Paris (1783) 155 

Treaty with Indians ol Northwest 178 

Treaty, Jay's 180 

Treaty with Algiers (note) ..„ 181 

Treaty with Spain (1819) 226 

Treaty of Ghent (1815)............,,.... 206 

Treaty with Mexico 257 

Treaty of San Juan de Fuca.. 26o 

Treaty, the Tripartite (note)......... 277 

Treatv with Japan..... 283- 287 

Treaty with China 363 

Tribunal, Electoral 378 

Trent affair, the 305 

Trenton, battle of 133 

Tripartite treaty (note)..... 277 

Tripoli, war with 189 

Troops, the colored 324 

Trumbull (painter) 418 

Tr\ixton, Captain (note) 186 

Tryon, General 13G-147 

Turtle, Little (chief) 178 

Tyler, John .244—246 



INDEX. 



Union City, Ky,. taken 331 

Union, the New England 69 

United States, location of 11 

United States in 1783.. 155 

United States after Revolution. 156 

United States, Territories of (note) 159 

United States Government 173 

United States flag 137 

United States, bank of. 209—239 

United States, frigate 197 

United States, boundaries of 11 

United States, north-eastern 

boundary of (note) 260 

United States, north-western 

boundary of 371 

University of Oxford (note) 81 

University of Pennsylvania (note) 135 
University of Washington and Lee 341 

Ute Indians, the 385 

Utrecht, treaty of 88 

Valley Forge, at 143 

Vallev of the Mississippi... 92 

Van Buren, Martin... 241—272 

Van Couver's Island 371 

Vanderlyn (painter) 418 

Van Dorn, General 319—320 

Van Wart, Isaac. 152 

Vasco de Gama (note) 17 

Vera Cruz 255 

Verazzani, voyage of 30 

Vermont settled (note) 121—183 

Vermont admitted 183 

Vermont, origin of name 183 

Vespucci, voyage of 22 

Veto, Presidential (note)_ 239 

Vice- Presidency, the 174 

Vice-Presidents, about 394 

Vice-Presidents, ex officio (note). 175 
Vicksburg, first attempt to take... 320 

Vicksburg taken 322 

Vincennes, Ind., settled 209 

Virginia Dare, first born in Amer- 
ica 34 

Virginia settled 50 

Virginia, origin of name 34—40 

Virginia, starving time in 54 

Virginia, second charter of 54 

Virginia, third charter of .55 

Virginia a royal province 57 

Virginia, North and South 60 

Virginia. West, admitted 300 

Virginia, the iron-clad (note) 311 

Virginia, Army of... 314—339 

Virgin Queen, the... .34 

Virginius, the steamer 373 

Wadsworth, William 70 

Wallace, (ieneral Lew...., 318—334 

Wall street. New York, origin of 

name (note) 238 

Walker's expedition 282 

War, first Indian 57 

War, second Indian 57 

War, Pequods 69 

War, King Philip's 65 

War, inter-colonial 85—90—88—91 

War, King William's 85 

War, King George's.,......, ~.-. 90 



War, Queen Anne's 88 

War, French and Indian.... 91—100 

War, Pontiac's..... 100 

War, Revolutionary 112 

War, with Tripoli 189 

War, Indian (1791) 178 

War, Indian (1811) 194 

War of 1812, causes 194 

War of 1812, results 207 

War, battles of (reviewed) 210 

War with Algiers 208 

War, the Texan .....236—237 

War, the Seminole 226—238 

War, the Creek 201 

War, Black Hawk, the 234 

War, Patriot, the 242 

War, Mexican, causes 251 

War, Mexican, results 257 

War, Mexican, battles (reviewed) 261 

War, Civil, causes , 290 

War, Civil ended 340 

War, Sioux (1862) 322 

War, Sioux (1868)..,. 363 

War, Sioux (1876) 375 

War, cost of Civil 356 

War, Civil, battles (reviewed) 341 

War, Modoc, the 372 

War, NezPerces, the 381 

War, Ute, tfhe 385 

War, office of Secretary of 174 

Wars, Colonial (reviewed) 104 

Ward, Artemus (note) 122 

Warren, General Joseph 125 

Washington, birth of 92 

Washington, journey of 92 

Washington, commander-in-chief 122 

Washington at siege of Boston 126 

Washington at Long Island 130 

Washington, famous retreat of 131 

Washington at White Plains 131 

Washington at Princeton 135 

Washington at Trenton 133 

Washington at Morristown 136 

Washington at Brandywine 138 

Washington at Germantown 139 

Washington at Valley Forge 143 

Washington monument 205 

Washington proposed as King 156 

Washington, President 176 

Washington, retirement of 181 

Washington, farewell address of.. 181 
Washington's death, character of. 181 

Washington, Colonel (note) 153 

Washington City taken... 204 

Washington and Lee University .. 341 

Washington Territory 159 

Wasp, sloop 197 

Wayne, General Anthony 147—178 

—179 
Weather reports, system of (note) 259 

Weaver, James B 387 

Webb, General (note) 97 

Webster, Noah 210 

Webster, Daniel 245—246—278-279 

Weitzel, General....... 239 

Wesley, John 81 

Welsh in America, the (note) 16 

West India Company 73 

West Indies, location of.«. }3 



INDEX. 



XV 



WestPemt o 150 I 

West Virginia 300 

Westward emigration .....K8-225 

West (sculptor) 418 

Wevmouth, George 37 

Wheat and other grains introduc- 
ed (note) 35 

Wheeler, William A 3/8 

Whigs and Tories (note)..,.. 129 

Whig Party, the 229-232-245-250 

White, Capt., of Roanoke (note)... 35 

Whitefleld, George 81 

Whiskv Insurrection. 179 

White Plains, battle of 131 

Whitney, Eli 182 

Whittier (poet) 418 

Wilderness, battle of the 332 

Wilkes, Captain Charles. 247—305 

Wilkes's Expedition 247 

Wilkinson, General (note) 190 

—(note) 203 

William and Mary, college of 103 

William Henry, fort.. 97 

Williams Roger ....63-/1 

Williams, David 152 

Williams, Mr. (note) 88 

Williamsburg, battle of 313 

Willis, N. P. (poet) 418 

Wilmington, Del., founded /6 

Wilmot Proviso, the , 272 

Wilson's Creek, battle of... 305 

Wilson. Henry.-. 370-374 



Wilson, Alexander (naturalist).... 418 

Winans, Ross 403 

Winthrop, Governor 63 

Winchester, battle of 314-334 

Winslow, Captain......... 333 

Wirt William .....210-223 

Wisconsin settled 260 

Wisconsin admitted 200 

Wisconsin, origin of name 260 

Witchcraft, Salem 66 

Wives for Colonists 56 

Wolfe, General 97—99 

Women of the Revolution (note) 150 

Wood, Jethro 403 

Wooster, General.. 136 

Worcester, Joseph E 418 

Writs of assistance (note) 114 

Wyoming, massacre at 145 

Wyoming Territory (note) 1.59 

Yale College founded 103 

Yale, Elihu... 103 

Yankee Doodle, origin of (note).. 141 

Yellow Fever 179—373—383-384 

Yeo, Sir James 20i 

York, capture of. 199 

York, Duke of 74 

Yorktown, siege of (1781) 154 

Yorktown, siege of (1862) 312 

Young, Brigham ,. 286 

ZOLLICOFFEK, GENERAL ......~....... S06 



OCT 8 19C4 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

illMI'iilli 




010 546 379 



